立式深旋松耕对半干旱区饲草玉米水分利用和产量的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2020139

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在半干旱区研究立式深旋松耕的土壤水分和产量效应,为饲草玉米增产增效提供理论依据。2017-2019年在定西市安定区设传统旋耕(TT)、深旋耕(DT)和立式深旋松耕(VRT)3种耕作方式,分析立式深旋松耕对饲草玉米土壤贮水量、花前花后耗水、单株鲜重和干重以及产量和水分利用效率的影响。研究结果表明,与DT和TT相比,VRT能够提高干旱年份对土壤水分的吸收利用,使得花期60~180 cm土层的土壤贮水量降低10.0%和7.6%,180~300 cm土层降低17.6%和18.5%,花前0~300 cm土层的土壤耗水量提高14.6%和13.8%,生育期总耗水量增加6.1%和9.2%,2018和2019年生育期总耗水量分别提高2.0%和7.9%、10.1%和14.9%,收获期单株鲜重增加2.4%~16.2%、干重增加1.0%~7.8%,籽粒产量增加2.4%~38.6%,群体生物量增加3.4%~16.2%。立式深旋松耕改善了土壤环境,提高了土壤耗水量,增加了饲草玉米产量和生物量,尤其在干旱年份增产增效显著,在半干旱区具有明显的抗旱增产作用。

关键词: 立式深旋松耕, 土壤水分, 产量, 水分利用效率, 饲草玉米, 半干旱区

Abstract: This research was aimed at the development of high-yield and high-efficiency tillage techniques for the production of rain-fed forage maize in semi-arid areas of China. A long-term (2017-2019) field experiment consisting of three treatments: traditional tillage (TT), deep tillage (DT), and vertical rotary sub-soiling tillage (VRT), was carried out in the Loess Plateau, Northwest China. VRT is a recently developed tillage technique designed to break up the compacted soil layer formed just beneath the cultivated layer after repeated cycles of annual rotary tillage. We had investigated the effects of VRT on soil water storage (SWS), crop evapotranspiration (ETc) before and after anthesis, fresh and dry weights per plant, grain yields as well as water use efficiency (WUE). It was found that VRT significantly improved the infiltration of soil moisture to deeper layers, especially in dry years. At the anthesis stage, VRT decreased SWS by 7.6%-10.0% in 60-180 cm layer, and by 17.6%-18.5% in the 180-300 cm layer, compared to DT and TT in the dry year. Prior to the anthesis, SWS of VRT was increased by 13.8%-14.6% in the 0-300 cm layer, and the total ETc of VRT was increased by 6.1%-9.2%, respectively. Compared with DT and TT, VRT increased total ETc by 2.0%-7.9% in 2018, and by 10.1%-14.9% in 2019. At harvest, VRT increased fresh weights per plant by 2.4%-16.2%, dry weights per plant by 1.0%-7.8%, grain yields by 2.4%-38.6%, and population biomass by 3.4%-16.2%. It can be concluded that VRT is a drought-resistant and yield-enhancing tillage technique that is suitable for rain-fed forage maize production in semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau. The data indicate VRT, improves the soil environment and enhances crop growth, development and yield. The benefits of VRT are more pronounced in dry years.

Key words: vertically rotary sub-soiling, soil moisture, yield, water use efficiency, forage maize, semiarid land

方彦杰, 张绪成, 于显枫, 侯慧芝, 王红丽, 马一凡, 张国平, 雷康宁. 立式深旋松耕对半干旱区饲草玉米水分利用和产量的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(10): 161-171.

FANG Yan-jie, ZHANG Xu-cheng, YU Xian-feng, HOU Hui-zhi, WANG Hong-li, MA Yi-fan, ZHANG Guo-ping, LEI Kang-ning. Effects of vertical rotary sub-soiling tillage on water use and yield of forage maize on semiarid land[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(10): 161-171.

参考文献

[1] Ni Y F, Wang M L. Spatiotemporal evolution of China’s silage corn industry and the factors driving its development. Pratacultural Science, 2019, 36(7): 1915-1924.
倪印锋, 王明利. 中国青贮玉米产业发展时空演变及动因. 草业科学, 2019, 36(7): 1915-1924.
[2] Guo Q H. A discussion on the quality of farm land in the primary grain producing areas in Northeast China. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2019, (10): 89-99.
郭庆海. “粮改饲”行动下的生态关照—基于东北粮食主产区耕地质量问题的讨论. 农业经济问题, 2019, (10): 89-99.
[3] Wang Z K. Promote feed grain reform to accelerate the shift of the herbivorous livestock husbandry in Gansu. China Cattle Science, 2017, 43(3): 74-76.
王自科. 推广粮改饲, 加快甘肃草食畜牧业发展方式转变. 中国牛业科学, 2017, 43(3): 74-76.
[4] Wang H B, Zhao L P. Study on influence of soil permeability and yield of corn under different farming system. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2005, 19(6): 197-200.
王鸿斌, 赵兰坡. 不同耕作制度对土壤渗透性和玉米生长的影响研究. 水土保持学报, 2005, 19(6): 197-200.
[5] Li Y B, Pang H C, Yang X, et al. Effects of deep vertically rotary tillage on soil water and water use efficiency in northern China’s Huang—huai—hai region. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(23): 7478-7486.
李轶冰, 逄焕成, 杨雪, 等. 粉垄耕作对黄淮海北部土壤水分及其利用效率的影响. 生态学报, 2013, 33(23): 7478-7486.
[6] Feng Q Q, Han H F, Zhang Y Y, et al. Effects of tillage methods on soil carbon sequestration and water holding capacity and yield in wheat-maize rotation. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2018, 24(4): 869-879.
冯倩倩, 韩惠芳, 张亚运, 等. 耕作方式对麦-玉轮作农田固碳, 保水性能及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(4): 869-879.
[7] Wei B H. Research of smashridging technology applied to upland crops. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2010, 43(20): 4330.
韦本辉. 旱地作物粉垄栽培技术研究简报. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43(20): 4330.
[8] Zhang X C, Ma Y F, Yu X F, et al. Effects of vertical rotary sub-soiling on soil water characteristics and potato tuber yield in a semi-arid area of Northwest China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(12): 156-165.
张绪成, 马一凡, 于显枫, 等.立式深旋松耕对西北半干旱区土壤水分性状及马铃薯产量的影响. 草业学报, 2018, 27(12): 156-165.
[9] Zhang X C, Ma Y F, Yu X F, et al. Effects of vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage on water utilization and yield of potato in semiarid area of Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018, 29(10): 3293-3301.
张绪成, 马一凡, 于显枫, 等. 西北半干旱区深旋松耕作对马铃薯水分利用和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2018, 29(10): 3293-3301.
[10] Fang Y J, Zhang X C, Yu X F, et al. Technical specification for vertical deep rotation tillage of forage corn in dry land. Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology, 2019, 518(2): 71-73.
方彦杰, 张绪成, 于显枫, 等. 旱地饲草玉米立式深旋耕作技术规程. 甘肃农业科技, 2019, 518(2): 71-73.
[11] Wei B H, Gan X Q, Shen Z Y, et al. Yield increase of smash-ridging cultivation of sugarcane. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(21): 4544-4550.
韦本辉, 甘秀芹, 申章佑, 等. 粉垄栽培甘蔗试验增产效果. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(21): 4544-4550.
[12] Yang X, Pang H C, Li Y B, et al. Effects of deep rotary sub-soiling tillage on the physical properties and crop growth of the sticky loamy in North China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(16): 3401-3412.
杨雪, 逄焕成, 李轶冰, 等. 深旋松耕作法对华北缺水区壤质黏潮土物理性状及作物生长的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46(16): 3401-3412.
[13] Wei B H, Shen Z Y, Gan X Q, et al. Effects of fenlong cultivation on yield and quality of dryland crops. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2012, 14(4): 101-105.
韦本辉, 申章佑, 甘秀芹, 等. 粉垄栽培对旱地作物产量品质的影响. 中国农业科技导报, 2012, 14(4): 101-105.
[14] Su Z, Zhang J, Wu W. Effects of conservation tillage practices on winter wheat water use efficiency and rop yield on the Loess Plateau, China. Agricultural Water Management, 2007, 87(3): 307-314.
[15] Wei B H, Gan X Q, Shen Z Y, et al. Production increasing and discussion in theory of smash-ridging cultivate cassava. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 27(21): 78-81.
韦本辉, 甘秀芹, 申章佑, 等. 粉垄栽培木薯增产效果及理论探讨. 中国农学通报, 2011, 27(21): 78-81.
[16] Wei B H, Gan X Q, Chen B S, et al. Comparison of cultivation of maize and peanuts by smash-riding and traditional land preparation methods. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2011, 39(6): 3216-3219.
韦本辉, 甘秀芹, 陈保善, 等. 粉垄整地与传统整地方式种植玉米和花生效果比较. 安徽农业科学, 2011, 39(6): 3216-3219.
[17] Yang X, Pang H C, Li Y B, et al. Effect of different tillage treatments on soil water, temperature changes and spring corn yield in high yield region in North China Plain. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2013, 18(2): 29-37.
杨雪, 逄焕成, 李轶冰, 等. 不同耕作方法对土壤水温动态和春玉米产量的影响. 中国农业大学学报, 2013, 18(2): 29-37.
[18] Zhang M Y, Wei Y H, Kong F L, et al. Effects of tillage practices on soil carbon storage and greenhouse gas emission of farmland in North China. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(6): 203-209.
张明园, 魏燕华, 孔凡磊, 等. 耕作方式对华北农田土壤有机碳储量及温室气体排放的影响. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(6): 203-209.
[19] Guan J X, Chen S Y, Shao L W, et al. Soil tillage practices affecting the soil characteristics and yield of winter wheat and summer maize in North China. Transaction of the Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2019, 27(11): 1663-1672.
关劼兮, 陈素英, 邵立威, 等. 华北典型区域土壤耕作方式对土壤特性和作物产量的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2019, 27(11): 1663-1672.
[20] Chen Y, Liu S, Li H, et al. Effects of conservation tillage on corn. Effects of conservation tillage on corn and soybean yield in the humid continental climate region of Northeast China. Soil Tillage Research, 2011, 115/116: 56-61.
[21] Wang H L, Zhang X C, Song S Y. Effects of mulching methods on soil water dynamics and corn yield of rain-fed cropland in the semiarid area of China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(8): 825-833.
王红丽, 张绪成, 宋尚有. 半干旱区旱地不同覆盖种植方式玉米田的土壤水分和产量效应. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(8): 825-833.
[22] Xie J H, Zhang R Z, Li L L, et al. Effect of different tillage practice on rain-fed maize yield and soil water/temperature characteristics in the Loess Plateau. Transaction of the Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2015, 23(11): 1384-1393.
谢军红, 张仁陟, 李玲玲, 等. 耕作方法对黄土高原旱作玉米产量和土壤水温特性的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2015, 23(11): 1384-1393.
[23] Zhang L, Zhai Z, Pang B, et al. Deep vertically rotary tillage improves soil structure and tuber yield of potato. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2017, (4): 17-23.
张莉, 翟振, 逄博, 等. 深旋松耕改善耕层结构促进马铃薯增产. 中国土壤与肥料, 2017, (4): 17-23.
[24] Yu X F, Zhang X C, Wang H L, et al. Effects of fertilizer application on water consumption characteristics and yield of potato cultured under ridge-furrow and whole filed plastic mulching in rain-fed area. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(3): 883-890.
于显枫, 张绪成, 王红丽, 等. 施肥对旱地全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯耗水特征及产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(3): 883-890.
[25] Wang H, Wang S L, Xu Z G, et al. Effect of tillage and fertilization on water use efficiency of maize in dryland conditions. Transaction of the Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017, 25(6): 856-864.
王浩, 王淑兰, 徐宗贵, 等. 耕作与施肥对旱地玉米田土壤耗水量和水分利用效率的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2017, 25(6): 856-864.
[26] Wang H G, Yu Z W, Zhang Y L, et al. Effects of tillage regimes on water consumption and dry matter accumulation in dryland wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2012, 38(4): 675-682.
王红光, 于振文, 张永丽, 等. 耕作方式对旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38(4): 675-682.
[27] Zhang R Z, Huang G B, Cai L Q, et al. Dry farmland practice involving multi-conservation tillage measures in the Loess Plateau. Transaction of the Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2013, 21(1): 61-69.
张仁陟, 黄高宝, 蔡立群, 等. 几种保护性耕作措施在黄土高原旱作农田的实践. 中国生态农业学报, 2013, 21(1): 61-69.
[28] Li R, Hou X Q, Jia Z K, et al. Effects of planting with ridge and furrow mulching on maize growth, yield and water use efficiency in dryland farming. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(7): 2282-2291.
李荣, 侯贤清, 贾志宽, 等. 沟垄全覆盖种植方式对旱地玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响. 生态学报, 2013, 33(7): 2282-2291.