三种人工草地小型土壤节肢动物群落多样性动态及其差异

doi:10.11686/cyxb2019444

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 小型土壤节肢动物是草地生态系统的重要组成部分,不仅对物质循环具有重要的作用,还对草地土壤质量或健康状况起指示作用。为了查明青藏高原地区建植不同单播人工草地对小型土壤节肢动物群落多样性的影响,在川西北红原县境内选取建植期为3和5年的老芒麦、垂穗披碱草和苜蓿3种多年生单播人工草地作为研究样地,并以天然草地为对照样地。2018年7和10月,采集各样地0~15 cm的土样并利用Tullgren法分离小型土壤节肢动物。结果表明:1)小型土壤节肢动物群落结构在不同牧草样地间存在差异,影响群落结构的主要是盖头甲螨属、板蒲螨属和长角毛蚊科等;在建植期为3年时,各样地间的小型土壤节肢动物群落密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数无显著差异(P>0.05);建植期为5年时,小型土壤节肢动物群落密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数在天然草地和苜蓿样地中无显著差异(P>0.05),但两者显著高于老芒麦和垂穗披碱草样地(P<0.05);此外,小型土壤节肢动物群落的季节动态在不同样地间也存在差异;2)随着建植年限的增加,小型土壤节肢动物群落的密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数在老芒麦和垂穗披碱草样地显著降低(P<0.05),在苜蓿样地呈缓慢增加趋势(P>0.05),但均低于天然草地;3)影响小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构的主要环境因子是土壤速效磷含量以及C/N和N/P;此外,小型土壤节肢动物群落密度与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),类群数及Shannon多样性指数与植物群落盖度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,在青藏高原上建植单播人工草地对小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响因牧草种类而异并随建植年限变化。建议对高寒地区建植期达到4年的垂穗披碱草、老芒麦和苜蓿单播人工草地进行改造,以提高小型土壤节肢动物多样性,促进草地生态功能正常发挥。

关键词: 青藏高原, 多年生牧草, 单播人工草地, 小型土壤节肢动物, 多样性

Abstract: Soil microarthropods are an important component of grassland ecosystems and can be used to monitor or evaluate the quality or health of grassland soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different artificial perennial rangelands comprising plant species monocultures, on the diversity of soil microarthropods communities on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Three artificial perennial rangeland monocultures were established (Elymus sibiricus, Elymus nutans and Medicago sativa) in Hongyuan County, northwest Sichuan Province, and studied at three and five years from establishment, together with a natural grassland site (NG) for comparison. The investigations of the soil microarthropods communities and soil environment examined the 0-15 cm soil layer and were conducted in July and October 2018. Soil microarthropods were extracted from soil samples for 48 h at 38 ℃ in the laboratory, using the Tullgren. It was found that: 1) The community structure of soil microarthropods differed among the artificial grasslands and the main taxonomic groups affecting community structure were Tectocepheus, Petalomium and Hesperinidae. Microarthropod communities of three-year old artificial grasslands did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in density, group number and Shannon diversity index, while the density, group number and Shannon diversity index of microarthropod communities in NG and five-year old M. sativa rangeland were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in five-year old E. sibiricus and E. nutans grasslands. In addition, the seasonal dynamics of soil microarthropod communities differed among the three artificial grasslands. 2) The density, group number and Shannon index of soil microarthropod communities decreased significantly in E. sibiricus and E. nutans grasslands (P<0.05) and increased in the M. sativa grassland (P>0.05) with increase in years established. 3) The main environmental factors affecting the composition of soil microarthropod communities were soil available P and C∶N and N∶P ratios. The soil available K significantly and positively correlated with the soil microarthropod density (P<0.05), and plant community coverage had a significant and positive effect on the group number and Shannon diversity index (P<0.05). The results show that the effects of the three evaluated artificial perennial rangeland monocultures on the community structure, density and diversity of soil microarthropods differ with forage species and establishment time. Appropriate measures should be taken to increase the soil microarthropod diversity of artificial E. sibiricus, E. nutans and M. sativa rangelands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau where these are more than four years old, in order to promote normal ecological function.

Key words: Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, perennial forage, monoculture artificial grassland, soil microarthropod, diversity

邱月, 吴鹏飞, 魏雪. 三种人工草地小型土壤节肢动物群落多样性动态及其差异[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(5): 21-32.

QIU Yue, WU Peng-fei, WEI Xue. Differences among three artificial grasslands in dynamics and community diversity of soil microarthropods[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(5): 21-32.

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