入侵种瘤突苍耳细根解剖结构的可塑性与入侵性间的关系

doi:10.11686/cyxb2022240

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

细根是植物吸收地下水分与养分的重要器官，影响植物生长。细根可通过调整自身的形态或解剖结构支持不同环境条件下的植物生长。入侵植物多为群落内的优势种，其根系解剖结构及资源获取能力是否比本地物种的更强？本研究以外来入侵植物瘤突苍耳和本地同属种苍耳为研究对象，设置4种水分-氮梯度模拟异质环境，利用石蜡切片法比较盆栽两种苍耳的细根直径、皮层厚度、中柱直径和气腔面积等的差异。结果表明：瘤突苍耳细根皮层的气腔结构比苍耳的发达。高资源下，瘤突苍耳的细根直径增长程度小于苍耳。氮含量充足时，高水中瘤突苍耳的皮层厚度、内皮层厚度和导管直径均显著小于苍耳；水分充足时，高氮中瘤突苍耳的总导管面积显著小于苍耳。相比低资源环境处理，高资源下瘤突苍耳的皮层厚度是显著升高的。上述结果表明，气腔与皮层结构的可塑性是影响瘤突苍耳细根解剖结构的驱动因子，且瘤突苍耳根部解剖结构可塑性对异质性环境的响应变化与苍耳比相对稳定。瘤突苍耳自身结构可塑性能在多种环境下获得生长优势。因此，本研究认为相比苍耳，瘤突苍耳细根具有相对进化的解剖结构及塑形变化体系，构成一种高地下资源吸收和低成本消耗的高效入侵策略。

关键词: 入侵植物, 瘤突苍耳, 细根, 石蜡切片, 结构可塑性

Abstract:

Fine roots affect plant growth because they are an important organ for the absorption of groundwater and nitrogen. Plant growth can be supported by adjustments in the morphology and anatomy of fine roots under different environmental conditions. The great majority of invasive plants are dominant species in the community. The aim of this study was to explore whether the root anatomical structure of an invasive plant allows it to acquire more resources compared with a native species. Therefore， we compared the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on anatomical structure between the invasive species， Xanthium strumarium， and a native species， Xanthium sibiricum. Paraffin sections were used to study various functional traits such as root diameter， cortical thickness， stele diameter， and the aerenchyma area of fine roots formed in different growth environments. The results showed that the aerenchyma area was wider in X. strumarium than in X. sibiricum. Under high-resource conditions， the root diameter of X. strumarium was smaller than that of X. sibiricum. Under sufficient nitrogen conditions， the cortex was thinner and the endodermis and xylem were smaller in X. strumarium than in X. sibiricum under excess water conditions， but under sufficient water conditions， the total xylem area was smaller in X.strumarium than in X. sibiricum. The above results indicate that the plasticity of the aerenchyma and cortical structures is a major factor affecting the anatomical structure of X.strumarium， and the plasticity of the anatomical structure of the root is relatively stable in response to a heterogeneous environment. The anatomical structural plasticity of X.strumarium confers growth advantages in various environments. Compared with X. sibiricum， X.strumarium has fine roots with more highly evolved anatomical structure and plasticity. This is an important factor in its efficient invasion strategy of high underground resource use with a low consumption cost.

Key words: invasive plant, Xanthium strumarium, fine roots, paraffin section, structural plasticity

陈美杉, 陈鲜, 满晓珍, 刘闯, 佟佳林, 曲波. 入侵种瘤突苍耳细根解剖结构的可塑性与入侵性间的关系[J]. 草业学报, 2023, 32(5): 118-126.

Mei-shan CHEN, Xian CHEN, Xiao-zhen MAN, Chuang LIU, Jia-lin TONG, Bo QU. Relationship between plasticity and invasiveness in the anatomical structure of the fine roots of the invasive species Xanthium strumarium[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(5): 118-126.

图/表 7

表1 瘤突苍耳和苍耳的4种处理

Table 1 Four treatments of X. strumarium and X. sibiricum

处理

Treatments

高氮高水

High nitrogen high water （NW）

高氮低水

High nitrogen low water （N）

低氮高水

Low nitrogen high water （W）

低氮低水

Low nitrogen low water （0）

养分Nitrogen dosage （g·kg^-1）

0.196

水分Water dosage （mL·d^-1）

图1 植物根解剖模式

Fig.1 Anatomical model of plant roots

表2 瘤突苍耳不同资源水平各指标差异

Table 2 Differences in each parameter among X. strumarium in different treatments

指标Parameter	低氮低水0	高氮低水N	低氮高水W	高氮高水NW
根直径Root diameter （μm）	794.03±51.96ab	862.52±72.63a	746.92±76.52b	856.32±115.22a
皮层厚度Cortical thickness （μm）	146.37±18.27b	196.80±35.87a	156.17±35.07b	165.76±36.37b
中柱直径Stele diameter （μm）	412.23±37.77a	367.68±93.30a	382.62±55.79a	382.62±55.79a
内皮层厚度Endodermis thickness （μm）	21.53±3.48c	22.99±3.27c	30.78±6.79b	41.40±8.37a
导管直径Xylem diameter （μm）	22.70±5.14b	21.85±5.01b	28.00±5.70a	24.29±7.53ab
总气腔面积Total aerenchyma area （μm²）	43210.20±8782.19a	47946.31±27169.54a	58218.06±13587.42a	52994.21±26575.90a

表3 苍耳不同资源水平各指标差异

Table 3 Differences in each parameter among X. sibiricum in different treatments

指标Parameter	低氮低水0	高氮低水N	低氮高水W	高氮高水NW
根直径Root diameter （μm）	672.84±21.96b	838.60±30.50a	799.80±111.06a	797.11±95.68a
皮层厚度Cortical thickness （μm）	142.75±11.53b	134.66±12.18bc	108.92±38.58c	207.80±15.67a
中柱直径Stele diameter （μm）	277.32±13.07b	499.38±11.70a	286.81±59.77b	487.18±7.36a
内皮层厚度Endodermis thickness （μm）	15.53±2.42b	30.01±8.51a	26.73±6.49a	31.31±3.08a
导管直径Xylem diameter （μm）	19.98±2.45b	27.40±6.02a	19.46±5.70b	28.50±7.22a
总气腔面积Total aerenchyma area （μm²）	10559.00±4730.09b	13310.83±11451.76b	19912.83±1320.78b	634486.33±22933.79a

图2 不同水、氮处理下瘤突苍耳与苍耳指标对比C：低氮低水苍耳Low nitrogen low water of X. sibiricum； L：低氮低水瘤突苍耳Low nitrogen low water of X. strumarium； NC：高氮低水苍耳High nitrogen low water of X. sibiricum； NL：高氮低水瘤突苍耳High nitrogen low water of X. strumarium； NWC：高氮高水苍耳High nitrogen high water of X. sibiricum； NWL：高氮高水瘤突苍耳High nitrogen high water of X. strumarium； WC：低氮高水苍耳Low nitrogen high water of X. sibiricum； WL：低氮高水瘤突苍耳Low nitrogen high water of X. strumarium. A、C中不同字母表示处理间差异显著（P<0.1），B中不同字母表示处理间差异显著（P<0.05）。Different letters in A and C indicated significant differences among treatments （P<0.1）， different letters in B indicated significant differences among treatments （P<0.05）. 下同The same below.

Fig.2 Comparison of X. strumarium and X. sibiricum under different water and nitrogen treatments

图3 不同水、氮处理下瘤突苍耳与苍耳二级根解剖结构变化率NC-C：高氮低水苍耳比低氮低水苍耳的变化率Change rate of high nitrogen low water of X. sibiricum to low nitrogen low water of X. sibiricum； NL-L：高氮低水瘤突苍耳比低氮低水瘤突苍耳的变化率Change rate of high nitrogen low water of X. strumarium to low nitrogen low water of X. strumarium； NWC-C：高氮高水苍耳比低氮低水苍耳的变化率Change rate of high nitrogen high water of X. sibiricum to low nitrogen low water of X. sibiricum； NWL-L：高氮高水瘤突苍耳比低氮低水瘤突苍耳的变化率Change rate of high nitrogen high water of X. strumarium to low nitrogen low water of X. strumarium； NWC-WC：高氮高水苍耳比低氮高水苍耳的变化率Change rate of high nitrogen high water of X. sibiricum to low nitrogen high water of X. sibiricum； NWL-WL：高氮高水瘤突苍耳比低氮高水瘤突苍耳的变化率Change rate of high nitrogen high water of X. strumarium to low nitrogen high water of X. strumarium； NWC-NC：高氮高水苍耳比高氮低水苍耳的变化率Change rate of high nitrogen high water of X. sibiricum to high nitrogen low water of X. sibiricum； NWL-NL：高氮高水瘤突苍耳比高氮低水瘤突苍耳的变化率Change rate of high nitrogen high water of X. strumarium to high nitrogen low water of X. strumarium； WC-C：低氮高水苍耳比低氮低水苍耳的变化率Change rate of low nitrogen high water of X. sibiricum to low nitrogen low water X. sibiricum； WL-L：低氮高水瘤突苍耳比低氮低水瘤突苍耳的变化率Change rate of low nitrogen high water of X. strumarium to low nitrogen low water X. strumarium. a~e中不同字母表示处理间差异显著（P<0.05），f和g中不同字母表示处理间差异显著（P<0.1）。Different letters in a-e indicated significant differences among treatments （P<0.05）， different letters in f and g indicated significant differences among treatments （P<0.1）.

Fig.3 Change rate of X. strumarium and X. sibiricum anatomic structure of second-order root under different water and nitrogen treatments

图4 不同处理下瘤突苍耳与苍耳二级根解剖结构气腔为红色箭头所指，导管为蓝色箭头所指。Aerenchyma by the red arrow， xylem by the blue arrow.

Fig.4 Anatomical structure of second-order root of X. strumarium and X. sibiricum under different treatments

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