苜蓿干草捆安全贮藏条件的研究

doi:10.11686/cyxb2017262

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过对苜蓿打捆密度(50、100、150、200 kg·m^-3)、打捆含水量(14%~16%、19%~21%、24%~26%、29%~31%)和防霉剂添加量(0%、1%、2%、3%)3个因素开展研究,筛选苜蓿草捆最佳的贮藏方式,为我国优质苜蓿干草生产提供理论基础。对苜蓿打捆的3个因素设计正交试验,不同处理苜蓿草捆在贮藏360 d后,对其营养物质、饲用价值和体外消化特性3个方面综合研究,确定出苜蓿草捆的最适贮藏条件。试验一:通过不同试验处理对苜蓿干草营养影响试验,从营养成分和饲用价值综合考虑,处理A₁₀(打捆密度100 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量24%~26%,CaO添加量3%)、A₁₂(打捆密度200 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量24%~26%,CaO添加量1%)、A₁₄(打捆密度100 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量29%~31%,CaO添加量2%)和A₁₅(打捆密度150 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量29%~31%,CaO添加量1%)在贮藏360 d的苜蓿草捆各项营养指标损失相对较少,其饲用价值也相对较高。试验二:通过试验一筛选出的4个较优处理,以A₁(打捆密度50 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量14%~16%,CaO添加量0)和A₁₆(打捆密度200 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量29%~31%,CaO添加量0)为对照。通过不同试验处理苜蓿干草体外消化试验,在体外培养48 h过程中,处理A₁₄的产气量最高为53.13 mL,显著高于对照(P<0.05);A₁₄的体外培养液在各个时间点的pH都低于其他处理,其pH平均值最低为6.64;A₁₄的总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量最高为61.05 mol·L^-1,极显著高于其他各个处理(P<0.01);A₁₄的粗蛋白(CP)和干物质(DM)的降解率最高,分别为81.21%和66.84%,极显著高于其他处理(P<0.01)。从营养物质、饲用价值和体外消化特性综合考虑,苜蓿干草在高水分(29%~31%)、中密度(100 kg·m^-3)打捆,并添加2%的氧化钙防霉剂,在贮藏过程中营养保存最完好,饲用价值最高,体外消化特性最好。

关键词: 苜蓿草捆, 防霉剂, 饲用价值, 体外消化

Abstract: The effect of bale density (50 kg·m^-3, 100 kg·m^-3, 150 kg·m^-3, 200 kg·m^-3), moisture content (14%-16%, 19%-21%, 24%-26%, 29%-31%) and addition of CaO (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) to alfalfa hay bales were assessed to help identify the optimum conditions for storage of alfalfa hay bales. Nutrient content, feed value and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa bales stored for 360 days were analyzed using an orthogonal experimental design with three factors to determine optimum storage conditions. Experiment 1: The nutritional composition and feeding value, through different experimental treatments of the effect on alfalfa hay nutrition was initially assessed; treatments A₁₀ (density 100 kg·m^-3, moisture content 24%-26% and fungicide 3%), A₁₂ (density 200 kg·m^-3, moisture content 24%-26% and fungicide 1%), A₁₄ (density 100 kg·m^-3, moisture content 29%-31% and fungicide 2%) and A₁₅ (density 150 kg·m^-3, moisture content 29%-31% and fungicide 1%) resulted in relatively small dry matter (DM) losses with high feed value after 360 days. Experiment 2: The four best treatments were screened with A₁ (density 50 kg·m^-3, moisture content 14%-16% and fungicide 0) and A₁₆ (density 150 kg·m^-3, moisture content 29%-31% and fungicide 0) were used as controls. In vitro digestion was also assessed. The results showed that treatment A₁₄ had the highest gas production rate of 53.13 mL, significantly higher than the control treatments (P<0.05). The pH of A₁₄ bales was lower than other treatments at all times, with a mean pH of 6.64. The highest TVFA content of 61.05 mol·L^-1 occurred in A₁₄, significantly higher than other treatments (P<0.01). Degradation losses for crude protein and DM were 81.21% and 66.84% respectively, significantly higher than other treatments (P<0.01). Consideration of nutritional composition, feeding value and in vitro digestibility revealed that alfalfa hay with relatively high moisture (29%-31%), medium density (100 kg·m^-3) with 2% CaO added was superior to other treatment combinations.

Key words: alfalfa bale, fungicide, feeding value, in vitro digestion

成启明, 格根图, 尹强, 刘丽英, 范文强, 降晓伟, 卢强, 包健, 贾玉山. 苜蓿干草捆安全贮藏条件的研究[J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(5): 190-200.

CHENG Qi-ming, GE Gen-tu, YIN Qiang, LIU Li-ying, FAN Wen-qiang, JIANG Xiao-wei, LU Qiang, BAO Jian, JIA Yu-shan. Effect of moisture, bale density and CaO on storage life and quality of alfalfa hay[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(5): 190-200.

参考文献

[1] Guo Z M.Effects of alfalfa hay supplementation on milk yield and milk fat of dairy. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2010, 29(3): 20-23.
郭志明. 苜蓿干草不同添加量对奶牛产奶量和乳脂率的影响. 畜牧兽医杂志, 2010, 29(3): 20-23.
[2] Wang K L, Gao X Y, Shi S S, et al. Study on the correlation between baling with different water contents and quality of alfalfa hay. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2016, (21): 123-126.
王坤龙, 高显颖, 史树生, 等. 不同含水量打捆与苜蓿干草品质相关性研究. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2016, (21): 123-126.
[3] Liu X P, Yang Z M, Qu S M, ,et al. A comparative study on fungal species in alfalfa hay bales with different water contents. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2016, (1): 33-34, 38, 258-259.
刘香萍, 杨智明, 曲善民, 等. 不同含水量苜蓿干草捆内真菌种类比较研究. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2016, (1): 33-34, 38, 258-259.
[4] Shi Y H, Zhang W Y, Yan X B, et al. Effects of different water contents on rotting patterns and quality of alfalfa bales. Journal of Grassland Science, 2012, (1): 58-62.
史莹华, 张伟毅, 严学兵, 等. 不同含水量苜蓿草捆的霉变规律及其对草捆品质的影响. 草地学报, 2012, (1): 58-62.
[5] Zhang Y L, Zhang Z J, Li T Y, et al. Study of adding preservative to alfalfa hay modulation in Hexi area. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2016, (8): 251-252, 262.
张延林, 张兆军, 李天银, 等. 河西地区苜蓿干草调制添加防腐剂试验研究. 现代农业科技, 2016, (8): 251-252, 262.
[6] Jia Y S, Ge G T, Yin Q.Influence of CaO on digestibility of high moisture alfalfa bale. China Grass Society Feed Production Specialized Committee, 2011: 9.
贾玉山, 格根图, 尹强. 氧化钙对高水分苜蓿草捆消化特性的影响. 中国草学会饲料生产专业委员会, 2011: 9.
[7] Niu J Z, Zhou H, Shi D K.Effect of moisture content, degree of bale compactness, and urea preservation on baled alfalfa hay quality. Journal of Grassland Science, 2006, (1): 34-38.
牛建忠, 周禾, 史德宽. 苜蓿草捆含水量、密度及尿素对其质量的影响. 草地学报, 2006, (1): 34-38.
[8] Liu T Y, Zhang Y C, Jia Y S, et al. Optimization of continued drying conditions for high moisture alfalfa bales. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition), 2016, (3): 37-42, 68.
刘庭玉, 张颖超, 贾玉山, 等. 苜蓿高水分打捆人工继续干燥条件的优化. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, (3): 37-42, 68.
[9] Yang S.Feed analysis and feed quality inspection technology.Beijing: China Agricultural Publishing House, 1999.
杨胜. 饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术. 北京: 北京农业大学出版社, 1999.
[10] Frank C L.The nutritive value of canned food. Journal of Food Science, 1982, (13): 67-71.
[11] Moore J E, Undersander D J.Relative forage quality: an alternative to relative feed value and quality index. Proceedings 13th annual Florida Nutrition Symposium, 2002, 16-32.
[12] Menke K H, Steingass H.Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development, 1988, 28(1): 7-55.
[13] Guo X S.Study on biochemical treatment technique for crop foddor and application of systematic nutrient manipulation in formulation total mixed rations of mutton sheep. Yinchuan: Ningxia University, 2004.
郭旭生. 秸秆生化复合处理技术及系统营养调控在肉羊日粮配制中的应用研究. 银川: 宁夏大学, 2004.
[14] Rong L.Study on the control methods of storage quality for alfalfa bale. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, 2013.
荣磊. 苜蓿草捆贮藏品质调控方法研究. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2013.
[15] Bhat S, Wallace R J, Orskov E R.Study of the relation between straw quality and its colonization by rumen microorganisms. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1988, 110: 561.
[16] Ding G H.Studies on extracted technology of bioactive components from Artemisia L and effects of the components on nutrient fermentation. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2009.
丁国和. 篙属植物粗提物的提取工艺及其对奶山羊瘤胃发酵的影响. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2009.
[17] Wang K L.Study on correlation of alfalfa drying mechanism and nutrition changes. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2014.
王坤龙. 苜蓿干燥机制与营养物质变化相关性研究. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2014.
[18] Ding W R.Studies on the storing technology and additives of alfalfa hay with high water content. Chengdu: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2008.
丁武蓉. 高水分苜蓿干草贮藏技术及其添加剂的研究. 成都: 四川农业大学, 2008.
[19] Yu H X.The effects of fungicides on the quality of alfalfa hay storage. Contemporary Animal Husbandry, 2016, 15: 42.
于合兴. 添加防霉剂对苜蓿干草贮存品质的影响. 当代畜牧, 2016, 15: 42.
[20] Liu X P, Yang Z M, Ju X F, et al. The effect of several fungicides on high moisture alfalfa bacteriostasis and nutritional value. Feed Industry, 2011, (6): 49-52.
刘香萍, 杨智明, 鞠晓峰, 等. 几种防霉剂对高水分苜蓿干草抑菌效果及其营养价值影响的研究. 饲料工业, 2011, (6): 49-52.
[21] Alhadrami G, Huber J, Higginbotham G, et al. Nutritive value of high moisture alfalfa hay preserved with urea. Journal of Dairy Science, 1989, 72: 972-979.
[22] Yin Q.Study on the application of natural mould inhibitors in the safe storage area of bale. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2010.
尹强. 天然防霉剂在草捆安全贮藏中的应用研究. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2010.
[23] Zhang T, Zhuang S, Dong W C, et al. Effects of different dietary concentrate to forage ratios on rumen fluid pH and VFA levels and blood VFA levels in dairy goats. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2013, (4): 5-10.
张腾, 庄苏, 董文超, 等. 不同精粗比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃液pH值、VFA及血液VFA含量的影响. 畜牧与兽医, 2013, (4): 5-10.
[24] Bai Y L, Xiao X H, Hu P, et al. Effect of Actinomyces ruminicola-based microecological preparation on rumen fermentation. Chinese Journal of Biological Products, 2016, (4): 369-373.
白云龙, 肖鑫焕, 胡盼, 等. 基于Actinomyces ruminicola的微生态制剂对瘤胃发酵的影响. 中国生物制品学杂志, 2016, (4): 369-373.
[25] Wang C J, Zhou H.Effects of herbages and diet composition on rumen fermentation nutritional degradability and methane emission of sheep in the inner mongolia steppe. Journal of Grassland Science, 2007, (1): 100-101.
王成杰, 周禾. 内蒙古典型草原牧草和日粮组成对绵羊瘤胃发酵、营养降解及甲烷气体排放的影响. 草地学报, 2007, (1): 100-101.
[26] Li W Z, Shan A S.The role of volatile fatty acids in animals. China Feed, 2003, (12): 23-25.
李伟忠, 单安山. 挥发性脂肪酸在动物体内的作用. 中国饲料, 2003, (12): 23-25.
[27] Lu D X, Xie C W.Modern ruminant research methods and techniques. Beijing: Agricultural Press, 1991.
卢德勋, 谢崇文. 现代反刍动物研究方法和技术. 北京: 农业出版社, 1991.
[28] Ru C X.Effect alfalfa on chacteritics of gas and ferment of forage. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2006.
茹彩霞. 模拟瘤胃条件下苜蓿对粗饲料产气特性和发酵特性的研究. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2006.
[29] Yan X B.Digestibility of natural and cultivated grasslands by yaks in alpine pastoral region. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2000.
严学兵. 牦牛对高寒牧区天然草地和人工草地牧草消化性的研究. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2000.
[30] Zhang X N.Study on drying mechanism and additives storage technology of alfalfa. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2010.
张晓娜. 苜蓿助干机制及添加剂贮藏技术的研究.呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2010.