Abstract: A range of materials (primeval forest humus, rotten corn straw, soil samples near by cattle farm trough, bottom of wheat-rick, cattle and chicken feces compost) were screened on restrictive media at room temperature to obtain efficient, cellulose degrading, microbial communities. The capability for degradation and decomposition of fibrous materials at different initial pH conditions were analyzed using a weight loss method. The composition and characterization of this microbial system was identified using a solid plate culture method. The cellulose microbial communities screened from cattle and chicken faeces compost were better than those from other materials for decomposition of cellulose. They could decompose filter paper into a paste after 48 hours culture, and filter paper, corn straw, rice straw, wheat straw, xylosma and poplar wood chips were degraded by 94.95％, 48.52％, 45.05％, 44.30％, 11.00％ and 1.22％ respectively after 6 days continues cultivation. With an initial pH of 4 to 10 of the zymotic fluid reaction system, cellulose microbial communities could degraded 84.59% of the filter paper, and the pH finally stabilized in the range of 8.5-8.8. Eight fungal strains, 6 bacterial strains and 3 actinomycete strains were isolated and purified from this cellulose microbial community. these strains were incubated into each other artificially, but could not degrade cellulose. The results of this study indicate that cellulose microbial communities had strong capability to degrade cellulose and straw class lignocellulose.