旱地玉米不同覆盖栽培模式的土壤水热特征及产量品质效应

doi:10.11686/cyxb2017418

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 揭示不同覆盖时间、覆盖方式和覆盖材料调节土壤水热环境、影响玉米产量和品质的差异,为旱地玉米高产优质栽培提供依据。试验采用裂区设计,主区为秋季覆盖和播前覆盖2个处理,裂区为垄沟和平面2个处理,裂裂区地膜、秸秆和露地3个处理。测定不同处理玉米生育期耕层土壤温度,玉米主要品质指标,播前和收获0~2 m土层土壤贮水量,结合玉米籽粒产量分析水分利用效率。结果表明,冬春休闲期,不论是地膜还是秸秆覆盖都可以提高玉米播前0~2 m土层土壤贮水量,依次为42.2和43.7 mm,垄沟覆盖和平面覆盖播前贮水量差异不显著。玉米全生育期,地膜覆盖较露地可平均提高地温 1.4 ℃,而秸秆覆盖降低了 2.9 ℃,平面覆盖平均温度为23.2 ℃,较垄沟覆盖提高1.8 ℃。地膜覆盖产量和水分利用效率较秸秆覆盖依次提高42.8%和38.2%,较露地分别提高47.3%和36.0%,秋覆盖产量和水分利用效率较播前覆盖分别提高7.1%和4.5%,垄沟地膜覆盖平均产量和水分利用效率较平面地膜覆盖增产6.3%和5.2%,而垄沟秸秆覆盖和垄沟露地均表现出减产效应。秋覆盖提高了玉米容重、脂肪、蛋白质和淀粉含量,但与播前覆盖差异不显著。地膜覆盖提高了玉米容重和脂肪含量,降低了蛋白质,对淀粉含量影响差异不显著,秸秆覆盖提高了脂肪,降低了容重和蛋白质含量,垄沟覆盖提高了玉米淀粉含量,降低蛋白质含量,对容重和脂肪含量影响差异不显著。可见,覆盖时间、覆盖方式和覆盖材料对玉米播前土壤水分、耕层土壤温度、产量、水分利用效率和品质均有一定的调控作用,总体表现为覆盖材料>覆盖方式>覆盖时间。在生产实际中,应根据生产目标选择适宜的覆盖栽培模式。

关键词: 旱地玉米, 覆盖栽培模式, 土壤水热特征, 产量, 品质

Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of mulching time, mulching modes and mulching materials on soil moisture, soil temperature, crop yield and quality of dryland maize, in order to offer recommendations for cultivation of dryland maize of good quality and high-yield. A split-split plot field experiment was designed with the main plot treatment comprising two mulching times (autumn mulching and mulching before sowing), and the split-plot treatment comprising two mulching modes: furrow mulching and plane mulching. Three split-split-plot treatments compared two mulching materials: straw, and plastic film and no mulching. Measurements included determination of the soil moisture for 0-2 m soil depths before sowing and harvest, soil temperature of plough layer, grain yield, water use efficiency and quality of maize. It was found that mulching with either plastic film or straw improved water storage by 42.2 and 43.7 mm, respectively, in the 0-2 m soil layers before sowing in the winter and spring fallow period. Water storage did not differ significantly between plane mulching and furrow mulching. During maize growth periods, compared with no mulching, the average soil temperature under plastic film mulching was increased by 1.4 ℃, and under straw mulching was decreased by 2.9 ℃. The average soil temperature with plane mulching was 23.2 ℃, and in comparison, furrow mulching increased soil temperature by 1.8 ℃. The grain yield and water use efficiency under plastic film mulching were, respectively, 42.8% and 38.2% higher than in plots with straw mulching, and 47.3% and 36.0%, respectively, higher than plots with no mulching. Grain yield and water use efficiency were, respectively, 7.1% and 4.5% higher under autumn mulching than when mulching was carried out before sowing. Yield and water use efficiency of furrow mulching were respectively increased by 6.3% and 5.2%, but the furrow straw mulching and furrow no mulching treatments reduced yield. Compared to mulching before sowing, autumn mulching produced non-significant increasing trends in the harvest volume, weight, fat, protein, and starch contents of maize. Plastic film mulching, compared with no mulching, improved harvest volume, weight, and fat content, and decreased protein content, but had no significant effect on starch content. Straw mulching compared to no mulching increased maize grain fat but decreased grain volume, weight and protein content. Furrow mulching compared to plane mulching increased starch content, but decreased protein content, while the grain volume, weight and fat content did not change significantly. In summary, decisions on the seasonal timing of mulching, mulching mode and mulching material all influence regulation of soil moisture and soil temperature, grain yield and quality, and water use efficiency of dryland maize. The effects ranked in order of size mulching materials>mulching mode>seasonal timing of mulching.

Key words: dryland maize, mulching cultivation patterns, soil moisture and temperature change characteristics, grain yield, quality

李尚中,樊廷录,赵刚,党翼,王磊,张建军,唐小明,程万莉. 旱地玉米不同覆盖栽培模式的土壤水热特征及产量品质效应[J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(4): 34-44.

LI Shang-zhong, FAN Ting-lu, ZHAO Gang, DANG Yi, WANG Lei, ZHANG Jian-jun, TANG Xiao-ming, CHENG Wan-li. Effects of different cultivation patterns on soil moisture, temperature, yield and quality of dryland maize[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(4): 34-44.

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