古尔班通古特沙漠钠猪毛菜种子异型性及其萌发行为研究

doi:10.11686/cyxb2018168

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 钠猪毛菜在我国仅分布在新疆,具有很强的抗干旱和抗盐碱能力。研究钠猪毛菜不同类型种子形态及其萌发特性,结果表明,钠猪毛菜产生3种类型的种子,其形态特征、萌发特性均有显著差异。A型种子绿色,圆形,着生方式为横生,直径为(1.294±0.089) mm,百粒重(90.71±0.42) mg,花被背部有翅状附属物;B型种子红色,圆形,着生方式为直立,直径为(1.166±0.069) mm,百粒重(85.52±0.49) mg,花被背部有短/无翅状附属物;C型种子黄色,圆形,着生方式为直立,直径为(1.044±0.062) mm,百粒重(83.84±0.31) mg,花被背部无翅状附属物。A型种子在5 ℃/15 ℃、10 ℃/20 ℃、 15 ℃/25 ℃、 20 ℃/30 ℃、 25 ℃/35 ℃(光/暗=12 h/12 h)变温条件下萌发率均>92%,B型种子在5种变温条件下萌发率<60%,为非深度生理休眠,低温层积2周后可打破休眠;C型种子在5种变温条件下萌发率<5.3%,为深度生理休眠,划破种皮可打破休眠。浓度低于0.2 mol·L^-1的NaCl溶液对A型种子萌发的影响不大,但从0.8 mol·L^-1起,萌发率随着浓度增高而降低,直至为零,将在0.05~4.00 mol·L^-1NaCl溶液中处理的A型种子转移至蒸馏水后,仍有一定的恢复萌发率。苞片延缓A型种子吸胀,影响种子的最终萌发率,去除苞片可显著提高种子的萌发率。通过研究钠猪毛菜种子异型性及其萌发行为,为揭示其生态适应机制提供科学依据,并为新疆荒漠地区生态建设提供基础资料。

关键词: 种子异型性, 钠猪毛菜, 温度, NaCl溶液, 苞片

Abstract: Salsola nitraria has a strong drought and salt-tolerance capacity in Xinjiang desert. Experiments were conducted to study the seed polymorphism and germination of S. nitraria. It produces three types of fruits that differ markedly in morphological characteristics and germination. Type A fruits are green and spherical and have winged perianth; Type B fruits are red and spherical, the perianth is without wings; Type C fruits are yellow and spherical, the perianth is without wings. Seeds were germinated in incubators at 5 ℃/15 ℃, 10 ℃/20 ℃, 15 ℃/25 ℃, 20 ℃/30℃, and 25 ℃/35℃ (12 h dark/12 h light) for 14 d. Germination percentages of type A seeds under all five temperature regimes were >92%; germination percentages of type B seeds under all five temperature regimes were <60%; germination percentages of type C seeds at all five temperature regimes were <5.3%. Type B seeds have no-deep physiological dormancy and seeds require 2 weeks of cold stratification to germinate. Type C seeds have deep physiological dormancy and scarification was an effective means of breaking the seed dormancy. Germination of type A seeds was not affected by NaCl at concentrations below 0.2 mol·L^-1, but was decreased by NaCl at higher concentrations, and fell to nearly zero at concentrations above 0.8 mol·L^-1. Seeds incubated in NaCl at concentrations of 0.05-4.0 mol·L^-1 recovered after being transferred to distilled water. Bracts of type A seeds formed a mechanical barrier to water uptake, and had a significant influence on the final seed germination percentages. Removal of bracts promoted seed germination. Further research into seed polymorphism in S. nitraria and the associated germination differences may reveal its ecological adaptive mechanism and provide data for ecological construction in the Xinjiang desert.

Key words: seed polymorphism, Salsola nitraria, temperature, NaCl, bracts

王梦茹, 魏岩. 古尔班通古特沙漠钠猪毛菜种子异型性及其萌发行为研究[J]. 草业学报, 2019, 28(3): 85-92.

WANG Meng-ru, WEI Yan. Seed polymorphism and germination behavior of Salsola nitraria in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2019, 28(3): 85-92.

参考文献

[1] Mills M H, Schwartz M W.Rare plants at the extremes of distribution: Broadly and narrowly distributed rare species. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2005, 14(6): 1401-1420.
[2] Baskin C C, Baskin J M.Seeds: Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. Crop Science, 2014, 40(2): 564.
[3] Gul B, Ansari R, Flowers T J, et al. Germination strategies of halophyte seeds under salinity. Environmental & Experimental Botany, 2013, 92(4): 4-18.
[4] Zhang Y, Xue L G, Gao T P, et al. Research advance on seed germination of desert plants. Journal of Desert Research, 2005, 25(1): 106-112.
张勇, 薛林贵, 高天鹏, 等. 荒漠植物种子萌发研究进展. 中国沙漠, 2005, 25(1): 106-112.
[5] Gutterman Y.Seed germination of desert plants. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
[6] Song J, Fan H, Zhao Y, et al. Effect of salinity on germination, seedling emergence, seedling growth and ion accumulation of a euhalophyte Suaeda salsa, in an intertidal zone and on saline inland. Aquatic Botany, 2008, 88(4): 331-337.
[7] Ameixa O M C C, Marques B, Fernandes V S, et al. Dimorphic seeds of Salicornia ramosissima, display contrasting germination responses under different salinities. Ecological Engineering, 2016, 87: 120-123.
[8] Baskin J M, Baskin C C.Effect of photoperiod on germination of Cyperus inflexus seeds. Botanical Gazette, 1976, 137(3): 269-273.
[9] Venable D L.The evolutionary ecology of seed heteromorphism. American Naturalist, 1985, 126(5): 577-595.
[10] Fu J R.Seed physiology. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1992: 18-21, 68-70.
傅家瑞. 种子生理. 北京:中国农业出版社, 1992: 18-21, 68-70.
[11] Wei Y, Dong M, Huang Z Y, et al. Factors influencing seed germination of Salsola affinis (Chenopodiaceae), a dominant annual halophyte inhabiting the deserts of Xinjiang, China. Flora, 2008, 203: 134-140.
[12] Wei Y, Dong M, Huang Z Y.Seed polymorphism, dormancy and germination of Salsola affinis (Chenopodiaceae), a dominant desert annual inhabiting the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, China. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 55(4): 1046-1053.
[13] Wang H F, Wei Y, Huang Z Y.Seed polymorphism and germination behavior of Salsola bracchita, a dominant desert annual inhabiting junggar basin of Xinjing, China. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(6): 1046-1053.
王宏飞, 魏岩, 黄振英. 散枝猪毛菜的种子多型性及萌发行为. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(6): 1046-1053.
[14] Li K L, Liu T, Li Y G, et al. Seed polymorphism and germination of Salsola korshinskyi drob. Journal of Shihezi University (Natural Science Edition), 2012, 30(3): 276-281.
李宽亮, 刘彤, 李勇冠, 等. 褐翅猪毛菜种子异型性及其萌发特性研究. 石河子大学学报(自然科学版), 2012, 30(3): 276-281.
[15] Takeno K, Yamaguchi H.Diversity in seed germination behavior in relation to heterocarpy in Salsola komarovii, Iljin. The Botanical Magazine, 1991, 104(3): 207-215.
[16] Liu P W, Wei Y.Seed dimorphism and germination behavior of Atriplex micrantha, an annial inhabiting Junggar desert. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(10): 4233-4239.
刘鹏伟, 魏岩. 准噶尔荒漠异苞滨藜(Atriplex micrantha)的种子二型性及其萌发行为. 生态学报, 2007, 27(10): 4233-4239.
[17] Mandák B, Pyšek P.Effects of plant density and nutrient levels on fruit polymorphism in Atriplex sagittata. Oecologia, 1999, 119(1): 63.
[18] Wang L, Dong M, Huang Z Y.Reproductive allocation and fruit-set pattern of seed-heteromorphic plant Suaeda aralocaspica. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(9): 948-955.
王雷, 董鸣, 黄振英. 种子异型植物异子蓬的生殖分配和结实格局. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(9): 948-955.
[19] Liu Y F, Wei Y, Yan C.Germination characteristics and ecological adaptation of dimorphic seeds of Borszczowia aralocaspica. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(12): 6609-6614.
刘艳芳, 魏岩, 严成. 异子蓬二型种子的萌发与休眠特性及其生态适应. 生态学报, 2009, 29(12): 6609-6614.
[20] Yao S X, You T Y, Xu D S, et al. Seed heteromorphism and germination mechanism of Chenopodium album in Xinjiang arid region. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(11): 2909-2918.
姚世响, 油天钰, 徐栋生, 等. 新疆干旱区植物藜的种子异型性及其萌发机理. 生态学报, 2010, 30(11): 2909-2918.
[21] Baskin J M, Baskin C C.A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research, 2004, 14(1): 1-16.
[22] Negbi M, Tamari B.Germination of chlorophyllous and achlorophyllous seeds of Salsola volkensii and Aellenia autrani. Israel Journal of Botany, 1963, 12: 124-135.
[23] Zhou P.Temperature, salt & drought stress on seed germination of Halaxylon persicum Bunge. Urumqi: Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2012.
周平. 温度、盐分及干旱胁迫对白梭梭种子萌发的影响. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆农业大学, 2012.
[24] Wei Y, Liu P W, An S Z.Study on fruit polymorphism and germination measures of Atriplex aucheri Mop. seeds. Arid Zone Research, 2007, (6): 6835-6839.
魏岩, 刘鹏伟, 安沙舟. 野榆钱菠菜的果实多型性及其萌发对策. 干旱区研究, 2007, (6): 6835-6839.
[25] Cai D H, Li C J, Wei Y.Germination behavior of Ceratoides latens seed in Junggar desert. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2016, 24(2): 384-388.
蔡丹红, 李陈建, 魏岩. 准噶尔荒漠驼绒藜种子的萌发行为. 草地学报, 2016, 24(2): 384-388.
[26] Wang L, Dong M, Huang Z Y.Review of research on seed heteromorphism and its ecological significance. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(5): 578-590.
王雷, 董鸣, 黄振英. 种子异型性及其生态意义的研究进展. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(5): 578-590.
[27] Chang S J, Zhao C H, Dilixiati, et al. Effect of temperature, illumination and NaCl salt stress on germination and recovery of Salsola nitraria Pall. seed. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2008, 31(1): 7-11.
常水晶, 赵春慧, 地力夏提, 等. 温度、光照和NaCl胁迫对钠猪毛菜种子萌发及其恢复的影响. 新疆农业大学学报, 2008, 31(1): 7-11.
[28] Qian Y B, Wu Z N, Zhang L Y, et al. Vegetation-environment relationships in Gurbantunggut desert. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(7): 2802-2811.
钱亦兵, 吴兆宁, 张立运, 等. 古尔班通古特沙漠植被与环境的关系. 生态学报, 2007, 27(7): 2802-2811.
[29] Osmond C B, Björkman O, Anderson D J.Physiological processes in plant ecology. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 1980.
[30] Khan M A, Ungar I A.Alleviation of salinity-enforced seed dormancy in Ariplex prostrata. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2003, 35(5): 906-912.
[31] Zhang J G, Wang X P, Li X R, et al. Advances and prospect of researches on desert plant life history strategies. Journal of Desert Research, 2005, 25(3): 306-314.
张景光, 王新平, 李新荣, 等. 荒漠植物生活史对策研究进展与展望. 中国沙漠, 2005, 25(3): 306-314.