草业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (7): 119-129.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023323
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
杨尚霖1,2(), 吴璇1(), 罗巧慧1,2, 黄太华1, 张正帆1, 史海涛1(), 郭春华1()
收稿日期:
2023-09-05
修回日期:
2023-11-23
出版日期:
2024-07-20
发布日期:
2024-04-08
通讯作者:
史海涛,郭春华
作者简介:
531893818@qq.com基金资助:
Shang-lin YANG1,2(), Xuan WU1(), Qiao-hui LUO1,2, Tai-hua HUANG1, Zheng-fan ZHANG1, Hai-tao SHI1(), Chun-hua GUO1()
Received:
2023-09-05
Revised:
2023-11-23
Online:
2024-07-20
Published:
2024-04-08
Contact:
Hai-tao SHI,Chun-hua GUO
摘要:
旨在研究生长期川中黑山羊的蛋白质需要量,为川中黑山羊的科学饲养提供营养需要参数。选择2.5月龄(19.97±5.47) kg断奶川中黑山羊羯羊22只,试验开始时屠宰4只,其余18只羔羊分为3个饲喂水平组,分别为自由采食组(AL组)、75%自由采食组(AL75组)、60%自由采食组(AL60组),每组6只羊。试验羊单笼单饲,试验期96 d。在饲养试验结束前4 d开展消化代谢试验,收集全粪全尿。当AL组试验羊平均体重达到35 kg时结束饲养试验,每组选取接近该组平均体重的4只羊(共12只)进行屠宰,屠体冷冻保存待测。结果表明:1)川中黑山羊试验末期AL组公羊平均体重极显著高于AL60组(P<0.01);AL75和AL60组公羊净增重、平均日增重(ADG)、平均干物质采食量(DMI)极显著低于AL组(P<0.01);AL60组料重比显著高于AL和AL75组(P<0.05);2)AL组黑山羊宰前活重、空腹体重、胴体重、净肉重均极显著(P<0.01)高于AL75和AL60组,而屠宰率、净肉率、胴体净肉率、肉骨比3组间均无显著差异(P>0.05),AL组的骨重显著高于AL75和AL60组(P<0.05);3)AL、AL75和AL60组山羊的心脏、脾脏、肺脏器官指数和皮毛器官指数差异不显著(P>0.05),AL组肝脏器官指数极显著高于AL75和AL60组(P<0.01),肾脏器官指数随饲喂水平下降显著降低(P<0.01);4)20~35 kg川中黑山羊公羊的维持净蛋白质需要量为1.60 g·kg-1·BW-0.75·d-1,日增重100~300 g·d-1的川中黑山羊生长净蛋白质需要量Npg=13.13~40.13 g·d-1,净蛋白质的总需要量Npr=28.26~63.15 g·d-1。本研究可为我国地方品种山羊饲养标准的优化提供数据参考。
杨尚霖, 吴璇, 罗巧慧, 黄太华, 张正帆, 史海涛, 郭春华. 20~35 kg川中黑山羊蛋白质需要量研究[J]. 草业学报, 2024, 33(7): 119-129.
Shang-lin YANG, Xuan WU, Qiao-hui LUO, Tai-hua HUANG, Zheng-fan ZHANG, Hai-tao SHI, Chun-hua GUO. A study of the protein requirements of 20-35 kg Chuanzhong black goats[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2024, 33(7): 119-129.
项目Items | 含量 Content |
---|---|
原料Ingredients | |
苜蓿颗粒Alfalfa granules (%) | 20.00 |
喷浆玉米皮Sprayed corn peel (%) | 10.00 |
花生秧Peanut vine (%) | 10.00 |
玉米Corn (%) | 40.00 |
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal (%) | 4.00 |
豆粕Soybean meal (%) | 7.30 |
菜粕Rapeseed meal (%) | 4.00 |
糖蜜Molasses (%) | 2.00 |
碳酸钙CaCO3 (%) | 1.00 |
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 (%) | 0.55 |
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 (%) | 0.25 |
硫酸钠Na2SO4 (%) | 0.25 |
食盐NaCl (%) | 0.30 |
预混料Premix1 (%) | 0.35 |
合计Total (%) | 100.00 |
营养水平Nutrient levels2 | |
干物质Dry matter (DM, %) | 87.96 |
总能Gross energy (GE, MJ·kg-1) | 18.30 |
代谢能Metabolic energy (ME, MJ·kg-1) | 10.87 |
脂肪Ether extract (%) | 2.57 |
粗蛋白质Crude protein (%) | 14.40 |
粗灰分Ash (%) | 6.36 |
中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %) | 40.48 |
酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (ADF, %) | 16.27 |
钙Ca (%) | 1.22 |
总磷Total phosphorus (%) | 0.48 |
表1 基础饲粮组成和营养成分(风干基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)
项目Items | 含量 Content |
---|---|
原料Ingredients | |
苜蓿颗粒Alfalfa granules (%) | 20.00 |
喷浆玉米皮Sprayed corn peel (%) | 10.00 |
花生秧Peanut vine (%) | 10.00 |
玉米Corn (%) | 40.00 |
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal (%) | 4.00 |
豆粕Soybean meal (%) | 7.30 |
菜粕Rapeseed meal (%) | 4.00 |
糖蜜Molasses (%) | 2.00 |
碳酸钙CaCO3 (%) | 1.00 |
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 (%) | 0.55 |
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 (%) | 0.25 |
硫酸钠Na2SO4 (%) | 0.25 |
食盐NaCl (%) | 0.30 |
预混料Premix1 (%) | 0.35 |
合计Total (%) | 100.00 |
营养水平Nutrient levels2 | |
干物质Dry matter (DM, %) | 87.96 |
总能Gross energy (GE, MJ·kg-1) | 18.30 |
代谢能Metabolic energy (ME, MJ·kg-1) | 10.87 |
脂肪Ether extract (%) | 2.57 |
粗蛋白质Crude protein (%) | 14.40 |
粗灰分Ash (%) | 6.36 |
中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %) | 40.48 |
酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (ADF, %) | 16.27 |
钙Ca (%) | 1.22 |
总磷Total phosphorus (%) | 0.48 |
项目 Items | 饲喂水平Feeding levels | P值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AL | AL75 | AL60 | ||
羊只数Number of goats | 6 | 6 | 6 | - |
体重Body weight (kg) | ||||
初始(1 d)体重 Initial body weight (IBW) | 20.00±3.47 | 19.10±4.03 | 20.00±3.35 | 0.880 |
中期(42 d)体重Mid-term body weight | 27.31±4.07a | 23.71±3.85ab | 21.95±2.99b | 0.063 |
结束(84 d)体重 Final body weight (FBW) | 32.53±3.92A | 27.64±3.51AB | 24.42±3.07B | 0.004 |
全期(1~84 d)净增重 Net weight gain | 12.53±1.17A | 8.54±1.19B | 4.42±1.63C | <0.001 |
平均日增重Average daily gain (ADG, g·d-1) | ||||
前期(1~42 d)平均日增重 Early average daily gain | 173.93±27.20A | 109.72±15.30B | 46.39±16.59C | <0.001 |
后期(43~84 d)平均日增重 Late average daily gain | 155.89±35.10A | 117.71±36.29AB | 75.25±33.30B | 0.002 |
全期(1~84 d)平均日增重 ADG during the whole period | 166.40±28.10A | 112.15±13.06B | 57.96±18.82C | <0.001 |
干物质采食量Dry matter intake (DMI, g·d-1) | ||||
前期(1~42 d)干物质采食量 Early DMI | 873.99±145.81A | 661.09±94.01B | 552.01±55.75C | <0.001 |
后期(43~84 d)干物质采食量Late DMI | 960.73±170.69A | 714.13±104.57AB | 572.04±82.37B | <0.001 |
全期(1~84 d)干物质采食量DMI during the whole period | 912.19±150.05A | 684.34±94.56B | 534.71±62.75C | <0.001 |
料重比 Ratio of feed to weight (F/G, g·g-1) | ||||
前期(1~42 d)料重比Early F/G | 5.03±0.46B | 6.18±1.50AB | 13.07±6.41A | 0.005 |
后期(43~84 d)料重比Late F/G | 6.27±0.89 | 6.54±1.01 | 9.24±4.68 | 0.163 |
全期(1~84 d)料重比F/G during the whole period | 5.49±0.25b | 6.13±0.83b | 10.71±5.13a | 0.017 |
表2 不同饲喂水平对川中黑山羊羯羊生长性能的影响
Table 2 Effects of different feeding levels on the growth performance of Chuanzhong black goat kids
项目 Items | 饲喂水平Feeding levels | P值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AL | AL75 | AL60 | ||
羊只数Number of goats | 6 | 6 | 6 | - |
体重Body weight (kg) | ||||
初始(1 d)体重 Initial body weight (IBW) | 20.00±3.47 | 19.10±4.03 | 20.00±3.35 | 0.880 |
中期(42 d)体重Mid-term body weight | 27.31±4.07a | 23.71±3.85ab | 21.95±2.99b | 0.063 |
结束(84 d)体重 Final body weight (FBW) | 32.53±3.92A | 27.64±3.51AB | 24.42±3.07B | 0.004 |
全期(1~84 d)净增重 Net weight gain | 12.53±1.17A | 8.54±1.19B | 4.42±1.63C | <0.001 |
平均日增重Average daily gain (ADG, g·d-1) | ||||
前期(1~42 d)平均日增重 Early average daily gain | 173.93±27.20A | 109.72±15.30B | 46.39±16.59C | <0.001 |
后期(43~84 d)平均日增重 Late average daily gain | 155.89±35.10A | 117.71±36.29AB | 75.25±33.30B | 0.002 |
全期(1~84 d)平均日增重 ADG during the whole period | 166.40±28.10A | 112.15±13.06B | 57.96±18.82C | <0.001 |
干物质采食量Dry matter intake (DMI, g·d-1) | ||||
前期(1~42 d)干物质采食量 Early DMI | 873.99±145.81A | 661.09±94.01B | 552.01±55.75C | <0.001 |
后期(43~84 d)干物质采食量Late DMI | 960.73±170.69A | 714.13±104.57AB | 572.04±82.37B | <0.001 |
全期(1~84 d)干物质采食量DMI during the whole period | 912.19±150.05A | 684.34±94.56B | 534.71±62.75C | <0.001 |
料重比 Ratio of feed to weight (F/G, g·g-1) | ||||
前期(1~42 d)料重比Early F/G | 5.03±0.46B | 6.18±1.50AB | 13.07±6.41A | 0.005 |
后期(43~84 d)料重比Late F/G | 6.27±0.89 | 6.54±1.01 | 9.24±4.68 | 0.163 |
全期(1~84 d)料重比F/G during the whole period | 5.49±0.25b | 6.13±0.83b | 10.71±5.13a | 0.017 |
项目 Items | 饲喂水平Feeding levels | P值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AL | AL75 | AL60 | ||
羊只数Number of goats | 4 | 4 | 4 | - |
宰前活重Live weight before slaughter (SBW, kg) | 33.28±1.77A | 28.19±0.96B | 24.93±1.80C | <0.010 |
空腹体重 Empty body weight (EBW, kg) | 28.35±2.41A | 24.38±2.53B | 21.40±1.40B | <0.010 |
胴体重Carcass weight (kg) | 17.75±2.41A | 14.54±0.33B | 13.46±1.21B | <0.010 |
屠宰率Dressing percentage (%) | 53.30±1.99 | 51.60±1.32 | 53.96±1.12 | 0.132 |
净肉重 Meat weight (kg) | 13.69±0.98A | 11.06±0.31B | 10.35±0.99B | <0.010 |
净肉率Meat percentage (%) | 41.43±1.74 | 39.28±1.84 | 41.49±1.44 | 0.194 |
胴体净肉率Meat percentage of carcass (%) | 77.16±1.14 | 76.12±2.37 | 76.87±1.78 | 0.719 |
骨重 Bone weight (g) | 5.00±0.52a | 4.27±0.36b | 4.11±0.40b | 0.039 |
肉骨比 Ratio of meat to bone | 2.70±0.21 | 2.56±0.18 | 2.63±0.24 | 0.432 |
表3 不同饲喂水平对川中黑山羊羯羊屠宰性能的影响
Table 3 Effects of different feeding levels on the slaughter performance of Chuanzhong black goat kids
项目 Items | 饲喂水平Feeding levels | P值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AL | AL75 | AL60 | ||
羊只数Number of goats | 4 | 4 | 4 | - |
宰前活重Live weight before slaughter (SBW, kg) | 33.28±1.77A | 28.19±0.96B | 24.93±1.80C | <0.010 |
空腹体重 Empty body weight (EBW, kg) | 28.35±2.41A | 24.38±2.53B | 21.40±1.40B | <0.010 |
胴体重Carcass weight (kg) | 17.75±2.41A | 14.54±0.33B | 13.46±1.21B | <0.010 |
屠宰率Dressing percentage (%) | 53.30±1.99 | 51.60±1.32 | 53.96±1.12 | 0.132 |
净肉重 Meat weight (kg) | 13.69±0.98A | 11.06±0.31B | 10.35±0.99B | <0.010 |
净肉率Meat percentage (%) | 41.43±1.74 | 39.28±1.84 | 41.49±1.44 | 0.194 |
胴体净肉率Meat percentage of carcass (%) | 77.16±1.14 | 76.12±2.37 | 76.87±1.78 | 0.719 |
骨重 Bone weight (g) | 5.00±0.52a | 4.27±0.36b | 4.11±0.40b | 0.039 |
肉骨比 Ratio of meat to bone | 2.70±0.21 | 2.56±0.18 | 2.63±0.24 | 0.432 |
项目 Items | 饲喂水平Feeding levels | P值 P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AL | AL75 | AL60 | |||
羊只数Number of goats | 4 | 4 | 4 | - | |
心脏Heart | 重量Weight (g) | 145.00±23.80a | 127.50±12.58ab | 105.00±12.91b | 0.029 |
器官指数Organ index | 0.43±0.05 | 0.45±0.04 | 0.42±0.05 | 0.709 | |
肝脏Liver | 重量Weight (g) | 642.50±79.32A | 502.50±9.57B | 425.00±31.09B | <0.010 |
器官指数Organ index | 1.93±0.15 | 1.79±0.05 | 1.71±0.11 | 0.058 | |
脾脏Spleen | 重量Weight (g) | 52.50±12.58 | 47.50±9.57 | 37.50±5.00 | 0.133 |
器官指数Organ index | 0.16±0.03 | 0.17±0.04 | 0.15±0.01 | 0.634 | |
肺脏Lungs | 重量Weight (g) | 380.00±90.18 | 382.50±28.72 | 335.00±38.73 | 0.389 |
器官指数Organ index | 1.14±0.26 | 1.40±0.12 | 1.36±0.26 | 0.276 | |
肾脏Kidney | 重量Weight (g) | 112.50±9.57A | 87.50±9.57B | 65.00±5.77C | <0.010 |
器官指数Organ index | 0.34±0.01A | 0.31±0.03A | 0.26±0.03B | <0.010 | |
皮+毛Skin+wool | 重量Weight (g) | 2.65±0.35a | 2.44±0.08ab | 2.09±0.09b | 0.016 |
器官指数Organ index | 7.94±0.70 | 8.66±0.33 | 8.43±0.67 | 0.266 |
表4 不同饲喂水平对川中黑山羊羯羊器官指数的影响
Table 4 Effects of different feeding levels on organ index of Chuanzhong black goat kids
项目 Items | 饲喂水平Feeding levels | P值 P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AL | AL75 | AL60 | |||
羊只数Number of goats | 4 | 4 | 4 | - | |
心脏Heart | 重量Weight (g) | 145.00±23.80a | 127.50±12.58ab | 105.00±12.91b | 0.029 |
器官指数Organ index | 0.43±0.05 | 0.45±0.04 | 0.42±0.05 | 0.709 | |
肝脏Liver | 重量Weight (g) | 642.50±79.32A | 502.50±9.57B | 425.00±31.09B | <0.010 |
器官指数Organ index | 1.93±0.15 | 1.79±0.05 | 1.71±0.11 | 0.058 | |
脾脏Spleen | 重量Weight (g) | 52.50±12.58 | 47.50±9.57 | 37.50±5.00 | 0.133 |
器官指数Organ index | 0.16±0.03 | 0.17±0.04 | 0.15±0.01 | 0.634 | |
肺脏Lungs | 重量Weight (g) | 380.00±90.18 | 382.50±28.72 | 335.00±38.73 | 0.389 |
器官指数Organ index | 1.14±0.26 | 1.40±0.12 | 1.36±0.26 | 0.276 | |
肾脏Kidney | 重量Weight (g) | 112.50±9.57A | 87.50±9.57B | 65.00±5.77C | <0.010 |
器官指数Organ index | 0.34±0.01A | 0.31±0.03A | 0.26±0.03B | <0.010 | |
皮+毛Skin+wool | 重量Weight (g) | 2.65±0.35a | 2.44±0.08ab | 2.09±0.09b | 0.016 |
器官指数Organ index | 7.94±0.70 | 8.66±0.33 | 8.43±0.67 | 0.266 |
项目 Items | 饲喂水平Feeding levels | P值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AL | AL75 | AL60 | ||
羊只数Number of goats | 6 | 6 | 6 | - |
进食氮Nitrogen intake (NI, g·d-1) | 23.90±3.93A | 17.93±2.48B | 14.25±1.64C | <0.001 |
排出粪氮Excretion of fecal nitrogen (FN, g·d-1) | 7.04±2.16a | 4.66±1.88b | 3.60±0.95b | 0.011 |
排出尿氮Excretion of urinary nitrogen (UN, g·d-1) | 10.79±3.51 | 9.56±1.11 | 8.03±1.23 | 0.136 |
沉积氮Nitrogen retention (NR, g·d-1) | 6.08±1.69A | 3.71±0.93B | 2.62±0.63B | <0.001 |
沉积氮/进食氮NR/NI (%) | 19.77±2.22b | 24.10±3.00a | 20.61±0.68ab | 0.046 |
表5 不同饲喂水平对川中黑山羊羯羊氮代谢的影响
Table 5 Effects of different feeding levels on N metabolism of Chuanzhong black goat kids
项目 Items | 饲喂水平Feeding levels | P值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AL | AL75 | AL60 | ||
羊只数Number of goats | 6 | 6 | 6 | - |
进食氮Nitrogen intake (NI, g·d-1) | 23.90±3.93A | 17.93±2.48B | 14.25±1.64C | <0.001 |
排出粪氮Excretion of fecal nitrogen (FN, g·d-1) | 7.04±2.16a | 4.66±1.88b | 3.60±0.95b | 0.011 |
排出尿氮Excretion of urinary nitrogen (UN, g·d-1) | 10.79±3.51 | 9.56±1.11 | 8.03±1.23 | 0.136 |
沉积氮Nitrogen retention (NR, g·d-1) | 6.08±1.69A | 3.71±0.93B | 2.62±0.63B | <0.001 |
沉积氮/进食氮NR/NI (%) | 19.77±2.22b | 24.10±3.00a | 20.61±0.68ab | 0.046 |
日增重 Average daily gain (ADG, g·d-1) | 体重 Body weight (BW) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
20 kg | 25 kg | 30 kg | 35 kg | |
100 | 13.13 | 13.23 | 13.31 | 13.37 |
150 | 19.69 | 19.84 | 19.96 | 20.06 |
200 | 26.26 | 26.45 | 26.61 | 26.75 |
250 | 32.83 | 33.07 | 33.27 | 33.44 |
300 | 39.39 | 39.68 | 39.92 | 40.13 |
表6 20~35 kg川中黑山羊羯羊生长净蛋白质需要量
Table 6 Requirements of net growth protein of 20-35 kg Chuanzhong black goat kids (g·d-1)
日增重 Average daily gain (ADG, g·d-1) | 体重 Body weight (BW) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
20 kg | 25 kg | 30 kg | 35 kg | |
100 | 13.13 | 13.23 | 13.31 | 13.37 |
150 | 19.69 | 19.84 | 19.96 | 20.06 |
200 | 26.26 | 26.45 | 26.61 | 26.75 |
250 | 32.83 | 33.07 | 33.27 | 33.44 |
300 | 39.39 | 39.68 | 39.92 | 40.13 |
日增重 Average daily gain (ADG, g·d-1) | 体重 Body weight (BW) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
20 kg | 25 kg | 30 kg | 35 kg | |
100 | 28.26 | 31.11 | 33.82 | 36.40 |
150 | 34.83 | 37.73 | 40.47 | 43.09 |
200 | 41.39 | 44.34 | 47.12 | 49.77 |
250 | 47.96 | 50.96 | 53.78 | 56.46 |
300 | 54.52 | 57.57 | 60.43 | 63.15 |
表7 20~35 kg川中黑山羊羯羊净蛋白质总需要量
Table 7 Requirements of net protein of 20-35 kg Chuanzhong black goat kids (g·d-1)
日增重 Average daily gain (ADG, g·d-1) | 体重 Body weight (BW) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
20 kg | 25 kg | 30 kg | 35 kg | |
100 | 28.26 | 31.11 | 33.82 | 36.40 |
150 | 34.83 | 37.73 | 40.47 | 43.09 |
200 | 41.39 | 44.34 | 47.12 | 49.77 |
250 | 47.96 | 50.96 | 53.78 | 56.46 |
300 | 54.52 | 57.57 | 60.43 | 63.15 |
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