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草业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 48-62.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022163

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

行间生草种类对苹果园春季土壤蒸发、空气湿度和土壤贮水的影响

秦文利()   

  1. 河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所,河北省肥料技术创新中心,河北 石家庄 050051
  • 收稿日期:2022-04-12 修回日期:2022-06-27 出版日期:2023-01-20 发布日期:2022-11-07
  • 作者简介:秦文利(1974-),女,河北邯郸人,副研究员,博士。E-mail: 941737486@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    河北省农林科学院科技示范与服务专项“果园生草技术示范与推广”,河北省重点研发计划(21327503D);河北省农林科学院科技创新人才队伍建设项目(C21R1101);河北省农林科学院基本科研业务费(2021130203);河北省农林科学院科技创新专项课题(2022KJCXZX-ZHS-7)

Effects of interplanting with different species of cover grass on soil evaporation, air humidity, and soil water storage in apple orchards on the North China Plain in spring

Wen-li QIN()   

  1. Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environment,Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Hebei Fertilizer Technology Innovation Center,Shijiazhuang 050051,China
  • Received:2022-04-12 Revised:2022-06-27 Online:2023-01-20 Published:2022-11-07

摘要:

为明确行间生草种类对华北平原苹果园春季土壤蒸发、果树冠层空气湿度、土壤贮水的影响特征,揭示果园生草对土壤有效水分的影响规律,于2019-2021年在河北省武邑县武罗农业综合示范园区开展苹果树行间生草试验,采用田间定位观测方法研究了苹果树行间套种越年生牧草(二月兰、毛叶苕子、小黑麦)和多年生牧草(鸭茅、白三叶)后牧草群体叶面积指数(LAI)、光合有效辐射(PAR)透射率、土壤温度、水分蒸发、冠层空气相对湿度、土壤含水量、土壤贮水量的变化特征及相互影响。结果表明,2021年4-5月苹果树行间套种越年生牧草时土壤蒸发量大于多年生牧草,平均增加3.14 mm。越年生牧草切碎覆盖还田前后对土壤蒸发的影响不同。还田前,越年生牧草对土壤蒸发的抑制效果大于多年生牧草,抑制率平均增加20.5%,这与越年生牧草生长速度快,群体LAI大、PAR透射率低,0~25 cm土壤温度低和土壤含水量下降相关。还田之后,对土壤蒸发的抑制效果小于多年生牧草,抑制率平均降低29.0%。越年生牧草对果树冠层1 m高度空气相对湿度的改善效果大于多年生牧草,空气相对湿度平均增加15.5%。冠层空气相对湿度变化与1 m土体内土壤贮水减少量呈显著线性正相关关系。越年生牧草对土壤贮水的消耗量大于多年生牧草,平均多消耗土壤贮水39.20 mm。行间生草后土壤蒸发量平均降低27.80 mm,土壤贮水消耗量平均增加52.50 mm。因此,华北平原苹果园行间生草后春季土壤蒸发减少量难以弥补牧草生长对土壤贮水的消耗量,降低了果园土壤有效水分。越年生牧草比多年生牧草更有利于改善春季果园空气湿度,但对土壤水分消耗较大,生产上应根据不同生草种类对土壤水分的影响特征优化果树春季灌溉制度。

关键词: 行间生草, 苹果园, 土壤蒸发, 空气湿度, 土壤含水量

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to clarify how different species of cover grass affect soil evaporation, canopy air humidity, and soil water storage in an apple (Malus pumila) orchard in spring, and to determine how cover grasses affect the available water content in soil. A field experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021 at the Wuluo Modern Agriculture Demonstration Garden, Wuyi County, Hebei. Changes in, and interactions among, the leaf area index (LAI) of the grass population, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance, soil temperature, water evaporation, air relative humidity in the fruit tree canopy, soil water content, and water storage were evaluated when overwintering grasses [February orchid (Orychophragmus violaceus), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), and triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack)] and perennial grasses [cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) and white clover (Trifolium repens)] were planted between the apple tree rows. It was found that the soil evaporation in sod culture was 3.14 mm higher with overwintering grasses than with perennial grasses from April to May in 2021. The effects of overwintering grasses on soil evaporation differed between before and after returning to the field. Before returning to the field, overwintering grasses reduced soil evaporation by 20.5% compared with perennial grasses due to the rapid growth rate, large population LAI, low PAR transmittance, low temperature in 0-25 cm soil profile, and low soil water content. After overwintering grasses were returned to the field, the soil evaporation was 29.0% higher than in the plots with perennial grasses. There was a significant linear positive correlation between air relative humidity at 1 m height in the fruit tree canopy and reduced soil water storage in the 1 m soil profile. Compared with perennial grasses, overwintering grasses consumed 39.20 mm more stored soil water, and increased the air relative humidity by 15.5%. Compared with clear tillage, sod culture reduced soil evaporation by 27.80 mm, and increased stored soil water consumption by 52.50 mm. In conclusion, the ability of cover grasses to reduce soil evaporation in spring could not compensate for the consumption of soil water by grass growth, which ultimately resulted in reduced soil available water content. Compared with perennial grasses, overwintering grasses were more conducive to improve air humidity in orchards on the North China Plain in spring, but consumed a large amount of stored soil water. In practice, irrigation systems for apple orchards in spring should be optimized according to how different grass species affect the soil water content.

Key words: inter-row cover grass, apple orchard, soil evaporation, air humidity, soil water content