草业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 48-62.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022163
收稿日期:
2022-04-12
修回日期:
2022-06-27
出版日期:
2023-01-20
发布日期:
2022-11-07
作者简介:
秦文利(1974-),女,河北邯郸人,副研究员,博士。E-mail: 941737486@qq.com
基金资助:
Received:
2022-04-12
Revised:
2022-06-27
Online:
2023-01-20
Published:
2022-11-07
摘要:
为明确行间生草种类对华北平原苹果园春季土壤蒸发、果树冠层空气湿度、土壤贮水的影响特征,揭示果园生草对土壤有效水分的影响规律,于2019-2021年在河北省武邑县武罗农业综合示范园区开展苹果树行间生草试验,采用田间定位观测方法研究了苹果树行间套种越年生牧草(二月兰、毛叶苕子、小黑麦)和多年生牧草(鸭茅、白三叶)后牧草群体叶面积指数(LAI)、光合有效辐射(PAR)透射率、土壤温度、水分蒸发、冠层空气相对湿度、土壤含水量、土壤贮水量的变化特征及相互影响。结果表明,2021年4-5月苹果树行间套种越年生牧草时土壤蒸发量大于多年生牧草,平均增加3.14 mm。越年生牧草切碎覆盖还田前后对土壤蒸发的影响不同。还田前,越年生牧草对土壤蒸发的抑制效果大于多年生牧草,抑制率平均增加20.5%,这与越年生牧草生长速度快,群体LAI大、PAR透射率低,0~25 cm土壤温度低和土壤含水量下降相关。还田之后,对土壤蒸发的抑制效果小于多年生牧草,抑制率平均降低29.0%。越年生牧草对果树冠层1 m高度空气相对湿度的改善效果大于多年生牧草,空气相对湿度平均增加15.5%。冠层空气相对湿度变化与1 m土体内土壤贮水减少量呈显著线性正相关关系。越年生牧草对土壤贮水的消耗量大于多年生牧草,平均多消耗土壤贮水39.20 mm。行间生草后土壤蒸发量平均降低27.80 mm,土壤贮水消耗量平均增加52.50 mm。因此,华北平原苹果园行间生草后春季土壤蒸发减少量难以弥补牧草生长对土壤贮水的消耗量,降低了果园土壤有效水分。越年生牧草比多年生牧草更有利于改善春季果园空气湿度,但对土壤水分消耗较大,生产上应根据不同生草种类对土壤水分的影响特征优化果树春季灌溉制度。
秦文利. 行间生草种类对苹果园春季土壤蒸发、空气湿度和土壤贮水的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2023, 32(1): 48-62.
Wen-li QIN. Effects of interplanting with different species of cover grass on soil evaporation, air humidity, and soil water storage in apple orchards on the North China Plain in spring[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(1): 48-62.
图1 武罗试验区2021年和2000-2020年4-5月多年平均气温和累积降水量
Fig.1 Mean temperature and accumulative precipitation of April and May of 2021 and average from 2000 to 2020 in Wuluo experiment site
图2 行间生草种类对果园0~25 cm土层土壤温度的影响(2021年4月15日13:30-14:30)清耕、白三叶、鸭茅、毛叶苕子、小黑麦和二月兰试验处理分别用CK、Trif.、Dac.、Vic.、Trit.和Ory.表示。下同。The experimental treatments of clear tillage, T. repens, D. glomerata, V. villosa, ×T. Wittmack and O. violaceus are represented by abbreviations of CK, Trif., Dac., Vic., Trit. and Ory., respectively. The same below.
Fig.2 Effects of different grass species on the soil temperature of 0-25 cm profile in orchard (13:30-14:30, April 15, 2021)
图3 行间生草种类对牧草群体LAI、PAR透射率的影响(2021年4月15日11:00-14:00)不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),下同。Different letters mean significant difference (P<0.05), the same below.
Fig.3 Effects of different grass species on the grass population’s LAI and PAR transmittance (11:00-14:00, April 15, 2021)
图4 行间生草种类对苹果树行间土壤日蒸发量和累积蒸发量的影响
Fig.4 Effects of different grass species on the soil daily evaporation and accumulative soil evaporation between apple tree rows
项目 Item | 叶面积指数 Leaf area index | PAR透射率 PAR transmittance | 土壤温度Soil temperature | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 cm | 10 cm | 15 cm | 20 cm | 25 cm | |||
土壤蒸发量Soil evaporation | -0.976** | 0.975** | 0.980** | 0.921** | 0.983** | 0.918** | 0.997** |
叶面积指数Leaf area index | -0.933** | -0.988** | -0.951** | -0.988** | -0.957** | -0.968** | |
PAR透射率PAR transmittance | 0.959** | 0.896** | 0.954** | 0.852** | 0.974** | ||
土壤温度Soil temperature | |||||||
5 cm | 0.978** | 0.999** | 0.963** | 0.982** | |||
10 cm | 0.976** | 0.982** | 0.935** | ||||
15 cm | 0.969** | 0.986** | |||||
20 cm | 0.929** |
表1 土壤蒸发量、土壤温度、牧草LAI及PAR透射率之间的相关性
Table 1 The correlation between the indicators of soil evaporation, soil temperature, grass LAI and PAR transmittance
项目 Item | 叶面积指数 Leaf area index | PAR透射率 PAR transmittance | 土壤温度Soil temperature | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 cm | 10 cm | 15 cm | 20 cm | 25 cm | |||
土壤蒸发量Soil evaporation | -0.976** | 0.975** | 0.980** | 0.921** | 0.983** | 0.918** | 0.997** |
叶面积指数Leaf area index | -0.933** | -0.988** | -0.951** | -0.988** | -0.957** | -0.968** | |
PAR透射率PAR transmittance | 0.959** | 0.896** | 0.954** | 0.852** | 0.974** | ||
土壤温度Soil temperature | |||||||
5 cm | 0.978** | 0.999** | 0.963** | 0.982** | |||
10 cm | 0.976** | 0.982** | 0.935** | ||||
15 cm | 0.969** | 0.986** | |||||
20 cm | 0.929** |
图5 2021年4月1日-2021年5月5日土壤日蒸发量与0~20 cm土层土壤重量含水量的关系
Fig.5 Relation of soil daily evaporation and gravimetric water content of 0-20 cm soil profile from 2021-04-01 to 2021-05-05
牧草种类 Forage species | 鲜重 Fresh weight (mg·hm-2) | 干重 Dry weight (mg·hm-2) | 干鲜比 Dry-fresh ratio | 含水量 Water content (%) | 有机碳含量 Organic carbon content (g·kg-1) | 全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg-1) | C/N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
二月兰Ory. | 19.44c | 5.24c | 0.27b | 270.91b | 457.27a | 18.39b | 24.87b |
毛叶苕子Vic. | 36.40b | 6.29b | 0.17c | 481.17a | 418.66a | 24.73a | 17.05c |
小黑麦Trit. | 43.40a | 14.49a | 0.33a | 200.25c | 423.88a | 10.63c | 40.45a |
表2 越年生牧草还田时生物学性状的比较
Table 2 Comparison of biological characters of annual grasses when mulching returning
牧草种类 Forage species | 鲜重 Fresh weight (mg·hm-2) | 干重 Dry weight (mg·hm-2) | 干鲜比 Dry-fresh ratio | 含水量 Water content (%) | 有机碳含量 Organic carbon content (g·kg-1) | 全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg-1) | C/N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
二月兰Ory. | 19.44c | 5.24c | 0.27b | 270.91b | 457.27a | 18.39b | 24.87b |
毛叶苕子Vic. | 36.40b | 6.29b | 0.17c | 481.17a | 418.66a | 24.73a | 17.05c |
小黑麦Trit. | 43.40a | 14.49a | 0.33a | 200.25c | 423.88a | 10.63c | 40.45a |
图8 2021年4月1日-2021年5月5日果园0~100cm土层土壤贮水量的变化及与空气相对湿度的关系
Fig.8 Changes of the soil water storage of 0-100 cm soil profile in apple orchard and related with the air humidity from 2021-04-01 to 2021-05-05
牧草种类 Forage species | 单株产量 Yield per plant (kg·plant-1) | 可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solid contents (%) | 可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar contents (%) | 含酸量 Acid contents (%) | 糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
二月兰Ory. | 20.66bc | 15.10a | 12.00ab | 0.33b | 46.27a |
毛叶苕子Vic. | 20.62bc | 15.20a | 12.48a | 0.31b | 46.14a |
小黑麦Trit. | 17.49c | 15.20a | 12.46a | 0.32b | 48.34a |
白三叶Trif. | 22.39ab | 14.70ab | 11.47ab | 0.34b | 43.31a |
鸭茅Dac. | 21.23ab | 14.80ab | 11.49ab | 0.33b | 45.22a |
清耕对照CK | 24.55a | 14.50b | 11.30b | 0.42a | 34.28b |
表3 行间生草种类对苹果产量与果实品质的影响
Table 3 Effects of different grass species on the yield and fruit quality of apple
牧草种类 Forage species | 单株产量 Yield per plant (kg·plant-1) | 可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solid contents (%) | 可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar contents (%) | 含酸量 Acid contents (%) | 糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
二月兰Ory. | 20.66bc | 15.10a | 12.00ab | 0.33b | 46.27a |
毛叶苕子Vic. | 20.62bc | 15.20a | 12.48a | 0.31b | 46.14a |
小黑麦Trit. | 17.49c | 15.20a | 12.46a | 0.32b | 48.34a |
白三叶Trif. | 22.39ab | 14.70ab | 11.47ab | 0.34b | 43.31a |
鸭茅Dac. | 21.23ab | 14.80ab | 11.49ab | 0.33b | 45.22a |
清耕对照CK | 24.55a | 14.50b | 11.30b | 0.42a | 34.28b |
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