草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (4): 211-220.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025286
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
赵晓强1(
), 张月娇2, 张丹丹2, 曹凯宁2, 张元庆2(
)
收稿日期:2025-07-09
修回日期:2025-09-03
出版日期:2026-04-20
发布日期:2026-02-07
通讯作者:
张元庆
作者简介:Corresponding author. E-mail: 13603517485@163.com基金资助:
Xiao-qiang ZHAO1(
), Yue-jiao ZHANG2, Dan-dan ZHANG2, Kai-ning CAO2, Yuan-qing ZHANG2(
)
Received:2025-07-09
Revised:2025-09-03
Online:2026-04-20
Published:2026-02-07
Contact:
Yuan-qing ZHANG
摘要:
为探讨不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛生长发育的影响,以期为促进犊牛生长发育的研究提供理论基础,选用体重(41.21±4.99 kg)、日龄(16±6 d)相近的健康哺乳荷斯坦公犊牛30头,随机分成6组,每组5头。采用双因子试验设计,因子1为不同饲养方式(单栏饲养和群养),因子2为不同类型脂肪酸(玉米油和三丁酸甘油酯),试验组分为单栏饲养+基础饲粮(SCON)、单栏饲养+基础饲粮+补充玉米油20 mL·d-1 (SCO)、单栏饲养+基础饲粮+补充三丁酸甘油酯8 g·d-1 (STB)、群养+基础饲粮 (GCON)、群养+基础饲粮+补充玉米油20 mL·d-1 (GCO)以及群养+基础饲粮+补充三丁酸甘油酯8 g·d-1 (GTB)。试验期为59 d,其中预饲期14 d,正试期45 d。试验开始和结束时测定体重,计算日增重,试验期每天测定采食量,用于计算平均干物质采食量和料重比,试验结束时通过瘤胃导管采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵指标以及瘤胃酶活,通过颈静脉采血测定血液指标。结果表明,饲养方式、脂肪酸类型对犊牛的干物质采食量和料重比影响显著(P<0.05),且在添加脂肪酸后均可显著提高犊牛干物质采食量(P<0.05)。饲养方式和脂肪酸类型的交互作用对异戊酸、氨态氮浓度存在显著影响(P<0.05),相较于单栏饲养,群养饲喂三丁酸甘油酯后显著提高了异戊酸的浓度。饲养方式和脂肪酸类型的交互作用对α-淀粉酶、木聚糖酶活性、血糖浓度存在显著影响(P<0.05),补饲玉米油和三丁酸甘油酯显著提高了犊牛瘤胃羧甲基纤维素酶活性(P<0.05)和犊牛血清中白蛋白浓度(P<0.05),单栏饲养时,添加三丁酸甘油酯可显著提高犊牛血清中血糖浓度(P<0.05)。综上,在本试验条件下,给犊牛补饲玉米油20 mL·d-1和三丁酸甘油酯8 g·d-1 可提高犊牛采食量,改善瘤胃发育,并提高血清白蛋白水平,有助于促进犊牛生长发育。
赵晓强, 张月娇, 张丹丹, 曹凯宁, 张元庆. 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛生长性能、瘤胃内环境和血清指标的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(4): 211-220.
Xiao-qiang ZHAO, Yue-jiao ZHANG, Dan-dan ZHANG, Kai-ning CAO, Yuan-qing ZHANG. Effects of different rearing systems and fatty acid types on calf growth performance, ruminal internal environment and blood serum indices[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(4): 211-220.
营养成分 Nutrient | 犊牛开食料 Starter | 犊牛奶粉Milk replacer | 燕麦干草 A. sativa |
|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质Dry matter (DM, %) | 92.51 | 95.74 | 89.13 |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (CP, %) | 19.42 | 22.74 | 8.50 |
| 粗纤维Crude fiber (CF, %) | - | - | 31.30 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract (EE, %) | - | 15.54 | 1.60 |
| 粗灰分Crude ash (Ash, %) | 7.51 | - | 7.45 |
| 钙Calcium (Ca, %) | 0.91 | 1.17 | 1.15 |
| 磷Phosphorus (P, %) | 0.66 | 0.99 | 0.36 |
表1 犊牛开食料、犊牛奶粉、燕麦干草营养成分表(干物质基础)
Table 1 Nutrient composition of starter, milk replacer and oaten hay (dry matter basis)
营养成分 Nutrient | 犊牛开食料 Starter | 犊牛奶粉Milk replacer | 燕麦干草 A. sativa |
|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质Dry matter (DM, %) | 92.51 | 95.74 | 89.13 |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (CP, %) | 19.42 | 22.74 | 8.50 |
| 粗纤维Crude fiber (CF, %) | - | - | 31.30 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract (EE, %) | - | 15.54 | 1.60 |
| 粗灰分Crude ash (Ash, %) | 7.51 | - | 7.45 |
| 钙Calcium (Ca, %) | 0.91 | 1.17 | 1.15 |
| 磷Phosphorus (P, %) | 0.66 | 0.99 | 0.36 |
项目 Item | 处理Treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCON | SCO | STB | GCON | GCO | GTB | RS | FA | RS×FA | ||
| 初重Initial weight (IW, kg) | 46.00 | 43.50 | 46.00 | 46.33 | 45.33 | 42.50 | 1.483 | 0.721 | 0.389 | 0.223 |
| 末重Final weight (FW, kg) | 88.33 | 92.17 | 96.50 | 93.17 | 94.50 | 88.00 | 2.891 | 0.854 | 0.681 | 0.091 |
| 平均日增重Average daily gain (ADG, kg·d-1) | 0.94 | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 1.01 | 0.054 | 0.983 | 0.132 | 0.113 |
| 干物质采食量Dry matter intake (DMI, kg·d-1) | 1.71c | 2.22b | 2.26ab | 1.88c | 2.33ab | 2.47a | 0.069 | 0.018 | 0.005 | 0.803 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.82b | 2.07ab | 2.02ab | 1.81b | 2.15ab | 2.45a | 0.122 | 0.108 | 0.012 | 0.189 |
表2 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛生长性能的影响
Table 2 Effects of different rearing systems and fatty acid types on growth performance of calves
项目 Item | 处理Treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCON | SCO | STB | GCON | GCO | GTB | RS | FA | RS×FA | ||
| 初重Initial weight (IW, kg) | 46.00 | 43.50 | 46.00 | 46.33 | 45.33 | 42.50 | 1.483 | 0.721 | 0.389 | 0.223 |
| 末重Final weight (FW, kg) | 88.33 | 92.17 | 96.50 | 93.17 | 94.50 | 88.00 | 2.891 | 0.854 | 0.681 | 0.091 |
| 平均日增重Average daily gain (ADG, kg·d-1) | 0.94 | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 1.01 | 0.054 | 0.983 | 0.132 | 0.113 |
| 干物质采食量Dry matter intake (DMI, kg·d-1) | 1.71c | 2.22b | 2.26ab | 1.88c | 2.33ab | 2.47a | 0.069 | 0.018 | 0.005 | 0.803 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.82b | 2.07ab | 2.02ab | 1.81b | 2.15ab | 2.45a | 0.122 | 0.108 | 0.012 | 0.189 |
项目 Item | 处理Treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCON | SCO | STB | GCON | GCO | GTB | RS | FA | RS×FA | ||
| 总挥发性脂肪酸Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA, mmol·L-1) | 71.99 | 93.40 | 85.91 | 71.23 | 76.00 | 80.06 | 10.082 | 0.351 | 0.399 | 0.712 |
| 乙酸Acetic acid (AA, mmol·L-1) | 34.54 | 44.18 | 41.55 | 38.33 | 36.68 | 40.46 | 4.828 | 0.699 | 0.612 | 0.531 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid (PA, mmol·L-1) | 26.37 | 31.07 | 30.02 | 27.53 | 28.03 | 27.31 | 4.131 | 0.654 | 0.812 | 0.849 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid (IBA, mmol·L-1) | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.41 | 0.86 | 0.41 | 0.59 | 0.009 | 0.122 | 0.051 | 0.052 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid (BA, mmol·L-1) | 5.40 | 7.64 | 8.05 | 4.04 | 5.29 | 7.22 | 1.402 | 0.202 | 0.128 | 0.873 |
| 异戊酸Isovaleric acid (IVA, mmol·L-1) | 0.36ab | 0.41ab | 0.26b | 0.31ab | 0.29ab | 0.54a | 0.081 | 0.198 | 0.604 | 0.021 |
| 戊酸Valeric acid (VA, mmol·L-1) | 3.81 | 5.78 | 5.62 | 3.01 | 3.58 | 5.01 | 0.953 | 0.143 | 0.151 | 0.672 |
| 乙酸/丙酸AA/PA | 1.40 | 1.47 | 1.44 | 1.47 | 1.30 | 1.44 | 0.109 | 0.668 | 0.854 | 0.469 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N (mg·L-1) | 5.91b | 8.76ab | 8.10ab | 5.32b | 11.49a | 9.17ab | 1.824 | 0.242 | 0.318 | <0.001 |
表3 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛瘤胃发酵的影响
Table 3 Effects of different rearing systems and fatty acid types on rumen fermentation of calves
项目 Item | 处理Treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCON | SCO | STB | GCON | GCO | GTB | RS | FA | RS×FA | ||
| 总挥发性脂肪酸Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA, mmol·L-1) | 71.99 | 93.40 | 85.91 | 71.23 | 76.00 | 80.06 | 10.082 | 0.351 | 0.399 | 0.712 |
| 乙酸Acetic acid (AA, mmol·L-1) | 34.54 | 44.18 | 41.55 | 38.33 | 36.68 | 40.46 | 4.828 | 0.699 | 0.612 | 0.531 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid (PA, mmol·L-1) | 26.37 | 31.07 | 30.02 | 27.53 | 28.03 | 27.31 | 4.131 | 0.654 | 0.812 | 0.849 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid (IBA, mmol·L-1) | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.41 | 0.86 | 0.41 | 0.59 | 0.009 | 0.122 | 0.051 | 0.052 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid (BA, mmol·L-1) | 5.40 | 7.64 | 8.05 | 4.04 | 5.29 | 7.22 | 1.402 | 0.202 | 0.128 | 0.873 |
| 异戊酸Isovaleric acid (IVA, mmol·L-1) | 0.36ab | 0.41ab | 0.26b | 0.31ab | 0.29ab | 0.54a | 0.081 | 0.198 | 0.604 | 0.021 |
| 戊酸Valeric acid (VA, mmol·L-1) | 3.81 | 5.78 | 5.62 | 3.01 | 3.58 | 5.01 | 0.953 | 0.143 | 0.151 | 0.672 |
| 乙酸/丙酸AA/PA | 1.40 | 1.47 | 1.44 | 1.47 | 1.30 | 1.44 | 0.109 | 0.668 | 0.854 | 0.469 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N (mg·L-1) | 5.91b | 8.76ab | 8.10ab | 5.32b | 11.49a | 9.17ab | 1.824 | 0.242 | 0.318 | <0.001 |
项目 Item | 处理Treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCON | SCO | STB | GCON | GCO | GTB | RS | FA | RS×FA | ||
| 蛋白酶Protease | 2.62 | 2.27 | 2.84 | 2.87 | 2.21 | 2.65 | 0.292 | 0.993 | 0.104 | 0.693 |
| α-淀粉酶α-amylase | 0.67b | 1.15a | 0.98ab | 0.86ab | 0.63b | 0.97ab | 0.141 | 0.138 | 0.072 | <0.001 |
| 纤维二糖酶Cellobiase | 0.41 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.52 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.154 | 0.162 | 0.743 | 0.241 |
| 羧甲基纤维素酶Carboxymethyl-cellulase | 0.26c | 0.40ab | 0.47a | 0.30c | 0.40ab | 0.40ab | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.012 | 0.262 |
| 木聚糖酶Xylanase | 0.46b | 0.78a | 0.46b | 0.57ab | 0.54ab | 0.61ab | 0.081 | 0.853 | 0.113 | 0.009 |
表4 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛瘤胃酶活性的影响
Table 4 Effects of different rearing systems and fatty acid types on rumen enzyme activity of calves (μmol·min-1·mL-1)
项目 Item | 处理Treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCON | SCO | STB | GCON | GCO | GTB | RS | FA | RS×FA | ||
| 蛋白酶Protease | 2.62 | 2.27 | 2.84 | 2.87 | 2.21 | 2.65 | 0.292 | 0.993 | 0.104 | 0.693 |
| α-淀粉酶α-amylase | 0.67b | 1.15a | 0.98ab | 0.86ab | 0.63b | 0.97ab | 0.141 | 0.138 | 0.072 | <0.001 |
| 纤维二糖酶Cellobiase | 0.41 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.52 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.154 | 0.162 | 0.743 | 0.241 |
| 羧甲基纤维素酶Carboxymethyl-cellulase | 0.26c | 0.40ab | 0.47a | 0.30c | 0.40ab | 0.40ab | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.012 | 0.262 |
| 木聚糖酶Xylanase | 0.46b | 0.78a | 0.46b | 0.57ab | 0.54ab | 0.61ab | 0.081 | 0.853 | 0.113 | 0.009 |
项目 Item | 处理Treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCON | SCO | STB | GCON | GCO | GTB | RS | FA | RS×FA | ||
| 总蛋白Total protein (TP, g·L-1) | 46.06 | 52.26 | 56.08 | 47.99 | 44.88 | 51.43 | 2.992 | 0.172 | 0.082 | 0.289 |
| 白蛋白Albumin (ALB, g·L-1) | 23.50b | 26.83ab | 29.13a | 26.18ab | 25.29ab | 28.43a | 1.274 | 0.561 | 0.011 | 0.052 |
| 球蛋白Globulin (GLB, g·L-1) | 22.56 | 25.44 | 26.96 | 21.46 | 20.59 | 24.00 | 2.358 | 0.143 | 0.333 | 0.734 |
| 总胆固醇Total cholesterol (TC, mmol·L-1) | 1.33 | 1.22 | 1.60 | 1.20 | 1.32 | 1.22 | 0.154 | 0.128 | 0.321 | 0.119 |
| 甘油三酯Triglycerides (TG, mmol·L-1) | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.012 | 0.517 | 0.208 | 0.471 |
| 高密度脂蛋白High-density lipoprotein (HDL, mmol·L-1) | 1.50 | 1.42 | 1.83 | 1.38 | 1.52 | 1.37 | 0.193 | 0.129 | 0.401 | 0.092 |
| 低密度脂蛋白Low-density lipoprotein (LDL, mmol·L-1) | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.054 | 0.347 | 0.283 | 0.091 |
| 血糖 Glucose (GLU, mmol·L-1) | 3.96b | 4.56ab | 4.85a | 4.40ab | 4.04b | 4.20ab | 0.211 | 0.153 | 0.238 | 0.022 |
| 非酯化脂肪酸Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA, mmol·L-1) | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.072 | 0.388 | 0.387 | 0.298 |
| β-羟丁酸β-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-HB, mmol·L-1) | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.041 | 0.694 | 0.437 | 0.864 |
| 脂蛋白脂酶Pancreatic lipase (LPL, U·mL-1) | 28.50 | 27.95 | 24.06 | 30.53 | 29.89 | 26.24 | 3.042 | 0.302 | 0.162 | 0.991 |
表5 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛血清指标的影响
Table 5 Effects of different rearing systems and fatty acid types on serum parameters of calves
项目 Item | 处理Treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCON | SCO | STB | GCON | GCO | GTB | RS | FA | RS×FA | ||
| 总蛋白Total protein (TP, g·L-1) | 46.06 | 52.26 | 56.08 | 47.99 | 44.88 | 51.43 | 2.992 | 0.172 | 0.082 | 0.289 |
| 白蛋白Albumin (ALB, g·L-1) | 23.50b | 26.83ab | 29.13a | 26.18ab | 25.29ab | 28.43a | 1.274 | 0.561 | 0.011 | 0.052 |
| 球蛋白Globulin (GLB, g·L-1) | 22.56 | 25.44 | 26.96 | 21.46 | 20.59 | 24.00 | 2.358 | 0.143 | 0.333 | 0.734 |
| 总胆固醇Total cholesterol (TC, mmol·L-1) | 1.33 | 1.22 | 1.60 | 1.20 | 1.32 | 1.22 | 0.154 | 0.128 | 0.321 | 0.119 |
| 甘油三酯Triglycerides (TG, mmol·L-1) | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.012 | 0.517 | 0.208 | 0.471 |
| 高密度脂蛋白High-density lipoprotein (HDL, mmol·L-1) | 1.50 | 1.42 | 1.83 | 1.38 | 1.52 | 1.37 | 0.193 | 0.129 | 0.401 | 0.092 |
| 低密度脂蛋白Low-density lipoprotein (LDL, mmol·L-1) | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.054 | 0.347 | 0.283 | 0.091 |
| 血糖 Glucose (GLU, mmol·L-1) | 3.96b | 4.56ab | 4.85a | 4.40ab | 4.04b | 4.20ab | 0.211 | 0.153 | 0.238 | 0.022 |
| 非酯化脂肪酸Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA, mmol·L-1) | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.072 | 0.388 | 0.387 | 0.298 |
| β-羟丁酸β-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-HB, mmol·L-1) | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.041 | 0.694 | 0.437 | 0.864 |
| 脂蛋白脂酶Pancreatic lipase (LPL, U·mL-1) | 28.50 | 27.95 | 24.06 | 30.53 | 29.89 | 26.24 | 3.042 | 0.302 | 0.162 | 0.991 |
项目 Item | 处理Treatment | 标准误SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCON | SCO | STB | GCON | GCO | GTB | RS | FA | RS×FA | ||
| 生长激素Growth hormone (GH, ng·mL-1) | 5.88 | 4.79 | 5.77 | 6.32 | 5.85 | 5.95 | 0.554 | 0.154 | 0.238 | 0.629 |
| 胰岛素生长因子-1 Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1, ng·mL-1) | 172.40b | 206.28ab | 216.73a | 173.69b | 210.23a | 213.43a | 11.532 | 0.941 | 0.079 | 0.009 |
| 胰岛素Insulin (INS, μIU·mL-1) | 15.22 | 15.80 | 16.39 | 15.51 | 14.78 | 15.09 | 0.438 | 0.053 | 0.463 | 0.101 |
| 四碘甲状腺原氨酸Thyroxine (T4, ng·mL-1) | 60.90ab | 71.77ab | 58.18b | 68.63ab | 61.56ab | 73.65a | 4.304 | 0.132 | 0.852 | 0.007 |
| 三碘甲状腺原氨酸Triiodothyronine (T3, ng·mL-1) | 1.11 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.23 | 1.20 | 1.19 | 0.072 | 0.144 | 0.973 | 0.908 |
表6 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛激素的影响
Table 6 Effects of different rearing systems and fatty acid types on hormones of calves
项目 Item | 处理Treatment | 标准误SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCON | SCO | STB | GCON | GCO | GTB | RS | FA | RS×FA | ||
| 生长激素Growth hormone (GH, ng·mL-1) | 5.88 | 4.79 | 5.77 | 6.32 | 5.85 | 5.95 | 0.554 | 0.154 | 0.238 | 0.629 |
| 胰岛素生长因子-1 Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1, ng·mL-1) | 172.40b | 206.28ab | 216.73a | 173.69b | 210.23a | 213.43a | 11.532 | 0.941 | 0.079 | 0.009 |
| 胰岛素Insulin (INS, μIU·mL-1) | 15.22 | 15.80 | 16.39 | 15.51 | 14.78 | 15.09 | 0.438 | 0.053 | 0.463 | 0.101 |
| 四碘甲状腺原氨酸Thyroxine (T4, ng·mL-1) | 60.90ab | 71.77ab | 58.18b | 68.63ab | 61.56ab | 73.65a | 4.304 | 0.132 | 0.852 | 0.007 |
| 三碘甲状腺原氨酸Triiodothyronine (T3, ng·mL-1) | 1.11 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.23 | 1.20 | 1.19 | 0.072 | 0.144 | 0.973 | 0.908 |
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