Acta Prataculturae Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 62-75.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021309
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Cai-cai SUN(), Quan-min DONG, Wen-ting LIU, Bin FENG, Guang SHI, Yu-zhen LIU, Yang YU, Chun-ping ZHANG, Xiao-fang ZHANG, Cai-di LI, Zeng-zeng YANG, Xiao-xia YANG()
Received:
2021-08-11
Revised:
2021-09-27
Online:
2022-02-20
Published:
2021-12-22
Contact:
Xiao-xia YANG
Cai-cai SUN, Quan-min DONG, Wen-ting LIU, Bin FENG, Guang SHI, Yu-zhen LIU, Yang YU, Chun-ping ZHANG, Xiao-fang ZHANG, Cai-di LI, Zeng-zeng YANG, Xiao-xia YANG. Effects of grazing modes on the community structure and diversity of soil arthropod in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2022, 31(2): 62-75.
处理 Treatment | 全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1) | 全磷 Total phosphorus(g·kg-1) | 全碳 Total carbon (g·kg-1) | 速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg-1) | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | pH | 土壤含水量 Soil water content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MG1∶2 | 3.151±0.061a | 0.158±0.004abc | 39.849±0.662b | 144.333±1.700c | 4.278±0.022b | 109.180±4.486b | 45.953±2.212a | 8.002±0.013a | 15.948±2.094a |
MG1∶4 | 3.260±0.051a | 0.150±0.004c | 42.653±0.553a | 155.556±1.425b | 3.503±0.071d | 96.867±5.051bc | 49.223±3.292a | 7.987±0.017a | 16.031±0.578a |
MG1∶6 | 3.261±0.104a | 0.159±0.003ab | 41.590±0.918ab | 158.111±1.961b | 4.246±0.029b | 86.396±4.641cd | 47.637±2.253a | 8.071±0.044a | 20.050±1.040a |
SG | 3.382±0.097a | 0.163±0.002a | 42.149±0.954ab | 166.222±2.727a | 4.527±0.036a | 81.886±5.027d | 46.508±3.264a | 7.984±0.025a | 16.978±0.733a |
YG | 3.159±0.079a | 0.155±0.002abc | 39.778±0.666b | 155.111±1.207b | 3.703±0.049c | 77.358±4.134d | 47.764±2.240a | 8.026±0.027a | 19.755±2.643a |
CK | 3.110±0.152a | 0.152±0.003bc | 42.372±0.956a | 135.667±1.374d | 3.449±0.041d | 124.677±5.365a | 52.244±2.399a | 8.010±0.041a | 19.755±2.643a |
Table 1 Soil physical and chemical properties under different grazing treatments
处理 Treatment | 全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1) | 全磷 Total phosphorus(g·kg-1) | 全碳 Total carbon (g·kg-1) | 速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg-1) | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | pH | 土壤含水量 Soil water content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MG1∶2 | 3.151±0.061a | 0.158±0.004abc | 39.849±0.662b | 144.333±1.700c | 4.278±0.022b | 109.180±4.486b | 45.953±2.212a | 8.002±0.013a | 15.948±2.094a |
MG1∶4 | 3.260±0.051a | 0.150±0.004c | 42.653±0.553a | 155.556±1.425b | 3.503±0.071d | 96.867±5.051bc | 49.223±3.292a | 7.987±0.017a | 16.031±0.578a |
MG1∶6 | 3.261±0.104a | 0.159±0.003ab | 41.590±0.918ab | 158.111±1.961b | 4.246±0.029b | 86.396±4.641cd | 47.637±2.253a | 8.071±0.044a | 20.050±1.040a |
SG | 3.382±0.097a | 0.163±0.002a | 42.149±0.954ab | 166.222±2.727a | 4.527±0.036a | 81.886±5.027d | 46.508±3.264a | 7.984±0.025a | 16.978±0.733a |
YG | 3.159±0.079a | 0.155±0.002abc | 39.778±0.666b | 155.111±1.207b | 3.703±0.049c | 77.358±4.134d | 47.764±2.240a | 8.026±0.027a | 19.755±2.643a |
CK | 3.110±0.152a | 0.152±0.003bc | 42.372±0.956a | 135.667±1.374d | 3.449±0.041d | 124.677±5.365a | 52.244±2.399a | 8.010±0.041a | 19.755±2.643a |
纲 Class | 目 Order | 科 Family | 占比 Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|---|
蛛形纲 Arachnida | 真螨目 Acariformes | 螨总科 Acaroidae | 36.67 |
走螨总科 Eupodoidae | 0.84 | ||
隐额螨科 Cryptognathidae | 0.50 | ||
甲螨总科 Oiibatida | 41.14 | ||
寄螨目 Parasiformes | 蜱科 Ixodidae | 0.76 | |
寄螨科 Parasitoidae | 6.09 | ||
厉螨科 Laelapidae | 0.31 | ||
蜘蛛目 Araneae | 地蛛科 Atypidae | 0.06 | |
弹尾纲 Collembola | 弹尾目 Collembola | 吉圆跳科 Yosiides | 0.26 |
棘跳科 Onychiuridae | 1.33 | ||
等节跳科 Isotomidae | 8.05 | ||
双尾纲 Diplura | 双尾目 Diplura | 原铗趴科 Projapygidae | 0.18 |
昆虫纲 Insecta | 缨翅目 Thysanoptera | 管蓟马科 Phlaeothripida | 0.54 |
半翅目 Hemiptera | 叶蝉科 Cicadellidae | 0.04 | |
双翅目 Diptera | 冬大蚊科 Trichoceridae | 0.16 | |
大蚊科 Tipulidae | 0.47 | ||
摇蚊科 Chironomidae | 0.02 | ||
蠓科 Ceratopogonidae | 0.23 | ||
蚋科 Simuliidae | 0.29 | ||
蕈蚊科 Mycetophilidae | 1.08 | ||
瘿蚊科 Cecidomyiidae | 0.10 | ||
粘蕈蚊科 Cecidomyiidae | 0.02 | ||
毛蚊科 Bibionidae | 0.46 | ||
长角毛蚊科 Hesperinidae | 0.01 | ||
长足虻科 Dolichopodidae | 0.12 | ||
蝇科 Muscidae | 0.12 | ||
粪蝇科 Scathophagidae | 0.15 | ||
扁足蝇科 Platypezide | 0.01 |
Table 2 Composition of soil arthropod in experimental places
纲 Class | 目 Order | 科 Family | 占比 Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|---|
蛛形纲 Arachnida | 真螨目 Acariformes | 螨总科 Acaroidae | 36.67 |
走螨总科 Eupodoidae | 0.84 | ||
隐额螨科 Cryptognathidae | 0.50 | ||
甲螨总科 Oiibatida | 41.14 | ||
寄螨目 Parasiformes | 蜱科 Ixodidae | 0.76 | |
寄螨科 Parasitoidae | 6.09 | ||
厉螨科 Laelapidae | 0.31 | ||
蜘蛛目 Araneae | 地蛛科 Atypidae | 0.06 | |
弹尾纲 Collembola | 弹尾目 Collembola | 吉圆跳科 Yosiides | 0.26 |
棘跳科 Onychiuridae | 1.33 | ||
等节跳科 Isotomidae | 8.05 | ||
双尾纲 Diplura | 双尾目 Diplura | 原铗趴科 Projapygidae | 0.18 |
昆虫纲 Insecta | 缨翅目 Thysanoptera | 管蓟马科 Phlaeothripida | 0.54 |
半翅目 Hemiptera | 叶蝉科 Cicadellidae | 0.04 | |
双翅目 Diptera | 冬大蚊科 Trichoceridae | 0.16 | |
大蚊科 Tipulidae | 0.47 | ||
摇蚊科 Chironomidae | 0.02 | ||
蠓科 Ceratopogonidae | 0.23 | ||
蚋科 Simuliidae | 0.29 | ||
蕈蚊科 Mycetophilidae | 1.08 | ||
瘿蚊科 Cecidomyiidae | 0.10 | ||
粘蕈蚊科 Cecidomyiidae | 0.02 | ||
毛蚊科 Bibionidae | 0.46 | ||
长角毛蚊科 Hesperinidae | 0.01 | ||
长足虻科 Dolichopodidae | 0.12 | ||
蝇科 Muscidae | 0.12 | ||
粪蝇科 Scathophagidae | 0.15 | ||
扁足蝇科 Platypezide | 0.01 |
变量 Variables | 处理 Treatment | 土层 Soil layer | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
0~5 cm | 5~10 cm | 10~15 cm | ||
真螨目 Acariformes | 牦牛 Yak | 102.45** | 36.23** | 112.73** |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 1.42 | 16.67** | 215.90** | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 20.41** | 64.37** | 187.12** | |
寄螨目 Parasiformes | 牦牛 Yak | 14.35** | 9.26** | 7.66** |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 101.81** | 243.39** | 66.78** | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 76.71** | 76.66** | 27.43** | |
弹尾目 Collembola | 牦牛 Yak | 16.73** | 12.25** | 28.15** |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 25.74** | 0.72 | 13.17** | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 18.22** | 4.38* | 0.07 | |
双尾目 Diplura | 牦牛 Yak | 4.73* | 0.15 | / |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 12.67** | 0.93 | / | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 0.14 | 1.15 | / | |
缨翅目 Thysanoptera | 牦牛 Yak | 1.30 | 6.12 | / |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 6.65* | 5.83* | / | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 1.04 | 0.00* | / | |
半翅目 Hemiptera | 牦牛 Yak | 0.04 | / | / |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 0.05 | / | / | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 2.77 | / | / | |
双翅目 Diptera | 牦牛Yak | 0.02 | 0.66 | 18.38** |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 9.77** | 6.20* | 7.89** | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 2.61 | 16.78** | 8.40** | |
蜘蛛目 Araneae | 牦牛 Yak | 0.52 | / | / |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 4.45* | / | / | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 0.73 | / | / |
Table 3 Two-way ANOVA analysis of the influence of grazing modes on the number of soil arthropods
变量 Variables | 处理 Treatment | 土层 Soil layer | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
0~5 cm | 5~10 cm | 10~15 cm | ||
真螨目 Acariformes | 牦牛 Yak | 102.45** | 36.23** | 112.73** |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 1.42 | 16.67** | 215.90** | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 20.41** | 64.37** | 187.12** | |
寄螨目 Parasiformes | 牦牛 Yak | 14.35** | 9.26** | 7.66** |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 101.81** | 243.39** | 66.78** | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 76.71** | 76.66** | 27.43** | |
弹尾目 Collembola | 牦牛 Yak | 16.73** | 12.25** | 28.15** |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 25.74** | 0.72 | 13.17** | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 18.22** | 4.38* | 0.07 | |
双尾目 Diplura | 牦牛 Yak | 4.73* | 0.15 | / |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 12.67** | 0.93 | / | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 0.14 | 1.15 | / | |
缨翅目 Thysanoptera | 牦牛 Yak | 1.30 | 6.12 | / |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 6.65* | 5.83* | / | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 1.04 | 0.00* | / | |
半翅目 Hemiptera | 牦牛 Yak | 0.04 | / | / |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 0.05 | / | / | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 2.77 | / | / | |
双翅目 Diptera | 牦牛Yak | 0.02 | 0.66 | 18.38** |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 9.77** | 6.20* | 7.89** | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 2.61 | 16.78** | 8.40** | |
蜘蛛目 Araneae | 牦牛 Yak | 0.52 | / | / |
藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 4.45* | / | / | |
牦牛×藏羊 Yak×Tibetan sheep | 0.73 | / | / |
类群Group | MG1∶2 | MG1∶4 | MG1∶6 | SG | YG | CK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
螨总科 Acaroidae | 37.04 | 34.63 | 34.33 | 36.03 | 34.77 | 41.92 |
走螨总科 Eupodoidae | 1.16 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 0.73 |
隐额螨科 Cryptognathidae | / | 1.30 | 0.01 | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.34 |
甲螨总科 Oiibatida | 41.33 | 44.20 | 42.92 | 41.38 | 39.27 | 38.44 |
蜱科 Ixodidae | 1.52 | 0.67 | 0.30 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.63 |
寄螨科 Parasitoidae | 2.29 | 3.96 | 5.18 | 4.41 | 10.74 | 9.04 |
厉螨科 Laelapidae | / | 0.02 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.78 | 0.46 |
吉圆跳科 Yosiides | / | 0.04 | / | / | 0.79 | 0.65 |
棘跳属 Onychiurus | 1.26 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 1.27 | 0.92 | 0.23 |
土跳属 Tullbergia | / | 0.05 | 0.39 | 0.55 | 0.98 | 0.51 |
驼跳属 Cyphoderus | / | / | 0.10 | / | / | 0.04 |
等节跳科 Isotomidae | / | / | / | / | 0.01 | 0.01 |
类符跳属 Folsomina | / | / | / | / | 0.10 | / |
裔符跳属 Folsomides | 8.80 | 11.36 | 9.23 | 8.60 | 3.93 | 4.76 |
拟缺跳属 Pseudanurophorus | / | / | / | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.04 |
四刺跳属 Tetracanthella | / | / | / | / | 0.75 | 0.16 |
库跳属 Coloburella | / | / | 0.24 | 0.11 | / | 0.46 |
原铗趴科 Projapygidae | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.27 | / | / |
管蓟马科 Phlaeothripida | 1.38 | 0.25 | 0.90 | 0.55 | 0.19 | 0.17 |
叶蝉科 Cicadellidae | 0.27 | 0.02 | / | / | / | 0.03 |
冬大蚊科 Trichoceridae | 0.37 | / | 0.18 | 0.38 | / | 0.03 |
大蚊科 Tipulidae | 0.44 | 0.20 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.51 | 0.11 |
蠓科 Ceratopogonidae | 0.33 | 0.07 | / | / | 1.01 | 0.12 |
蚋科 Simuliidae | 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.24 | 0.61 | / |
蕈蚊科 Mycetophilidae | 1.47 | 0.96 | 1.54 | 1.38 | 0.51 | 0.65 |
瘿蚊科 Cecidomyiidae | / | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.26 | / | 0.12 |
粘蕈蚊科 Cecidomyiidae | / | / | / | / | / | 0.07 |
毛蚊科 Bibionidae | 0.90 | 0.29 | 0.75 | 0.78 | / | 0.08 |
长角毛蚊科 Hesperinidae | / | / | 0.08 | / | / | / |
长足虻科 Dolichopodidae | / | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.56 | / |
蝇科 Muscidae | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.18 | / |
粪蝇科 Scathophagidae | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.24 | / |
扁足蝇科 Platypezide | / | / | 0.04 | / | / | / |
地蛛科 Atypidae | 0.12 | / | 0.04 | / | 0.09 | 0.10 |
Table 4 Composition of soil arthropod communities under different grazing modes (%)
类群Group | MG1∶2 | MG1∶4 | MG1∶6 | SG | YG | CK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
螨总科 Acaroidae | 37.04 | 34.63 | 34.33 | 36.03 | 34.77 | 41.92 |
走螨总科 Eupodoidae | 1.16 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 0.73 |
隐额螨科 Cryptognathidae | / | 1.30 | 0.01 | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.34 |
甲螨总科 Oiibatida | 41.33 | 44.20 | 42.92 | 41.38 | 39.27 | 38.44 |
蜱科 Ixodidae | 1.52 | 0.67 | 0.30 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.63 |
寄螨科 Parasitoidae | 2.29 | 3.96 | 5.18 | 4.41 | 10.74 | 9.04 |
厉螨科 Laelapidae | / | 0.02 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.78 | 0.46 |
吉圆跳科 Yosiides | / | 0.04 | / | / | 0.79 | 0.65 |
棘跳属 Onychiurus | 1.26 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 1.27 | 0.92 | 0.23 |
土跳属 Tullbergia | / | 0.05 | 0.39 | 0.55 | 0.98 | 0.51 |
驼跳属 Cyphoderus | / | / | 0.10 | / | / | 0.04 |
等节跳科 Isotomidae | / | / | / | / | 0.01 | 0.01 |
类符跳属 Folsomina | / | / | / | / | 0.10 | / |
裔符跳属 Folsomides | 8.80 | 11.36 | 9.23 | 8.60 | 3.93 | 4.76 |
拟缺跳属 Pseudanurophorus | / | / | / | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.04 |
四刺跳属 Tetracanthella | / | / | / | / | 0.75 | 0.16 |
库跳属 Coloburella | / | / | 0.24 | 0.11 | / | 0.46 |
原铗趴科 Projapygidae | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.27 | / | / |
管蓟马科 Phlaeothripida | 1.38 | 0.25 | 0.90 | 0.55 | 0.19 | 0.17 |
叶蝉科 Cicadellidae | 0.27 | 0.02 | / | / | / | 0.03 |
冬大蚊科 Trichoceridae | 0.37 | / | 0.18 | 0.38 | / | 0.03 |
大蚊科 Tipulidae | 0.44 | 0.20 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.51 | 0.11 |
蠓科 Ceratopogonidae | 0.33 | 0.07 | / | / | 1.01 | 0.12 |
蚋科 Simuliidae | 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.24 | 0.61 | / |
蕈蚊科 Mycetophilidae | 1.47 | 0.96 | 1.54 | 1.38 | 0.51 | 0.65 |
瘿蚊科 Cecidomyiidae | / | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.26 | / | 0.12 |
粘蕈蚊科 Cecidomyiidae | / | / | / | / | / | 0.07 |
毛蚊科 Bibionidae | 0.90 | 0.29 | 0.75 | 0.78 | / | 0.08 |
长角毛蚊科 Hesperinidae | / | / | 0.08 | / | / | / |
长足虻科 Dolichopodidae | / | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.56 | / |
蝇科 Muscidae | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.18 | / |
粪蝇科 Scathophagidae | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.24 | / |
扁足蝇科 Platypezide | / | / | 0.04 | / | / | / |
地蛛科 Atypidae | 0.12 | / | 0.04 | / | 0.09 | 0.10 |
群落多样性 Community diversities | 全氮 Total nitrogen | 全磷 Total phosphorus | 全碳 Total carbon | 速效氮 Available nitrogen | 速效磷 Available phosphorus | 速效钾 Available potassium | 有机质 Organic matter | pH | 土壤含水量 Soil water content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均匀度指数Pielou index | -0.29* | 0.02 | -0.35** | -0.22 | 0.05 | -0.35** | 0.41** | 0.32* | 0.05 |
丰富度指数Margalef index | 0.46** | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.53** | -0.01 | 0.24 | 0.52** | -0.59** | 0 |
多样性指数Shannon-Weinner index | 0.30* | 0.15 | -0.10 | 0.38** | 0.45** | 0.22 | 0.43** | -0.38** | 0.15 |
平均密度Mean density | 0.56** | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.42** | 0.22 | 0.53** | 0.61** | -0.64** | -0.04 |
总类群数Group number | 0.47** | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.50** | 0.19 | 0.32* | 0.59** | -0.59** | 0.06 |
Table 5 Correlation index between soil arthropods community diversity and soil physical and chemical properties
群落多样性 Community diversities | 全氮 Total nitrogen | 全磷 Total phosphorus | 全碳 Total carbon | 速效氮 Available nitrogen | 速效磷 Available phosphorus | 速效钾 Available potassium | 有机质 Organic matter | pH | 土壤含水量 Soil water content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均匀度指数Pielou index | -0.29* | 0.02 | -0.35** | -0.22 | 0.05 | -0.35** | 0.41** | 0.32* | 0.05 |
丰富度指数Margalef index | 0.46** | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.53** | -0.01 | 0.24 | 0.52** | -0.59** | 0 |
多样性指数Shannon-Weinner index | 0.30* | 0.15 | -0.10 | 0.38** | 0.45** | 0.22 | 0.43** | -0.38** | 0.15 |
平均密度Mean density | 0.56** | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.42** | 0.22 | 0.53** | 0.61** | -0.64** | -0.04 |
总类群数Group number | 0.47** | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.50** | 0.19 | 0.32* | 0.59** | -0.59** | 0.06 |
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