干旱对细叶结缕草和入侵杂草丝茅的竞争、生长及抗旱性的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2018823

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对亚热带地区伏旱频发条件下,丝茅入侵细叶结缕草草坪引起功能退化的问题,通过设置4个干旱梯度(水分充足、轻度、中度和重度干旱),采用取代试验设计了5个不同比例的丝茅入侵细叶结缕草草坪试验,进行60 d干旱处理后,测定丝茅和结缕草地下和地上相对产量、相对产量总和、攻击力、竞争平衡指数等竞争指标,分析两种植物的株高、分蘖数、叶片数、生物量和根冠比等生长指标,比较超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)等生理指标,研究干旱对两种植物之间的竞争、生长及抗性系统的影响。结果表明:1)干旱程度和丝茅入侵比例对两种植物的地上和地下竞争指标产生显著影响(P<0.05),轻度干旱且丝茅入侵比例≤30%时,结缕草地下攻击力指数和地下竞争平衡指数为正值,中度和重度干旱使结缕草种间竞争力丧失,当丝茅入侵比例≥20%时,拮抗作用使结缕草易被排挤出群落。2)干旱主要影响结缕草地下竞争力,丝茅入侵主要影响结缕草地上竞争力,干旱和丝茅入侵协同作用对结缕草地下攻击力和地下平衡指数影响大于地上部分,随干旱程度和丝茅入侵比例增加结缕草地上和地下竞争力降为负值。3)轻度干旱利于两种植物生长,中度和重度干旱降低了结缕草的株高、分蘖数、叶片数和单株生物量,对丝茅影响较少;>10%丝茅入侵比例限制了结缕草分蘖数和叶片数,>20%则降低了结缕草单株生物量和根冠比,干旱和丝茅入侵协同作用抑制了结缕草生长与再生能力。4)结缕草SOD、POD和CAT含量随干旱程度增加而显著增加(P<0.05),轻度干旱对丝茅SOD无影响而降低了CAT活性(P<0.05);>10%丝茅入侵比例增加了结缕草SOD活性,>20%增加了CAT活性,>30%增加了POD活性(P<0.05)。干旱对结缕草影响为CAT>SOD>POD,对丝茅为SOD>POD>CAT,丝茅入侵比例对两种植物影响均为SOD>CAT>POD,干旱对结缕草抗氧化酶系统影响大于丝茅入侵。5)轻度干旱增加了结缕草SS和SP的含量(P<0.05),增加了丝茅SP的含量,中、重度干旱使两种植物的SS、SP、Pro和MDA含量增加(P<0.05);>10%丝茅入侵比例增加了结缕草SS、SP和MDA的含量(P<0.05),>20%时增加了Pro的含量(P<0.05),干旱程度和丝茅入侵比例协同作用加剧了两种植物的受伤程度,对生境胁迫时结缕草反映为SS>Pro>SP>MDA,丝茅反映为MDA>Pro>SS>SP。故夏季避免重度干旱和控制丝茅侵入比例≤10%是维持结缕草草坪健康的基本养护要求。

关键词: 细叶结缕草, 丝茅, 攻击力, 竞争力, 干旱

Abstract: In subtropical areas, there is frequent functional degradation of Zoysia tenuifolia lawn by invasion of Imperata koenigii during summer drought. To explore the relationship between these two species under drought, we planted Z. tenuifolia and I. koenigii in five different proportions (9∶1, 8∶2, 7∶3, 6∶4, 5∶5), and after 40 days of growth, imposed four different drought treatments (adequate water, mild drought, moderate drought, and severe drought). After 60 days of the drought treatments, competitive indicators including relative yield, total relative yield, attacking power, and competitive equilibrium index were determined for both plant species. We also analyzed growth indexes including plant height, tiller number, leaf number, biomass, and the root∶shoot ratio, as well as physiological indexes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities, and the contents of soluble sugars (SS), soluble protein (SP), proline (Pro), and malondialdehyde (MDA). These analyses allowed us to compare the effect of drought on the competition, growth, and resistance systems of the two plant species. The results showed that: 1) The degree of drought and proportion of I. koenigii significantly affected the aboveground and underground competition index of both plant species (P<0.05). Under mild drought conditions and with a small proportion of I. koenigii (≤30%), the underground attacking power index and competition balance index of Z. tenuifolia were both positive. Moderate and severe drought caused the loss of the interspecific competitiveness of Z. tenuifolia. When the proportion of I. koenigii was ≥20%, its antagonistic effect was strong enough to exclude Z. tenuifolia from the community. 2) Drought mainly affected the underground competitiveness of Z. tenuifolia, yet the invasion of I. koenigii mainly affected the aboveground competitiveness of Z. tenuifolia. The synergistic effect of drought and invasion of I. koenigii had a greater impact on the attacking power and balance index of underground parts of Z. tenuifolia than on its aboveground parts. When the degree of drought and the proportion of I. koenigii increased, the aboveground and underground competitiveness of Z. tenuifolia decreased to negative values. 3) Mild drought was beneficial for the growth of both plant species. Moderate and severe drought reduced the plant height, tiller number, leaf number, and biomass of Z. tenuifolia, but had little effect on I. koenigii. At proportions of >10% I. koenigii restricted the numbers of tillers and leaves of Z. tenuifolia, and at proportions of >20% I. koenigii reduced the biomass and root∶shoot ratio of Z. tenuifolia. The synergistic effect of drought and invasion of I. koenigii inhibited the growth and regeneration ability of Z. tenuifolia. 4) The SOD, POD, and CAT activities of Z. tenuifolia significantly increased with increasing drought severity (P<0.05). Mild drought decreased the CAT activity of I. koenigii but did not affect SOD activity. More than 10%, 20%, and 30% I. koenigii increased the SOD, CAT, and POD activity of Z. tenuifolia, respectively. The enzymes were ranked, from strongest response to drought to weakest, as follows: CAT>SOD>POD in Z. tenuifolia; and SOD>POD>CAT in I. koenigii. In both plant species, the proportion of I. koenigii had the strongest effect on SOD activity, followed by CAT and then POD activity. Drought affected the antioxidant enzyme system of Z. tenuifolia more than did the proportion of I. koenigii. 5) Mild drought increased SS and SP contents of Z. tenuifolia and the SP content of I. koenigii. Moderate and severe drought increased the contents of SS, SP, Pro, and MDA in both plants (P<0.05). More than 10% I. koenigii increased SS, SP, and MDA contents of Z. tenuifolia, and more than 20% I. koenigii increased Pro content of Z. tenuifolia. The synergistic effect of drought and proportion of I. koenigii aggravated the degree of injury in both plant species. The physiological indexes were ranked, from strongest response to habitat stress to weakest, as follows: SS>Pro>SP>MDA in Z. tenuifolia; and MDA>Pro>SS>SP in I. koenigii. Therefore, the basic requirements to maintain the health of Z. tenuifolia lawn are to avoid severe drought in summer and maintain the proportion of I. koenigii at less than 10%.

Key words: Zoysia tenuifolia, Imperata koenigii, attack, competitiveness, drought

曾晓琳, 李莹, 刘金平, 游明鸿, 黄曦叶, 黄柳. 干旱对细叶结缕草和入侵杂草丝茅的竞争、生长及抗旱性的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2019, 28(11): 46-59.

ZENG Xiao-lin, LI Ying, LIU Jin-ping, YOU Ming-hong, HUANG Xi-ye, HUANG Liu. Effects of drought on competition, growth, and resistance of the lawn species Zoysia tenuifolia to the invasive weed Imperata koenigii[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2019, 28(11): 46-59.

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