草业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4): 1-11.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021310
• 研究论文 •
刘咏梅1,2(), 董幸枝1, 龙永清1,2, 朱志梅1,2, 王雷1,2, 盖星华1, 赵樊3, 李京忠4
收稿日期:
2021-08-11
修回日期:
2021-10-29
出版日期:
2022-04-20
发布日期:
2022-01-25
通讯作者:
刘咏梅
作者简介:
Corresponding author.基金资助:
Yong-mei LIU1,2(), Xing-zhi DONG1, Yong-qing LONG1,2, Zhi-mei ZHU1,2, Lei WANG1,2, Xing-hua GE1, Fan ZHAO3, Jing-zhong LI4
Received:
2021-08-11
Revised:
2021-10-29
Online:
2022-04-20
Published:
2022-01-25
Contact:
Yong-mei LIU
摘要:
狼毒的入侵扩散对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统的影响和当地畜牧业健康发展的制约日益严重。基于祁连山中段典型样地的群落调查、土壤采样和高精度地形测量数据,采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)、除趋势对应分析(DCA)和冗余分析(RDA)在微观尺度上探讨了退化高寒草甸狼毒群落的分类特征及其对环境因子的响应关系。结果表明:1)TWINSPAN分类将退化草甸狼毒群落划分为3种群丛类型,即Ⅰ)狼毒+紫花针茅+线叶嵩草+披针叶黄华群丛;Ⅱ)狼毒+紫花针茅+委陵菜+美丽风毛菊群丛;Ⅲ)紫花针茅+草玉梅+狼毒+早熟禾群丛。2)RDA分析显示土壤全磷、全钾含量是影响退化草甸狼毒群落分布的主要环境因子,其次是坡向。土壤养分对于狼毒群落空间格局的形成发挥着重要作用,覆盖度高的狼毒群丛对低磷、低钾的土壤环境更敏感。3)随着入侵程度加重,狼毒群丛Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ的物种优势度发生明显更替,禾本科植物(早熟禾、紫花针茅)重要值减小(4.10、3.12、2.10),豆科植物(异叶米口袋、花苜蓿)重要值先增后减(0.28、0.57、0.25),莎草科植物(线叶嵩草、矮生嵩草)重要值增加(0.23、1.18、2.19)、毒杂草(狼毒、草玉梅、披针叶黄华、乳白香青、青海刺参等)重要值明显上升(6.10、5.14、10.08),群落Ⅰ和Ⅱ中狼毒替代紫花针茅成为最重要的建群种,狼毒覆盖度呈规律地梯度增加(5.5%、11.0%、29.7%)。本研究反映了狼毒型退化草甸逆向演替过程中的群落构成和环境因子变化特征,可为草地资源管理、退化草甸修复及狼毒综合治理提供参考和依据。
刘咏梅, 董幸枝, 龙永清, 朱志梅, 王雷, 盖星华, 赵樊, 李京忠. 退化高寒草甸狼毒群落分类特征及其环境影响因子[J]. 草业学报, 2022, 31(4): 1-11.
Yong-mei LIU, Xing-zhi DONG, Yong-qing LONG, Zhi-mei ZHU, Lei WANG, Xing-hua GE, Fan ZHAO, Jing-zhong LI. Classification of Stellera chamaejasme communities and their relationships with environmental factors in degraded alpine meadow in the central Qilian Mountains, Qinghai Province[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2022, 31(4): 1-11.
科名Family | 种名Species | 重要值IV | 科名Family | 种名Species | 重要值IV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
瑞香科Thymelaeaceae | 狼毒 S. chamaejasme | 9.16 | 豆科Leguminosae | 异叶米口袋G. diversifolia | 0.65 |
禾本科Gramineae | 紫花针茅 S. purpurea | 7.02 | 菊科Compositae | 柔软紫菀 Aster flaccidus | 0.63 |
毛茛科Ranunculaceae | 草玉梅 A. rivularis | 5.04 | 龙胆科Gentianaceae | 刺芒龙胆Gentiana aristata | 0.59 |
莎草科Cyperaceae | 线叶嵩草K. capillifolia | 2.89 | 毛茛科Ranunculaceae | 石龙芮 Ranunculus sceleratus | 0.58 |
禾本科Gramineae | 早熟禾 P. annua | 2.29 | 唇形科Labiatae | 薄荷 Mentha haplocalyx | 0.55 |
蔷薇科Rosaceae | 委陵菜 Potentilla chinensis | 2.23 | 豆科Leguminosae | 花苜蓿 M. ruthenica | 0.46 |
豆科Leguminosae | 披针叶黄华 T. lanceolata | 1.80 | 龙胆科Gentianaceae | 高原扁蕾Gentianopsis paludosa | 0.45 |
菊科Compositae | 乳白香青 A. lactea | 1.71 | 龙胆科Gentianaceae | 秦艽 G. macrophylla | 0.41 |
菊科Compositae | 美丽风毛菊 S. pulchra | 1.48 | 毛茛科Ranunculaceae | 高山唐松草 T. alpinum | 0.31 |
川续断科Dipsacaceae | 青海刺参M. kokonorica | 1.20 | 菊科Compositae | 苦荬菜 Ixeris polycephala | 0.25 |
蓼科Polygonaceae | 草血竭 Polygonum paleaceum | 1.15 | 玄参科Scrophulariaceae | 肉果草 Lancea tibetica | 0.23 |
蓼科Polygonaceae | 圆穗蓼 Polygonum macrophyllum | 1.06 | 伞形科Umbelliferae | 柴胡 Bupleurum chinensis | 0.21 |
菊科Compositae | 蒲公英 T. mongolicum | 0.84 | 茜草科Rubiaceae | 蓬子菜 Galium verum | 0.15 |
龙胆科Gentianaceae | 麻花艽 G. straminea | 0.81 | 毛茛科Ranunculaceae | 高原毛茛 R. tanguticus | 0.14 |
莎草科Cyperaceae | 矮生嵩草 K. humilis | 0.70 | 龙胆科Gentianaceae | 龙胆 Gentiana scabra | 0.02 |
表1 退化草甸狼毒群落物种重要值
Table 1 Important values of the species of vegetation communities in S. chamaejasme invaded alpine meadow
科名Family | 种名Species | 重要值IV | 科名Family | 种名Species | 重要值IV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
瑞香科Thymelaeaceae | 狼毒 S. chamaejasme | 9.16 | 豆科Leguminosae | 异叶米口袋G. diversifolia | 0.65 |
禾本科Gramineae | 紫花针茅 S. purpurea | 7.02 | 菊科Compositae | 柔软紫菀 Aster flaccidus | 0.63 |
毛茛科Ranunculaceae | 草玉梅 A. rivularis | 5.04 | 龙胆科Gentianaceae | 刺芒龙胆Gentiana aristata | 0.59 |
莎草科Cyperaceae | 线叶嵩草K. capillifolia | 2.89 | 毛茛科Ranunculaceae | 石龙芮 Ranunculus sceleratus | 0.58 |
禾本科Gramineae | 早熟禾 P. annua | 2.29 | 唇形科Labiatae | 薄荷 Mentha haplocalyx | 0.55 |
蔷薇科Rosaceae | 委陵菜 Potentilla chinensis | 2.23 | 豆科Leguminosae | 花苜蓿 M. ruthenica | 0.46 |
豆科Leguminosae | 披针叶黄华 T. lanceolata | 1.80 | 龙胆科Gentianaceae | 高原扁蕾Gentianopsis paludosa | 0.45 |
菊科Compositae | 乳白香青 A. lactea | 1.71 | 龙胆科Gentianaceae | 秦艽 G. macrophylla | 0.41 |
菊科Compositae | 美丽风毛菊 S. pulchra | 1.48 | 毛茛科Ranunculaceae | 高山唐松草 T. alpinum | 0.31 |
川续断科Dipsacaceae | 青海刺参M. kokonorica | 1.20 | 菊科Compositae | 苦荬菜 Ixeris polycephala | 0.25 |
蓼科Polygonaceae | 草血竭 Polygonum paleaceum | 1.15 | 玄参科Scrophulariaceae | 肉果草 Lancea tibetica | 0.23 |
蓼科Polygonaceae | 圆穗蓼 Polygonum macrophyllum | 1.06 | 伞形科Umbelliferae | 柴胡 Bupleurum chinensis | 0.21 |
菊科Compositae | 蒲公英 T. mongolicum | 0.84 | 茜草科Rubiaceae | 蓬子菜 Galium verum | 0.15 |
龙胆科Gentianaceae | 麻花艽 G. straminea | 0.81 | 毛茛科Ranunculaceae | 高原毛茛 R. tanguticus | 0.14 |
莎草科Cyperaceae | 矮生嵩草 K. humilis | 0.70 | 龙胆科Gentianaceae | 龙胆 Gentiana scabra | 0.02 |
环境因子 Environmental factors | 最小值 Minimum | 最大值 Maximum | 平均值 Mean | 标准差 Standard deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
土壤有机质SOM (g·kg-1) | 41.84 | 98.80 | 80.25 | 1.392 |
全氮TN (g·kg-1) | 2.21 | 4.87 | 4.11 | 0.062 |
全磷TP (g·kg-1) | 0.57 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.005 |
全钾TK (g·kg-1) | 19.80 | 21.85 | 20.74 | 0.060 |
土壤含水量SWC (%) | 23.76 | 47.51 | 31.47 | 0.067 |
pH | 7.03 | 7.82 | 7.52 | 0.201 |
海拔AL (m) | 3063.29 | 3083.66 | 3072.55 | 5.240 |
坡度SL (°) | 2.85 | 9.93 | 6.26 | 1.872 |
坡向AS (°) | 31.85 | 358.58 | 86.19 | 51.930 |
表2 研究区环境影响因子参数
Table 2 General survey of environmental parameters in the study area
环境因子 Environmental factors | 最小值 Minimum | 最大值 Maximum | 平均值 Mean | 标准差 Standard deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
土壤有机质SOM (g·kg-1) | 41.84 | 98.80 | 80.25 | 1.392 |
全氮TN (g·kg-1) | 2.21 | 4.87 | 4.11 | 0.062 |
全磷TP (g·kg-1) | 0.57 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.005 |
全钾TK (g·kg-1) | 19.80 | 21.85 | 20.74 | 0.060 |
土壤含水量SWC (%) | 23.76 | 47.51 | 31.47 | 0.067 |
pH | 7.03 | 7.82 | 7.52 | 0.201 |
海拔AL (m) | 3063.29 | 3083.66 | 3072.55 | 5.240 |
坡度SL (°) | 2.85 | 9.93 | 6.26 | 1.872 |
坡向AS (°) | 31.85 | 358.58 | 86.19 | 51.930 |
图2 退化草甸狼毒群落TWINSPAN分类树状图D1~D15表示样方分组,括号内数字表示样方数量,方框内数字表示样方编号。D1-D15 represent quadrats grouping, the number in each bracket represents the total quadrats involved in each group, numbers in the rectangles represent the identification code for each of 45 quadrats.
Fig.2 Dendrogram of the TWINSPAN classification of 45 plots in S. chamaejasme invaded alpine meadow
环境因子 Environmental factor | 排序轴Axis | P值 P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
轴1 Axis 1 | 轴2 Axis 2 | 轴3 Axis 3 | 轴4 Axis 4 | ||
所有典范轴的显著性测验Significance test of all canonical axes | F=4.6 | 0.002 | |||
土壤有机质SOM | 0.1182 | 0.3153 | -0.3079 | -0.0374 | 0.002** |
土壤全磷TP | 0.6093 | 0.2986 | -0.2026 | 0.0151 | 0.002** |
土壤全钾TK | 0.4016 | -0.3623 | -0.2219 | 0.2463 | 0.004** |
海拔AL | -0.4609 | 0.3289 | -0.0654 | 0.3586 | 0.022* |
坡向AS | -0.4605 | -0.1142 | -0.1693 | -0.0205 | 0.002** |
物种-环境相关性Species-environment correlation | 0.8814 | 0.7401 | 0.5121 | 0.6410 | |
物种累积解释量Cumulative interpretation of species (%) | 39.52 | 45.64 | 48.93 | 50.95 | |
物种-环境因子累积解释量Cumulative explanation of species-environmental factors (%) | 72.68 | 83.94 | 89.97 | 93.71 |
表3 退化草甸狼毒群落样方-环境因子的RDA排序
Table 3 RDA analysis of plots and environmental factors in S. chamaejasme invaded alpine meadow
环境因子 Environmental factor | 排序轴Axis | P值 P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
轴1 Axis 1 | 轴2 Axis 2 | 轴3 Axis 3 | 轴4 Axis 4 | ||
所有典范轴的显著性测验Significance test of all canonical axes | F=4.6 | 0.002 | |||
土壤有机质SOM | 0.1182 | 0.3153 | -0.3079 | -0.0374 | 0.002** |
土壤全磷TP | 0.6093 | 0.2986 | -0.2026 | 0.0151 | 0.002** |
土壤全钾TK | 0.4016 | -0.3623 | -0.2219 | 0.2463 | 0.004** |
海拔AL | -0.4609 | 0.3289 | -0.0654 | 0.3586 | 0.022* |
坡向AS | -0.4605 | -0.1142 | -0.1693 | -0.0205 | 0.002** |
物种-环境相关性Species-environment correlation | 0.8814 | 0.7401 | 0.5121 | 0.6410 | |
物种累积解释量Cumulative interpretation of species (%) | 39.52 | 45.64 | 48.93 | 50.95 | |
物种-环境因子累积解释量Cumulative explanation of species-environmental factors (%) | 72.68 | 83.94 | 89.97 | 93.71 |
图6 物种RDA二维排序1: 狼毒S. chamaejasme; 2: 草玉梅A. rivularis; 3: 蒲公英T. mongolicum; 4: 披针叶黄华T. lanceolata; 5: 早熟禾P. annua; 6: 薄荷M. haplocalyx; 7: 乳白香青A. lactea; 8: 苦荬菜I. polycephala; 9: 青海刺参M. kokonorica; 10: 麻花艽G. straminea; 11: 异叶米口袋G. diversifolia; 12: 美丽风毛菊S. pulchra; 13: 柔软紫菀A. flaccidus; 14: 紫花针茅S. purpurea; 15: 花苜蓿M. ruthenica; 16: 草血竭P. paleaceum; 17: 高原扁蕾G. paludosa; 18: 圆穗蓼P. macrophyllum; 19: 龙胆G. scabra; 20: 刺芒龙胆G. aristata; 21: 秦艽G. macrophylla; 22: 蓬子菜G. verum; 23: 石龙芮R. sceleratus; 24: 肉果草L. tibetica; 25: 高山唐松草T. alpinum; 26: 柴胡B. chinensis; 27: 线叶嵩草K. capillifolia; 28: 高原毛茛R. tanguticus; 29: 委陵菜P. chinensis; 30: 矮生嵩草K. humilis.
Fig.6 RDA two-dimensional ordination for species in S. chamaejasme invaded alpine meadow
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