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草业学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (5): 121-131.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2019338

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

生物炭与化肥配施对紫色土肥力与微生物特征及油菜产量品质的影响

徐绮雯, 马淑敏, 朱波, 张小短, 邢毅, 段美春, 王龙昌*   

  1. 西南大学农学与生物科技学院,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,南方山地农业教育部工程研究中心, 重庆400716
  • 收稿日期:2019-08-05 出版日期:2020-05-20 发布日期:2020-05-20
  • 通讯作者: * E-mail: wanglc2003@163.com
  • 作者简介:徐绮雯(1994-),女,山东日照人,在读硕士。E-mail: xqiwen@yeah.net
  • 基金资助:
    国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503127)和国家自然科学基金项目(31271673,31871583)资助

Effects of the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizer on fertility and microbial characteristics of purple soil and yield and quality of oilseed rape

XU Qi-wen, MA Shu-min, ZHU Bo, ZHANG Xiao-duan, XING Yi, DUAN Mei-chun, WANG Long-chang*   

  1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400716, China
  • Received:2019-08-05 Online:2020-05-20 Published:2020-05-20
  • Contact: * E-mail: wanglc2003@163.com

摘要: 研究不同梯度的生物炭与常规施肥、减量施肥相配合对紫色土肥力与微生物特征及油菜产量品质的影响,为实际生产中制定生物炭与化肥的配施方案提供理论参考。依托西南地区特有的紫色土,采用裂区试验设计,试验处理包括:B0F1 (不施生物炭+减量肥)、B0F2(不施生物炭+全量肥)、B1F1(低量生物炭+减量肥)、B1F2(低量生物炭+全量肥)、B2F1(高量生物炭+减量肥)、B2F2(高量生物炭+全量肥)。结果表明:生物炭改良后的土壤全碳、全氮、全钾、阳离子交换量(CEC)、pH显著高于B0处理,且F1各土壤肥力指标水平与F2相近。生物炭的输入提升了土壤微生物Shannon多样性指数(H)、Simpson 优势度指数(D)、碳源利用丰富度指数(S),促进了根际微生物对糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类、聚合物类、酚酸类碳源的利用程度。生物炭有效提高了油菜产量,在F1水平下,生物炭的施用显著降低籽粒中芥酸、硫苷、亚麻酸的含量,提升了高油酸、油酸、黄籽度水平。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,对油菜品质指标的重要性排序为:全钾>全碳>全氮>全磷>CEC>pH。其中,全钾、全碳、全氮、全磷对籽粒品质有显著影响(P<0.05)。总之,生物炭与化肥联合施用可显著改善土壤肥力状况,提升土壤微生物活性,促进了微生物对碳源的利用程度。生物炭的施用量以35 t·hm-2为宜,可有效弥补化肥减量后的养分亏缺,促进油菜增产和籽粒品质的改良。

关键词: 生物炭, 减量施肥, 土壤微生物, 油菜, 冗余分析

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizer on fertility and microbial characteristics of ‘purple soil’ (an Entisol in USDA taxonomy) and yield and quality of oilseed rape, so as to provide a theoretical basis for formulating an optimal combination of biochar and chemical fertilizer in Southwest China. The treatments included: B0F1 (no biochar+reduced fertilization), B0F2 (no biochar+traditional fertilization), B1F1 (low biochar+reduced fertilization), B1F2 (low biochar+traditional fertilization), B2F1 (high biochar+reduced fertilization), and B2F2 (high biochar+traditional fertilization), arranged in a split-plot design. It was found that soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC) and total potassium (TK) increased significantly under B1 and B2, compared with values for B0, while no significant difference was detected between F1 and F2. Biochar application promoted diversity of soil microorganisms with increased Shannon’s index (H), Simpson index (D) and abundance index of carbon source utilization (S), and improved the overall utilization ability of carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, polymers and phenolic compounds. Yield of oilseed increased significantly with application of biochar. Contents of erucic acid, glucosinolates and linolenic acid decreased, while levels of oleic acid and yellowness increased with application of biochar under F1. Redundancy analysis showed that factors influencing oilseed quality included, in order of significance, TK, TC, TN, total phosphorus (TP), CEC and soil pH, among which TK, TC, TN and TP affected oilseed quality significantly (P<0.05). In conclusion, the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizer significantly improved the fertility status of soil, increased the activity of soil microorganisms, and promoted the microbial utilization of carbon sources. The optimal application of biochar was 35 t·ha-1. Biochar at this rate effectively offset the nutrient deficiency after the reduction of fertilizer, and improved the yield and quality of oilseed rape.

Key words: biochar, reduced fertilization, soil microorganisms, oilseed rape, redundancy analysis