黄土高原-青藏高原过渡带农户生产系统的能量平衡分析——以“通渭-渭源-夏河”样带为例

doi:10.11686/cyxb2019532

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 黄土高原-青藏高原过渡带是全球生态环境最脆弱、变化最剧烈、对气候变化响应最敏感的区域之一。能量是维持生态系统结构与功能可持续性的动力,是衡量农业系统生态与生产效益的重要指标。本研究在黄土高原-青藏高原过渡带东西方向上建立通渭(TW)-渭源(WY)-夏河(XH)样带,分析农户生产系统的能量平衡特征及其沿海拔的变化规律和影响因素。结果表明:1)作物生产系统,户均能量投入、能量产出、能量收益、能量效率从黄土高原向青藏高原逐渐减少。农户占比50%时,通渭和渭源的户均能量净收益分别为104.80和44.59 GJ。2)家畜生产系统,渭源的户均能量投入最高,夏河最低;农户占比为50%时,夏河、通渭和渭源的户均能量净收益为分别为160.42、-47.43和-55.25 GJ;能量产出、能量收益和能量效率均随海拔升高而逐渐增加。3)作物-家畜综合系统,能量投入依次为渭源>通渭>夏河,能量产出、能量收益和能量效率依次为夏河>通渭>渭源;农户占比为50%时,户均能量收益阈值夏河、渭源和通渭地区分别为91.54、16.50和76.98 GJ,此时,农户占比对能量变化最敏感,调控农户的能量投入能够最大化收益。4)农户生产系统的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数与能量效率间均呈显著相关(P<0.05);结构方程模型(SEM)显示,海拔是影响作物-家畜生产系统能量效率的关键因素(P<0.05)。研究结果可对青藏高原-黄土高原过渡区农业可持续发展和政策制订提供科学依据。

关键词: 草地, 作物, 家畜, 系统耦合, 能量产出, 农业多样性

Abstract: The transitional zone between the Loess Plateau and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (LP-QTP) has become recognized as a region with one of the most sensitive and fragile environments in China from an ecological perspective, with high susceptibility to climate change. Agriculture is important in the region and energy supply is the driving force for sustainable development of farm structure and function in agricultural production systems, and is an important indicator for measuring the ecological and production benefits of agricultural production systems. In this paper, a Tongwei (TW)-Weiyuan (WY)-Xiahe (XH) transect was established in the LP-QTP transitional zone to analyze the energy output of agricultural production systems on the altitude gradient (approx. 2000-3000 m above sea level). The results showed that: 1) In crop production systems the energy input, energy output, energy income and energy efficiency decreased from the LP to the QTP. When the farmers percentage accounted for 50% (as identified by logistic regression), energy income of farms in TW and WY were 104.80 and 44.59 GJ, respectively. 2) In livestock production systems, the energy input per household was the highest in WY and lowest in XH. Energy income of XH, TW and WY were 160.42, -47.43 and -55.25 GJ, respectively. The energy output, energy income and energy efficiency all progressively increased with the altitude. 3) In crop-livestock integrated systems energy input ranked WY>TW>XH, while energy output, energy income and energy efficiency ranked XH>TW>WY. The threshold of energy income of XH, TW and WY were 91.54, 16.50 and 76.98 GJ, respectively, when the farmers percentage accounted for 50%. The point is most sensitive to energy changes, and regulating energy behavior can maximize the benefits. 4) The Shannon-wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index and energy efficiency of the agricultural production systems were significantly correlated (P<0.05). The structural equation model indicated that altitude was the most significant factor determining energy balance of crop-livestock production systems (P<0.05). The results provide a scientific basis for agricultural production development and policy formulation in the transition zone, based on system energy balance.

Key words: grassland, crops, livestock, system coupling, energy output, agricultural diversity

丛一鸣, 高小叶, 侯扶江. 黄土高原-青藏高原过渡带农户生产系统的能量平衡分析——以“通渭-渭源-夏河”样带为例[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(9): 5-19.

CONG Yi-ming, GAO Xiao-ye, HOU Fu-jiang. Energy balance analysis of farm production systems in the transitional zone between the Loess Plateau and the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, China——A case study of the Tongwei-Weiyuan-Xiahe transect[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(9): 5-19.

参考文献

[1] Ren J Z, Ma Z F, Liang T G, et al. Developing an agro-grassland think tank system to assist agricultural structure transformation in China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(3): 191-198.
任继周, 马志愤, 梁天刚, 等. 构建草地农业智库系统, 助力中国农业结构转型. 草业学报, 2017, 26(3): 191-198.
[2] Zhou J, Xiang P A.Ecological energy analysis of different paddy ecosystems in Hunan Province. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(23): 4496-4513.
周江, 向平安. 湖南不同季别稻作系统的生态能值分析. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(23): 4496-4513.
[3] Bian Y S.Analysis calculation and study on the output and input ratio of the artificial supplementary energy for liu min ying agroecosystem. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 1989, 1: 15-19.
卞有生. 留民营生态农业系统中人工辅助能产投比的计算、分析与研究. 生态与农村环境学报, 1989, 1: 15-19.
[4] Wei X H, Lin H M, Hu H J.Analysis of input and output of energy and energy efficiency in cropland-ecosystem of Hexi district, Gansu. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2001, 10(3): 79-84.
魏小红, 蔺海明, 胡恒觉. 甘肃河西地区农田生态系统能量投入产出及效率分析. 草业学报, 2001, 10(3): 79-84.
[5] Pulselli R M, Simoncini E, Pulselli F M.Energy analysis of building manufacturing, maintenance and use: Em-building indices to evaluate housing sustainability. Energy and Buildings, 2007, 39(5): 620-628.
[6] Zhou L F, Wu W, Yan G S, et al. Analysis on energy value of Shifosi constructed wetland ecosystem and regional development. Ecological Economy, 2014, 30(4): 149-152.
周林飞, 武祎, 闫功双, 等. 石佛寺人工湿地生态系统能值分析与发展评价. 生态经济, 2014, 30(4): 149-152.
[7] Wang M Y, Gao X Y, Hou F J.Energy analysis of farmer producing system in transitional zone of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on Loess Plateau as an example. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(5): 1758-1771.
王梦媛, 高小叶, 侯扶江. 黄土高原-青藏高原过渡区农户生产系统的能值分析——以通渭-渭源-夏河样带为例. 生态学报, 2019, 39(5): 1758-1771.
[8] Guo L N, Zhang M H, Wang H N.Evaluation of agricultural ecosystems in Tangshan city based on energy theory. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 24(2): 300-306, 313.
郭力娜, 张梦华, 王海南. 基于能值理论的唐山市农业生态系统评价. 水土保持研究, 2017, 24(2): 300-306, 313.
[9] Hou F J, Nan Z B, Ren J Z.Integrated crop-livestock production system. Acta Pratacultural Sinica, 2009, 18(5): 211-234.
侯扶江, 南志标, 任继周. 作物-家畜综合生产系统. 草业学报, 2009, 18(5): 211-234.
[10] Yan Z G, Li W, Yan T H, et al. Evaluation of energy balances and greenhouse gas emissions from different agricultural production systems in Minqin Oasis, China. The Journal of Life and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 7: 6890-6918.
[11] Lou S N, Chen X J, Hou F J.Carbon balance analysis methods of grassland agro-ecosystems. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(2): 557-565.
娄珊宁, 陈先江, 侯扶江. 草地农业生态系统的碳平衡分析方法. 生态学报, 2017, 37(2): 557-565.
[12] Li X P, Han J P, Yang D G.Agricultural ecosystem energy flow an analysis based on peasant house holds. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2008, 16(6): 1535-1540.
李秀萍, 韩剑萍, 杨德刚. 基于农户的农业生态系统能流分析. 中国生态农业学报, 2008, 16(6): 1535-1540.
[13] Odum H T, Odum E C.Energy basis for man and nature. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976: 1-297.
[14] Odum H T.Principle of environmental energy matching for estimating potential economic value: A rebuttal. Coastal Zone Management, 1980, 5(3): 239-243.
[15] Odum H T.Remarks on the future of ecology. Intecol Bulletin, 1980, 7(8): 21-24.
[16] Odum H T.Energy analysis evaluation of coastal alternatives. Water Science and Technology, 1984, 16: 717-734.
[17] Odum H T.Energy and agriculture. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1984: 24-51.
[18] Diamond C.Energy basis for the regional organization of the Mississippi River Basin. Florida: University of Florida, 1984.
[19] Martin J F, Stewart A W, Diemont S A, et al. Energy evaluation of the performance and sustainability of three agricultural systems with different scales and management. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2006, 115(1): 128-140.
[20] La Rosa A D, Siracusa G, Cavallaro R. Energy evaluation of Sicilian red orange production. A comparison between organic and conventional farming. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16: 1907-1914.
[21] Deng J, Zhao F Z, Han X H.Energy analysis on different planting patterns of typical watersheds in Loess Plateau. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(5): 1576-1584.
邓健, 赵发珠, 韩新辉. 黄土高原典型流域种植业发展模式的能值分析. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(5): 1576-1584.
[22] Liu C G, Huang Q, Deng M R, et al. Energy, material and values flows in the different systems of Chinese prickly ash-crop intercropping in the upper reaches of the Minjiang river. Ecology and Environment Sciences, 2013, 22(1): 116-122.
刘成刚, 黄强, 邓铭瑞, 等. 岷江上游椒农间作模式能流、物流及价值流研究. 生态环境学报, 2013, 22(1): 116-122.
[23] Wu C C, Gao X Y, Hou F J.Carbon balance of household production system in the transition zone from the Loess Plateau to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 28(10): 3341-3350.
吴超超, 高小叶, 侯扶江. 黄土高原-青藏高原过渡带农户生产系统的碳平衡. 应用生态学报, 2017, 28(10): 3341-3350.
[24] Ren J Z, Liang T G, Lin H L, et al. Study on grassland’s response to global climate change and its carbon sequestration potentials. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(2): 1-22.
任继周, 梁天刚, 林慧龙, 等. 草地对全球气候变化的响应及其碳汇潜势研究. 草业学报, 2011, 20(2): 1-22.
[25] Yan Z G, Hou F J, Yan T H.Evaluation of greenhouse gas emission from three contrasting integrated crop and livestock production systems during 1991-2016 in Gansu of China. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2019, 56(2): 24-39.
[26] Huang Z W, Yang D G, Li X P, et al. Analysis on energy flow of the farmer households and the characteristics of the eco-economic fractals in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River. Arid Zone Research, 2004, 3: 117-121.
黄子蔚, 杨德刚, 李秀萍, 等. 塔里木河中下游农户能流分析及生态经济分形特征. 干旱区研究, 2004, 3: 117-121.
[27] Pimentel D.Handbook of energy utilization in agriculture. Experimental Agriculture, 1980, 15(1): 45-48.
[28] Burhan O, Handan A, Cemal F.Energy input-output analysis in Turkish agriculture. Renewable Energy, 2004, 29: 29-51.
[29] Nautiyal S, Maikhuri R K, Semwal R L, et al. Agroforestry systems in the rural landscape-a case study in Garhwal Himalaya, India. Agroforestry Systems, 1998, 41: 151-165.
[30] Hu X D, Wang L C, Xue L L, et al. Study on sustainable development of agro-ecosystem in China western region based on EMA and GIS. Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2010, 32(2): 7-12.
胡小东, 王龙昌, 薛兰兰, 等. 基于能值分析方法的中国西部地区农业生态系统可持续发展研究. 西南大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 32(2): 7-12.
[31] Zhang C L.Agricultural diversity and resource efficiency of small households on eastern Gansu Loess Plateau. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2012.
张重丽. 陇东黄土高原小农户生产系统农业多样性与资源利用效率. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2012.
[32] Pielou E C.Ecological diversity. New York: Wiley Publishing, 1975.
[33] Peng L X, Gao X Y, Hou F J.The economic benefits of integrated farming system in the transitional region from Loess Plateau to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau——A case study of Tongwei-Weiyuan-Xiahe transect. Chines Science Bulletin, 2018, 63(2): 201-214.
彭露茜, 高小叶, 侯扶江. 黄土高原-青藏高原过渡带农户生产系统的经济效益——以通渭-渭源-夏河样带为例. 科学通报, 2018, 63(2): 201-214.
[34] Li H, Wang J K, Pei J B, et al. Equilibrium relationships of organic carbon in the main croplands of northeast China based on structural equation modeling. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(2): 517-525.
李慧, 汪景宽, 裴久渤, 等. 基于结构方程模型的东北地区主要旱田土壤有机碳平衡关系研究. 生态学报, 2015, 35(2): 517-525.
[35] Cui D, Li Rui, Chen Y, et al. An evaluation of the water environmental carrying capacity using structural equation modeling: A case study of the upstream areas of Xiaoxia Bridge Section in Huangshui river basin. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019, 39(2): 624-632.
崔丹, 李瑞, 陈岩, 等. 基于结构方程的流域水环境承载力评价——以湟水流域小峡桥断面上游为例. 环境科学学报, 2019, 39(2): 624-632.
[36] Wu M L.Structural equation modeling. Chongqing: ChongQing University Press, 2010: 1-50.
吴明隆. 结构方程模型. 重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 2010: 1-50.
[37] Yang Y G, Chen Z F, Zan L S.The production status, problems and countermeasures of corn silage in Northwest China. China Cattle Science, 2016, 42(4): 69-72.
杨云贵, 陈志飞, 昝林森. 西北地区青贮玉米的生产现状、问题及对策. 中国牛业科学, 2016, 42(4): 69-72.
[38] Yang X M.Alfalfa planting and dairy cattle feeding. China Cattle Science, 2003, 29(3): 53-58.
杨效民. 种植苜蓿与饲养奶牛. 中国牛业科学, 2003, 29(3): 53-58.
[39] Li X L, Shen Y Y, Wang L Q.Potential analysis and policy recommendations for restructuring the crop farming and developing forage industry in China. Strategic Study of Chinese Academy of Engineering, 2016, 18(1): 94-105.
李向林, 沈禹颖, 万里强. 种植业结构调整和草牧业发展潜力分析及政策建议. 中国工程科学, 2016, 18(1): 94-105.
[40] Ren J Z, Lin H L.Promoting prataculture development in arable region to ameliorate the farming system and insure food security in China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2009, 18(5): 1-9.
任继周, 林慧龙. 农区种草是改进农业系统, 保证粮食安全的重大步骤. 草业学报, 2009, 18(5): 1-9.
[41] Kragt M E, Pannell D J, Robertson M J.Assessing costs of soil carbon sequestration by crop-livestock farmers in Western Australia. Agricultural Systems, 2012, 112: 27-37.
[42] Ren J Z, Nan Z B, Lin H L.Taking the grassland agro-system to insure food security. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2005, 14(3): 1-10.
任继周, 南志标, 林慧龙. 以食物系统保证食物(含粮食) 安全―实行草地农业,全面发展食物系统生产潜力. 草业学报, 2005, 14(3): 1-10.
[43] Gao P, Wang Z F, Chang S H, et al. Livestock production features and development strategy in main ecological regions of northwest of China. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(12): 2316-2322.
高鹏, 王召锋, 常生华, 等. 西北主要生态区家畜生产特征及发展对策分析. 草业科学, 2014, 31(12): 2316-2322.
[44] Qian Y Q, Sun Z Y, Han L, et al. Simulation of clonal growth curve based on nonlinear models of logistic and gompertz for buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) EngelmTexoka). Scientia Agricultural Sinica, 2011, 44(11): 2252-2259.
钱永强, 孙振元, 韩蕾, 等. 基于Logistic与Gompertz非线性模型的野牛草克隆生长模拟与分析. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(11): 2252-2259.
[45] Deng J, Brown J H.Models and tests of optimal density and maximal yield for crop plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012, 109(39): 15823-15828.
[46] Wang Z F, Guan J, Su Z X.Prediction of China’s population increase based on Logistic model. Journal of Bohai University (Natural Science Edition), 2010, 31(4): 326-330.
王志福, 管杰, 苏再兴. 基于Logistics模型的中国人口增长预测. 渤海大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 31(4): 326-330.
[47] Ma S X.Development status and countermeasures of grassland animal husbandry in Xiahe County. Agricultural Science and Information, 2009, 5: 44-45.
马生祥. 夏河县草原畜牧业发展现状与对策. 农业科技与信息, 2009, 5: 44-45.
[48] Hao H G, Li X B, Tan M H, et al. An analysis on crops choice and its driving factors in the agro-pastoral ecotone in Northern China——A case of household survey in Taibus County, Inner Mongolia. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 7: 1107-1118.
郝海广, 李秀彬, 谈明洪, 等. 农牧交错区农户作物选择机制研究——以内蒙古太仆寺旗为例.自然资源学报, 2011, 7: 1107-1118.
[49] Gao X Y, Hou F J.Preliminarg discussion of agricultural structure and economy from Qinghai Tibet to Loess Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(8): 1556-1560.
高小叶, 侯扶江. 浅析青藏高原向黄土高原过渡的农业系统结构和经济特征——以夏河一渭源一通渭样带为例. 草业科学, 2011, 28(8): 1556-1560.
[50] Yang F, Wu Y C, Wei W S.Study on agriculture ecological sustainable development index based on energy analysis. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2017, 38(11): 17-23.
杨芳, 吴永常, 韦文珊. 基于能量分析的农业生态可持续发展指数方法研究. 中国农业资源与区划, 2017, 38(11): 17-23.
[51] Ren J Z, Hou F J, Zhang Z H.Developing grassland agriculture and advancing sustainable development in western China. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2000, 15(1): 19-24.
任继周, 侯扶江, 张自和. 发展草地农业推进我国西部可持续发展. 地球科学进展, 2000, 15(1): 19-24.
[52] Wang Y, Yang Y T, Yang J, et al. Current state of species diversity and pest management. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 2015, 31(5): 801-810.
王一, 杨雅婷, 杨静, 等. 物种多样性与病虫草害管理研究进展. 中国生物防治学报, 2015, 31(5): 801-810.
[53] Huang G Q, Zhao Q G.Mode of rotation/fallow management in typical areas of China and its development strategy. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2018, 2: 283-292.
黄国勤, 赵其国. 中国典型地区轮作休耕模式与发展策略. 土壤学报, 2018, 2: 283-292.
[54] Melannie D, Hartman, Emily R, et al. Impact of historical land-use changes on greenhouse gas exchange in the U.S. Great Plains, 1883-2003. Ecological Applications, 2011, 21(4): 1105-1119.