饲用小麦生产与利用研究现状及发展前景

doi:10.11686/cyxb2019553

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着生活水平的提高和食品消费结构的变化,对动物蛋白的需求迅速增长。然而,由于缺乏优质粗饲料,畜牧业的发展受到了很大的限制。饲用全株小麦产量高、营养品质好,已成为一种优质的饲料来源,因此,围绕饲用小麦的相关研究意义重大。梳理近年来国内外关于饲用小麦生产和利用的现状及发展趋势,重点概述的内容有:1)品种选育:种质创制技术、逆境分子育种和常规饲用小麦品种筛选;2)栽培管理:常规田间管理、放牧利用管理和粮饲兼用管理;3)青贮加工的影响因素:栽培管理、生育期、添加剂和其他因素;4)家畜的饲喂效果:采食量、消化率、畜产品产量和品质等。此外,总结了饲用小麦各研究领域中所存在的问题和不足。同时,对新形势下饲用小麦的研究趋势和研究重点进行了展望,以期对我国饲用小麦的生产和推广利用提供指导与参考。目前,饲用小麦的发展背景主要是粮食过剩、饲草供需矛盾和动物生产性能等问题,它在产量和营养方面表现优异,尤其在冬季饲料缺乏时,小麦具备更大的生长优势,无论是放牧还是青贮利用都较方便,这也缓解了目前的饲料危机,为畜牧业的安全发展提供了保障。但是,粮用小麦品种一般为矮秆,其全株产量受限,为更好地发挥小麦的饲用价值,培育饲用专用品种势在必行。

关键词: 饲用小麦, 育种, 青贮, 放牧, 动物生产性能

Abstract: The demand for animal proteins is growing rapidly with the improvement of living standards and the associated change in food consumption patterns. However, expansion of animal husbandry enterprises is greatly limited by a shortage of high-quality forage. Forage wheat has high yield and nutritive value. Therefore, research on forage wheat has high relevance. In this paper, the current status and development trends in domestic and foreign research on forage wheat are reviewed. The findings on production and utilization of forage are summarized under four headings: 1) Variety breeding: Germplasm creation technology, molecular breeding for stress tolerance and screening of conventional forage wheat varieties. 2) Cultivation management: Conventional field, grazing utilization and dual-purpose wheat managements. 3) Suitability for silage production: cultivation management, growth period, additives and other factors. 4) Animal feed considerations: Feed intake, digestibility, yield and quality of livestock products. Furthermore, the problems and shortcomings in various research fields relating to forage wheat are summarized, and the emerging development trends and research foci in the present context are explored. This review provides guidance and ideas for future studies on the production and popularization of forage wheat in China. At present, the ongoing development of forage wheat as a crop mainly revolves around problems such as grain surplus, contradiction between forage supply and animal feed requirement, and animal production performance. Forage wheat has high feeding value. In winter, when forage is scarce, wheat has potential to alleviate the industry forage supply issues, and provide a reliable feed supply to foster expansion of animal husbandry. However, grain wheat varieties generally have a low plant height and their whole-plant yield is limited. In order to better utilize the feeding value of forage wheat, it is imperative to cultivate varieties of wheat specifically designed for forage use.

Key words: forage wheat, breeding, silage, grazing, animal production performance

许留兴, 唐国建, 胡亚琴, 张建国. 饲用小麦生产与利用研究现状及发展前景[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(10): 192-199.

XU Liu-xing, TANG Guo-jian, HU Ya-qin, ZHANG Jian-guo. Research status and development prospects for forage wheat production and utilization[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(10): 192-199.

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