不同播种方式对陇东旱塬区全膜双垄沟玉米播种质量和生长发育的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2018128

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了探明陇东旱塬区全膜双垄沟栽培模式下不同播种方式对玉米播种质量和生长发育的影响,在甘肃省镇原县上肖乡进行了连续5年的试验,在目标密度不变的情况下,通过增减株距和播种数量控制密度,研究了玉米播种质量和生长发育。结果显示:播种方式显著影响全膜双垄沟玉米出苗率和保苗率(P<0.05),单粒播种较双粒播种出苗率提高1.9%,单粒半株距播种保苗率达到100%;3粒倍株距穗位和底部透光率分别为10.7%和4.6%,显著高于其他处理;拔节期光合速率和各生育期干物质积累量之间差异不显著;不同处理籽粒、穗轴、叶片、苞叶和茎秆变幅分别为3.0%、1.3%、0.8%、1.4%和4.2%,干物质积累分配不受播种方式影响;产量和耗水量处理间差异不显著,水分利用效率差异显著(P<0.05),半株距单粒播种、3粒倍株距播种产量和水分利用效率分别较常规播种增加2.7%、2.1%和1.2%、2.5%。陇东旱塬区全膜双垄沟栽培模式下,播种方式影响了玉米出苗,但对后期玉米生长发育特性和产量影响不大,因此,采用机械化播种时可选用单粒半株距播种方式,在目标密度基础上增加播种密度17%左右,人工点播可以选用倍株距3粒播种,每穴留2株玉米,可以减少50%点播穴数。

关键词: 全膜双垄沟, 玉米, 出苗率, 保苗率, 生长特性, 播种方式

Abstract: The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of different sowing methods on the sowing quality, growth, and development of corn. Therefore, a 5-year field study was conducted in an arid area near Shangxiao, Zhenyuan County, in eastern Gansu Province. The cultivation pattern was full-film mulching in double-ridge burrows. The sowing quality, growth, and development of corn sown at various densities were determined. The density was controlled by increasing or decreasing row spacing and the amount of seeds sown. The results showed that sowing methods significantly (P<0.05) affected the rates of seedling emergence and survival of corn planted under full-film mulching in double-ridge burrows. Seedling emergence was 1.9% higher under single-seed sowing than under double-seed sowing, and rate of seedling survival was 100% higher under single-seed sowing with half-row spacing than under conventional sowing. Under three-seed sowing with multiple row spacing, light transmittance at the ears and stem bottoms was 10.7% and 4.6%, respectively, significantly higher than in other treatments. The photosynthetic rate during the jointing stage and dry matter accumulation at every growth stage did not differ significantly among the treatments. Under different treatments, the magnitude of changes in seed biomass, spike-stalk biomass, leaf biomass, subtending leaf biomass, and stem biomass amounted to 3.0%, 1.3%, 0.8%, 1.4% and 4.2%, respectively, but the sowing method did not affect dry matter accumulation and distribution. Indexes such as water use efficiency, yield, and water consumption varied significantly among the treatments (P<0.05). Water consumption did not vary significantly among treatments. Compared with the yields and water-use efficiencies under conventional sowing, those under single-seed sowing with half-row spacing were increased by 2.7% and 2.1%, respectively, and those under three-seed sowing with multiple spacing were increased by 1.2% and 2.5%, respectively. Under the cultivation pattern of full-film mulching in double-ridge burrows in an arid area in eastern Gansu Province, sowing methods affected the seedling emergence of corn, but did not affect corn yield or growth and development during later growth stages. Therefore, when mechanized sowing is used, methods such as single-seed sowing with half-row spacing can be chosen. When the sowing density is increased by 17% in terms of target density, such sowing methods as three-seed sowing with multiple-row spacing can be applied, with 2 seeds sown in each hole. This method can decrease the number of sowing holes by 50%.

Key words: plastic-covered ridge and furrow, maize, emergence rate, survival rate of seedlings, growth characteristics, owing method

赵刚, 李尚中, 张建军, 王磊, 党翼, 樊廷录, 王淑英, 程万莉. 不同播种方式对陇东旱塬区全膜双垄沟玉米播种质量和生长发育的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(12): 145-155.

ZHAO Gang, LI Shang-zhong, ZHANG Jian-jun, WANG Lei, DANG Yi, FAN Ting-lu, WANG Shu-ying^*, CHENG Wan-li. Effects of sowing methods on sowing quality growth and development of maize planted under full-film mulching in double-ridge burrows in Loess Plateau East of Gansu[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(12): 145-155.

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