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草业学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (10): 149-160.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2019534

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

宁南旱区地膜秸秆沟垄双覆盖对土壤水分时空变化及马铃薯产量的影响

普雪可, 吴春花, 周永瑾, 勉有明, 苗芳芳, 侯贤清, 李荣*   

  1. 宁夏大学农学院, 宁夏 银川 750021
  • 收稿日期:2019-12-04 出版日期:2020-10-20 发布日期:2020-10-20
  • 通讯作者: *.E-mail: lironge_mail@126.com
  • 作者简介:普雪可(1994-),男,河南周口人,在读硕士。E-mail: puxueke1025@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(31760370和31860362),宁夏自然科学基金(2019AAC03058)和宁夏青年科技人才托举工程(科协发组字〔2017〕76号)资助

Effects of dual-mulching of furrow and ridge with plastic film and straw on temporal and spatial changes of soil moisture and potato yield in dry-farming areas of southern Ningxia

PU Xue-ke, WU Chun-hua, ZHOU Yong-jin, MIAN You-ming, MIAO Fang-fang, HOU Xian-qing, LI Rong*   

  1. School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • Received:2019-12-04 Online:2020-10-20 Published:2020-10-20
  • Contact: *.E-mail: lironge_mail@126.com

摘要: 为缓解宁南旱作区马铃薯生长前期干旱频发、中后期伏旱不利于马铃薯产量形成等问题,于2015-2016连续两年在宁南旱区,以陇薯3号为马铃薯供试品种,传统平作不覆盖(CK)为对照,研究沟垄地膜全覆盖(DD)和地膜秸秆沟垄双覆盖(DJ)下土壤水分时空变化特征对马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明:DJ和DD处理能显著提高马铃薯不同生育期0~200 cm层土壤含水量,与CK处理相比,2015和2016年分别显著增加18.4%、9.1%和38.1%、15.7%,尤其在70~90 d 保水效果表现最为显著。在生育关键期(70~90 d),DJ和DD处理0~60 cm层土壤水分变异系数较CK,2015年分别显著降低63.4%和49.7%,2016年分别显著降低56.1%和25.8%;DJ处理可提高上层(0~100 cm)对下层(100~200 cm)土壤水分的补给,其中DJ处理两年下层土壤含水量分别较CK显著提高10.9%和37.9%。不同处理下0~200 cm层土壤水分变幅(Ka)和变异系数(Cv)表现为上层>下层,DJ、DD处理均能有效降低KaCv值,较CK处理2015年分别显著降低19.6%、14.5%,2016年分别降低20.8%、19.0%。不同覆盖可显著延长块茎快速生长期,显著提高马铃薯产量和收获指数,DJ和DD处理两年平均块茎快速生长期较CK分别延长12.3和8.2 d,平均产量分别显著提高50.8%和38.5%,平均收获指数分别显著增加33.6%和18.1%。通过相关性分析发现,苗期(30 d)土壤水分及其变异系数与产量相关性主要集中0~40 cm土层,而蕾期、块茎形成和膨大期(50~90 d)土壤水分及其变异系数与产量相关性主要集中在0~120 cm土层。可见,地膜秸秆沟垄双覆盖(DJ)能显著改善马铃薯关键生育期的土壤水分环境,延长块茎快速生长期,利于宁南旱区马铃薯产量和收获指数的显著提高。

关键词: 沟垄双覆盖, 土壤含水量, 时空变化, 马铃薯生长, 产量

Abstract: The work was conducted over two consecutive years (2015-2016), in dry-farming areas of southern Ningxia for two consecutive years. The potato variety Longshu 3 was used and the research aim was to study the effect of different mulching patterns on soil water temporal and spatial variation patterns, and on potato yield. Three mulching patterns were set up: full mulching of furrow and ridge with plastic film (ridge covered with plastic film, furrow covered with plastic film, DD), dual-mulching of ridge and furrow with plastic film and straw (ridge covered with plastic film, furrow covered with straw, DJ), and traditional flat(CK) was used as control. It was found that compared with CK, the soil water content of the 0-200 cm soil layer was significantly improved in the DJ and DD treatments by 18.4% and 9.1%, respectively, in 2015 and 38.1% and 15.7%, respectively, in 2016, averaged over different potato growth stages. Differences were especially important during the period from 70 to 90 d (days after sowing). During that critical growth period (70-90 d), the soil water coefficient of variation in the 0-60 cm layer was decreased significantly under the DJ and DD treatments by 63.4% and 49.7%, respectively, in 2015 and 56.1% and 25.8%, respectively, in 2016, compared with CK. The DJ treatment increased the water infiltration from the upper soil layer (0-100 cm) to the lower layer (100-200 cm), and the soil water content in the lower layer of the DJ treatment was increased significantly compared with CK treatment (by 10.9% and 37.9%, respectively, in 2015 and 2016). The variation amplitude (Ka) and coefficient of variation (Cv) for soil water in the 0-200 cm soil layer of the different treatments was greater in the upper layer than in the lower layer. Ka and Cv averaged over the DJ and DD treatments had significantly lower values than in the CK treatment and were, respectively, 19.6%, and 14.5% lower than CK in 2015, and 20.8% and 19.0% lower in 2016. In this study, the different mulching treatments altered the duration of the rapid growth period of tubers, and improved potato yield and harvest index. The average duration of the tuber rapid growth period was significantly prolonged (by 12.3 and 8.2 d in 2015 and 2016, respectively); the average tuber yield was increased by 50.8% and 38.5% in 2015 and 2016, respectively, and the average harvest index was improved by 33.6% and 18.1% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that at the seedling stage (30 d), the correlation between soil water and soil water coefficient of variation and yield was mainly related to the 0-40 cm soil layer, while in the bud, tuber formation and expansion stages (50-90 d), this correlation mainly related to the 0-120 cm soil layer. In summary, the dual-mulching of ridges and furrows with plastic film and straw (DJ) significantly improved the soil water environment during the critical crop growth for potatoes, prolonging the rapid growth period of tuber, and increasing the potato yield and harvest index in dry-farming areas of southern Ningxia.

Key words: dual-mulching with ridge and furrow, soil water content, temporal and spatial change, potato growth, yield