草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (7): 217-227.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025293
收稿日期:2025-07-15
修回日期:2025-09-01
出版日期:2026-07-20
发布日期:2026-05-21
通讯作者:
高峰
作者简介:高峰(1974-),女,甘肃永登人,硕士。E-mail: fenggao74@163.com基金资助:Received:2025-07-15
Revised:2025-09-01
Online:2026-07-20
Published:2026-05-21
Contact:
Feng GAO
摘要:
苦参是我国重要的中药材和植物源农药材料,因野生苦参人工挖掘利用而日益减少,人工栽培苦参势在必行。白粉病是兰州地区苦参栽培中最主要的病害,因导致叶片脱落成为苦参栽培的主要限制因素。然而,该病害的病原菌来自周围其他植物还是从外地传播而来尚未查明,制约了防治策略的制定。为厘清此问题,本研究调查了苦参栽培环境中所有栽培植物白粉病的发生情况,对已发生的各白粉病,比较研究了症状、病原和白粉的重寄生菌。结果发现,苦参白粉病的病原菌不同于周围其他8种植物白粉病的病原菌,而确定菌源并非来自周围其他植物而是来自外地。尽管苦参白粉病的病原与白三叶、沙打旺、豇豆、蒲公英白粉病的病菌无性态均为粉孢属,但无性态孢子的大小和形状不同,苦参白粉病的病原未产生有性态,但其他4种植物白粉病的病菌均产生了有性态,其中,白三叶和沙打旺为豌豆白粉菌,豇豆的菌无性态为蓼白粉菌,蒲公英为棕丝单囊壳。苦参白粉病的病原与辣椒、番茄、臭椿、田旋花4种植物白粉病病菌的无性态截然不同,其中,辣椒和番茄白粉病的病菌无性态为拟白粉孢,产生的有性态为鞑靼内丝白粉菌,臭椿白粉病的病菌无性态为拟小卵孢属,产生的有性态为臭椿球针壳,田旋花白粉病的病菌有性态为双叉旋花白粉菌。以上9种植物白粉病的霉层上均有白粉重寄生菌,但重寄生菌的种类无差异,均为白粉寄生孢,本研究首次报道苦参白粉菌为白粉寄生孢的新寄主。
高峰. 苦参白粉病的菌源研究[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(7): 217-227.
Feng GAO. A study of sources of powdery mildew on kushen[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(7): 217-227.
| 植物种类Plant species | 病原 Pathogen | 病征 Sign | 有性态 Sexual stage * | 无性态 Asexual stage | 重寄生菌形态 Morphological characteristics of hyperparasite fungus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
苦参 S. flavescens | 粉孢属未定种Oidium sp. | 霉层放射状稀疏。Mold layer sparse, radial. | 无Absent | 粉孢子圆柱形或长卵圆形,大小为(14~18) μm×(5~7) μm。Conidia cylindrical or long ovoid, measuring (14-18) μm×(5-7) μm. | 分生孢子器长圆筒形,(42~72) μm×(11~21) μm,孢子圆球形、圆柱形,11 μm×(6~7) μm,分生孢子器多,但孢子极少。Pycnidia long cylindrical, (42-72) μm×(11-21) μm; spores spherical or cylindrical, 11 μm×(6-7) μm. Pycnidia numerous but spores very scarce. |
白三叶 T. repens | 豌豆白粉菌E. pisi | 霉层稀疏白色。Mold layer sparse, white. | 无Absent | 粉孢子圆筒状,(11~15) μm×(5~8) μm。Conidia cylindrical, (11-15) μm×(5-8) μm. | 无重寄生菌。No hyperparasites found. |
辣椒 C. annuum | 鞑靼内丝白粉菌Leveillula taurica | 黑斑上稀疏白色霉层。Sparse white mold layer on black spots. | 无Absent | 粉孢子圆柱状,22 μm×6 μm;长卵圆形(子弹状)27 μm×5 μm,或卵圆形,16 μm×8 μm。Conidia cylindrical, 22 μm×6 μm; long ovoid (bullet-shaped) 27 μm×5 μm, or ovoid, 16 μm×8 μm. | 形状同苦参白粉寄生菌,极少。Morphology identical to that hyperparasitizing S. flavescens, very scarce. |
番茄 L. esculentum | 鞑靼内丝白粉菌L. taurica | 霉层灰暗稀疏。Mold layer gray, sparse. | 无Absent | 粉孢子圆筒状,16 μm ×5 μm。Conidia cylindrical, 16 μm×5 μm. | 分生孢子器圆柱状,顶端有突起,101 μm×27 μm;孢子圆形或卵圆形,11 μm×(6~7) μm。Pycnidia cylindrical with apical protrusion, 101 μm×27 μm; spores spherical or ovoid, 11 μm×(6-7) μm. |
豇豆 V. unguiculata | 蓼白粉菌 E. polygoni | 霉层灰色致密。Mold layer gray, dense. | 闭囊壳的附属丝短杆状,3~5根,宽9~12 μm,闭囊壳圆球形、黄褐色,直径74 μm,1个子囊,近圆球形,5~7 μm。Cleistothecial appendages short, rod-like, 3-5, width 9-12 μm. Cleistothecia spherical, yellowish-brown, diameter 74 μm. 1 ascus, nearly spherical, 5-7 μm. | 粉孢子圆球形,(9~12) μm×(5~6) μm,褐色。Conidia spherical, (9-12) μm×(5-6) μm, brown. | 无重寄生菌。No hyperparasites found. |
沙打旺 A. adsurgens | 豌豆白粉菌E. pisi | 霉层稀疏灰色。Mold layer sparse, gray. | 闭囊壳圆球形、黄褐色,无附属丝,闭囊壳直径50 μm,8个子囊,蠕虫状,14 μm×27 μm。Cleistothecia spherical, yellowish-brown, lacking appendages, diameter 50 μm, 8 asci, vermiform, 14 μm×27 μm. | 粉孢子正多面体,壁薄,质脆,直径11 μm。Conidia regular polyhedron, thin-walled, fragile, diameter 11 μm. | 无重寄生菌。No hyperparasites found. |
田旋花 C. arvensis | 双叉旋花白粉菌E. convolvuli var. dichotoma | 霉层灰色致密,有颗粒物。Mold layer gray, dense, with granular matter. | 闭囊壳的附属丝丝状,有分隔;闭囊壳圆球形、黄褐色,直径80 μm;子囊4~7个,(60~82) μm×(34~50) μm,子囊孢子卵圆形,24 μm×15 μm。Cleistothecial appendages filamentous, septate; cleistothecia spherical, yellowish-brown, diameter 80 μm; asci 4-7, (60-82) μm×(34-50) μm; ascospores ovoid, 24 μm×15 μm. | 粉孢子卵圆形,11 μm×8 μm。Conidia ovoid, 11 μm×8 μm. | 分生孢子器长圆柱形,90 μm×53 μm。Pycnidia long cylindrical, 90 μm×53 μm. |
蒲公英 T. mongolicum | 棕丝单囊壳S. fusca | 霉层白色至黄褐色,有颗粒。Mold layer white to yellowish-brown, with granules. | 闭囊壳的附属丝丝状,细长;闭囊壳圆球形,黄褐色,174 μm;子囊10个左右,每个子囊8个圆球形的子囊孢子。Cleistothecial appendages filamentous, slender; cleistothecia spherical, yellowish-brown, 174 μm; approximately 10 asci, each ascus containing 8 spherical ascospores. | 粉孢子圆柱状,两端平截,9 μm×5 μm,或多面体,直径11 μm,褐色。Conidia cylindrical with truncate ends, 9 μm×5 μm, or polyhedral, diameter 11 μm, brown. | 无重寄生菌。No hyperparasites found. |
臭椿 A. altissima | 臭椿球针壳P. corylea | 霉层白色致密,有大量颗粒。Mold layer white, dense, with abundant granules. | 闭囊壳的附属丝短锥状;闭囊壳圆球形、黄褐色,直径208~253 μm,子囊8个,23 μm×8 μm。Cleistothecial appendages short, conical; cleistothecia spherical, yellowish-brown, diameter 208-253 μm; 8 asci, 23 μm×8 μm. | 粉孢子卵圆形,17 μm×9 μm。Conidia ovoid, 17 μm×9 μm. | 无重寄生菌。No hyperparasites found. |
表1 9种植物白粉病的症状、病原、形态特征和重寄生菌
Table 1 Symptom, pathogen, morphological characteristics and hyperparasite fungus of powdery mildew of 9 species plants
| 植物种类Plant species | 病原 Pathogen | 病征 Sign | 有性态 Sexual stage * | 无性态 Asexual stage | 重寄生菌形态 Morphological characteristics of hyperparasite fungus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
苦参 S. flavescens | 粉孢属未定种Oidium sp. | 霉层放射状稀疏。Mold layer sparse, radial. | 无Absent | 粉孢子圆柱形或长卵圆形,大小为(14~18) μm×(5~7) μm。Conidia cylindrical or long ovoid, measuring (14-18) μm×(5-7) μm. | 分生孢子器长圆筒形,(42~72) μm×(11~21) μm,孢子圆球形、圆柱形,11 μm×(6~7) μm,分生孢子器多,但孢子极少。Pycnidia long cylindrical, (42-72) μm×(11-21) μm; spores spherical or cylindrical, 11 μm×(6-7) μm. Pycnidia numerous but spores very scarce. |
白三叶 T. repens | 豌豆白粉菌E. pisi | 霉层稀疏白色。Mold layer sparse, white. | 无Absent | 粉孢子圆筒状,(11~15) μm×(5~8) μm。Conidia cylindrical, (11-15) μm×(5-8) μm. | 无重寄生菌。No hyperparasites found. |
辣椒 C. annuum | 鞑靼内丝白粉菌Leveillula taurica | 黑斑上稀疏白色霉层。Sparse white mold layer on black spots. | 无Absent | 粉孢子圆柱状,22 μm×6 μm;长卵圆形(子弹状)27 μm×5 μm,或卵圆形,16 μm×8 μm。Conidia cylindrical, 22 μm×6 μm; long ovoid (bullet-shaped) 27 μm×5 μm, or ovoid, 16 μm×8 μm. | 形状同苦参白粉寄生菌,极少。Morphology identical to that hyperparasitizing S. flavescens, very scarce. |
番茄 L. esculentum | 鞑靼内丝白粉菌L. taurica | 霉层灰暗稀疏。Mold layer gray, sparse. | 无Absent | 粉孢子圆筒状,16 μm ×5 μm。Conidia cylindrical, 16 μm×5 μm. | 分生孢子器圆柱状,顶端有突起,101 μm×27 μm;孢子圆形或卵圆形,11 μm×(6~7) μm。Pycnidia cylindrical with apical protrusion, 101 μm×27 μm; spores spherical or ovoid, 11 μm×(6-7) μm. |
豇豆 V. unguiculata | 蓼白粉菌 E. polygoni | 霉层灰色致密。Mold layer gray, dense. | 闭囊壳的附属丝短杆状,3~5根,宽9~12 μm,闭囊壳圆球形、黄褐色,直径74 μm,1个子囊,近圆球形,5~7 μm。Cleistothecial appendages short, rod-like, 3-5, width 9-12 μm. Cleistothecia spherical, yellowish-brown, diameter 74 μm. 1 ascus, nearly spherical, 5-7 μm. | 粉孢子圆球形,(9~12) μm×(5~6) μm,褐色。Conidia spherical, (9-12) μm×(5-6) μm, brown. | 无重寄生菌。No hyperparasites found. |
沙打旺 A. adsurgens | 豌豆白粉菌E. pisi | 霉层稀疏灰色。Mold layer sparse, gray. | 闭囊壳圆球形、黄褐色,无附属丝,闭囊壳直径50 μm,8个子囊,蠕虫状,14 μm×27 μm。Cleistothecia spherical, yellowish-brown, lacking appendages, diameter 50 μm, 8 asci, vermiform, 14 μm×27 μm. | 粉孢子正多面体,壁薄,质脆,直径11 μm。Conidia regular polyhedron, thin-walled, fragile, diameter 11 μm. | 无重寄生菌。No hyperparasites found. |
田旋花 C. arvensis | 双叉旋花白粉菌E. convolvuli var. dichotoma | 霉层灰色致密,有颗粒物。Mold layer gray, dense, with granular matter. | 闭囊壳的附属丝丝状,有分隔;闭囊壳圆球形、黄褐色,直径80 μm;子囊4~7个,(60~82) μm×(34~50) μm,子囊孢子卵圆形,24 μm×15 μm。Cleistothecial appendages filamentous, septate; cleistothecia spherical, yellowish-brown, diameter 80 μm; asci 4-7, (60-82) μm×(34-50) μm; ascospores ovoid, 24 μm×15 μm. | 粉孢子卵圆形,11 μm×8 μm。Conidia ovoid, 11 μm×8 μm. | 分生孢子器长圆柱形,90 μm×53 μm。Pycnidia long cylindrical, 90 μm×53 μm. |
蒲公英 T. mongolicum | 棕丝单囊壳S. fusca | 霉层白色至黄褐色,有颗粒。Mold layer white to yellowish-brown, with granules. | 闭囊壳的附属丝丝状,细长;闭囊壳圆球形,黄褐色,174 μm;子囊10个左右,每个子囊8个圆球形的子囊孢子。Cleistothecial appendages filamentous, slender; cleistothecia spherical, yellowish-brown, 174 μm; approximately 10 asci, each ascus containing 8 spherical ascospores. | 粉孢子圆柱状,两端平截,9 μm×5 μm,或多面体,直径11 μm,褐色。Conidia cylindrical with truncate ends, 9 μm×5 μm, or polyhedral, diameter 11 μm, brown. | 无重寄生菌。No hyperparasites found. |
臭椿 A. altissima | 臭椿球针壳P. corylea | 霉层白色致密,有大量颗粒。Mold layer white, dense, with abundant granules. | 闭囊壳的附属丝短锥状;闭囊壳圆球形、黄褐色,直径208~253 μm,子囊8个,23 μm×8 μm。Cleistothecial appendages short, conical; cleistothecia spherical, yellowish-brown, diameter 208-253 μm; 8 asci, 23 μm×8 μm. | 粉孢子卵圆形,17 μm×9 μm。Conidia ovoid, 17 μm×9 μm. | 无重寄生菌。No hyperparasites found. |
图1 苦参与其生长周围的其他8种植物的白粉病症状A: 苦参S. flavescens; B: 白三叶T. repens; C: 沙打旺A. adsurgens; D: 豇豆V. unguiculata; E: 番茄L. esculentum; F: 辣椒C. annuum; G: 田旋花C. arvensis; H: 蒲公英T. mongolicum; I: 臭椿A. altissima.
Fig.1 Symptom of powdery mildew on S. flavescens and other 8 plants growing around
图2 9种植物白粉菌的无性态A: 苦参白粉菌Powdery mildew of S. flavescens; B: 白三叶白粉菌Powdery mildew of T. repens; C: 沙打旺白粉菌Powdery mildew of A. adsurgens; D: 豇豆白粉菌Powdery mildew of V. unguiculata; E: 番茄白粉菌Powdery mildew of L. esculentum; F: 辣椒白粉菌Powdery mildew of C. annuum; G: 田旋花白粉菌Powdery mildew of C. arvensis; H: 蒲公英白粉菌Powdery mildew of T. mongolicum; I: 臭椿白粉菌Powdery mildew of A. altissima. 标尺均为10 μm。Scale=10 μm.
Fig.2 Asexual stage of powdery mildew fungi on 9 species plants
图3 6种植物白粉菌的有性态(闭囊壳、附属丝、子囊和子囊孢子)A: 沙打旺白粉菌Powdery mildew fungus on A. adsurgens; B: 豇豆白粉菌Powdery mildew fungus on V. unguiculata; C: 田旋花白粉菌Powdery mildew fungus on C. arvensis; D: 蒲公英白粉菌Powdery mildew fungus on T. mongolicum; E: 臭椿白粉菌Powdery mildew fungus on A. altissima. 标尺均为100 μm。Scale=100 μm.
Fig.3 Teleomorph of powdery mildew fungi on 6 species plants (cleistothecium, appendages, asci and ascospores)
图4 苦参白粉菌重寄生菌-白粉寄生孢的形态特征A: 普通光学显微镜下特征,标尺为50 μm Charicteristics under common microscope, scale=50 μm; B~D: 电子显微镜下特征Charicteristics under electron microscope; B: 分生孢子器,×1500倍,标尺为1 μm Pycnidium, ×1500, scale=1 μm; C: 分生孢子,×5000倍,标尺为5 μm Conidia, ×5000, scale=5 μm; D: 分生孢子器表面结构,×5000倍,标尺为1 μm Surface structure of pycnidium, ×5000, scale=1 μm.
Fig.4 Morphological characteristics of hyperparasite fungus, A. quisqualis, on S. flavescens powdery mildew fungus
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