种植密度与施氮量对陇中旱农区玉米产量及光合特性的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2019342

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在陇中旱农区,依托2012年布设的田间定位试验研究了种植密度与施氮量对全膜双垄沟播玉米光合特性、产量及产量构成要素的影响。采用裂区设计,主处理为种植密度:4.5(D₁)、5.25(D₂)、6(D₃)、6.75万株·hm^-2(D₄);副处理为施氮水平:施纯氮200(N₂)和300 kg·hm^-2 (N₃)。结果表明:1)随着玉米种植密度和施氮量的增加,玉米的叶面积指数增加,但叶片的叶绿素含量减小;2)施氮量对玉米的光合作用影响不显著,但玉米光合作用随种植密度增加而减弱;3)D₂N₂处理下的玉米产量最高,D₂的籽粒产量和生物产量较D₁分别增加了15.2%和14.5%,N₂的籽粒产量和生物产量较N₃增加了10.9%和4.8%。4)玉米籽粒产量与穗数、穗粒数显著正相关,与百粒重无显著相关关系。因此,在陇中旱农区应用全膜双垄沟播技术种植玉米,密度为5.25万株·hm^-2,施纯氮200 kg·hm^-2左右时,叶片光合作用关系协调,有利于穗数和穗粒数的增加,从而提高玉米籽粒产量。

关键词: 种植密度, 施氮量, 玉米, 产量, 光合特性

Abstract: This research evaluated the effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on maize photosynthetic characteristics, yield and yield components under full film double ridge plastic mulch. The research relied on a field experiment that was set up in 2012 at Dingxi, in the Longzhong region. The experiment used a split plot design, with four planting densities as the main plot factor: 45000 (D₁), 52500 (D₂), 60000 (D₃), 67500 plants·ha^-1 (D₄). The sub plot treatment comprised two nitrogen fertilizer rates: 200 (N₂) and 300 kg N·ha^-1 (N₃). It was found that the leaf area index of maize improved with increase in planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate, while the chlorophyll concentration decreased with increasing planting density. With increased planting density, the photosynthesis rate of maize decreased. Nitrogen fertilizer rates had no significant effect on the photosynthesis of maize. The treatment (D₂N₂) had the highest yield. The grain yield and biomass of D₂ were, respectively, 15.2% and 14.5% higher than D₁, while the grain yield and biomass under N₂ were, respectively, 10.9% and 4.8% higher than those of N₃. There was a significant positive correlation between grain yield and ear number and kernel number, but no significant correlation with hundred-grain weight. Therefore, under double furrow sowing with full film mulch in dryland farming areas of central Gansu, China, a planting density of 52500 plants·ha^-1 and nitrogen fertilizer application of 200 kg N·ha^-1 was found to be optimal for sustainable cultivation of maize. This cultivation regime facilitated leaf photosynthesis, leading to increased numbers of ears and kernels, thus enhancing maize grain yield.

Key words: planting density, nitrogen rates, maize, yield, photosynthetic characteristics

康彩睿, 谢军红, 李玲玲, 王嘉男, 郭喜军, 彭正凯, 王进斌, Setor kwami Fudjoe, 王林林. 种植密度与施氮量对陇中旱农区玉米产量及光合特性的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(5): 141-149.

KANG Cai-rui, XIE Jun-hong, LI Ling-ling, WANG Jia-nan, GUO Xi-jun, PENG Zheng-kai, WANG Jin-bin, Setor kwami Fudjoe, WANG Lin-lin. Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on maize yield and photosynthetic characteristics in arid areas of central Gansu, China[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(5): 141-149.

参考文献

[1] Li S K, Zhao J R, Dong S T, et al. Advances and prospects of maize cultivation in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11): 1941-1959.
李少昆, 赵久然, 董树亭, 等. 中国玉米栽培研究进展与展望. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11): 1941-1959.
[2] Luo Z Z, Niu Y N, Li L L, et al. Soil moisture and alfalfa productivity response from different years of growth on the Loess Plateau of central Gansu. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(1): 31-38.
罗珠珠, 牛伊宁, 李玲玲, 等. 陇中黄土高原不同种植年限苜蓿草地土壤水分及产量响应. 草业学报, 2015, 24(1): 31-38.
[3] Wang H L, Zhang X C, Song S Y, et al. Effects of whole field-surface plastic mulching and planting in furrow on soil temperature, soil moisture, and corn yield in arid area of Gansu Province, northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011, 22(10): 2609-2614.
王红丽, 张绪成, 宋尚有, 等. 旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米的土壤水热效应及其对产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22(10): 2609-2614.
[4] Zhang L, Niu F J, Li X Y, et al. Effects of planting in furrow and whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in autumn on yield index of corn production and water use efficiency in dry land. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010, 26(22): 142-145.
张雷, 牛芬菊, 李小燕, 等. 旱地全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜对玉米产量和水分利用率的影响. 中国农学通报, 2010, 26(22): 142-145.
[5] Xie J H, Chai Q, Li L L, et al. The time loading limitation of continuous cropping maize yield under different plastic film mulching modes in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(8): 1558-1568.
谢军红, 柴强, 李玲玲, 等. 黄土高原半干旱区不同覆膜连作玉米产量的水分承载时限研究. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(8): 1558-1568.
[6] Wang H L, Zhang X C, Song S Y, et al. Regulation of whole field surface plastic mulching and double ridge-furrow planting on seasonal soil water loss and maize yield in rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(5): 917-926.
王红丽, 张绪成, 宋尚有, 等. 西北黄土高原旱地全膜双垄沟播种植对玉米季节性耗水和产量的调节机制. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46(5): 917-926.
[7] Borrás L, Curá J A, Otegui M E, et al. Maize kernel composition and post-flowering source-sink ratio. Crop Science, 2002, 42(3): 781-790.
[8] Chen X, Wu D X, Wang G X, et al. Effect of elevated CO₂ concentration on photosynthesis and antioxidative enzyme activities of wheat plant grown under drought condition. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000, 11(6): 881-884.
陈雄, 吴冬秀, 王根轩, 等. CO₂浓度升高对干旱胁迫下小麦光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响. 应用生态学报, 2000, 11(6): 881-884.
[9] Tollenaar M, Lee E A. Yield potential, yield stability and stress tolerance in maize. Field Crops Research, 2002, 75(2/3): 161-169.
[10] Hu S P, Qing G E, Gao J L, et al. The effects of density on the growth and yield of different hybrids of spring corn. Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and Technology, 2015, 43(2): 1-4, 15.
胡树平, 青格尔, 高聚林, 等. 密度对春玉米不同品种生长发育和产量的影响. 内蒙古农业科技, 2015, 43(2): 1-4, 15.
[11] Feng Y C, Yu Z J, Huo S P, et al. Effects of low nitrogen levels on yield and quality for the different types maize varieties. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2016, 31(S1): 381-387.
冯云超, 余志江, 霍仕平, 等. 低氮对不同类型玉米品种籽粒产量与品质的影响. 华北农学报, 2016, 31(S1): 381-387.
[12] Zhao Y, Tong Y A, Zhao H B. Effect of different N rates on yield of summer maize, fertilizer N recovery and N balance. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2006, (2): 30-33.
赵营, 同延安, 赵护兵. 不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响. 中国土壤与肥料, 2006, (2): 30-33.
[13] Qiu P C, Du Y C, Kong G D, et al. Plant density and nitrogen amount affecting the yield of maize (‘Yidan52’ and ‘Yidan81’). Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2018, 34(1): 13-17.
邱鹏程, 杜永春, 孔国东, 等. 种植密度和施氮量对玉米‘伊单52’和‘伊单81’产量的影响. 中国农学通报, 2018, 34(1): 13-17.
[14] Xiao J B, Sun Z X, Jiang C G, et al. Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on accumulated quantity of dry matter and yield of spring maize in ridge film mulching and furrow seeding. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2017, 25(1): 98-106.
肖继兵, 孙占祥, 蒋春光, 等. 密度和施氮量对垄膜沟播春玉米干物质积累和产量的影响. 玉米科学, 2017, 25(1): 98-106.
[15] Gao T, Li C X, Zhou B Y, et al. Effects of planting density and nitrogen rate on dry matter accumulation and nitrogen utilization efficiency of summer maize. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2017, 25(5): 105-111.
高逖, 李春喜, 周宝元, 等. 种植密度和施氮量耦合对夏玉米干物质积累及氮肥利用率的影响. 玉米科学, 2017, 25(5): 105-111.
[16] Cao S B, Zhang J W, Dong S T, et al. Effects of nitrogen rate and planting density on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of high yield summer maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2012, 18(6): 1343-1353.
曹胜彪, 张吉旺, 董树亭, 等. 施氮量和种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18(6): 1343-1353.
[17] Ren J, Cai Z. Variety characteristic and promotion suggestions of Xianyu 335 maize. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2015, (15): 68-70.
任军, 才卓. 先玉335玉米品种特点及推广建议. 现代农业科技, 2015, (15): 68-70.
[18] Wei S L, Wang Z G, Yu X F, et al. Interaction of nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(3): 382-391.
魏淑丽, 王志刚, 于晓芳, 等. 施氮量和密度互作对玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(3): 382-391.
[19] Cao S B, Zhang J W, Yang J S, et al. Effects of plant density on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the summer maize with high yield. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2012, 20(5): 106-110, 120.
曹胜彪, 张吉旺, 杨今胜, 等. 密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响. 玉米科学, 2012, 20(5): 106-110, 120.
[20] Chen C Y, Hou Y H, Sun R, et al. Effects of planting density on yield performance and density-tolerance analysis for maize hybrids. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2010, 36(7): 1153-1160.
陈传永, 侯玉虹, 孙锐, 等. 密植对不同玉米品种产量性能的影响及其耐密性分析. 作物学报, 2010, 36(7): 1153-1160.
[21] Zhang P L, Guo T W, Liu X W, et al. Effect of plant density and nitrogen application rate on yield, nitrogen and water use efficiencies of spring maize under whole plastic-film mulching and double-furrow sowing. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(4): 579-590.
张平良, 郭天文, 刘晓伟, 等. 密度和施氮量互作对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量、氮素和水分利用效率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(4): 579-590.
[22] Wang C H, Ou X Q, Wang H. Studies on physiology and ecology of zhengdan958 etc. high yield varieties. Seed, 2009, 28(8): 41-44.
王春虎, 欧行奇, 王昊. 玉米郑单958等高产品种的生理生态机理研究. 种子, 2009, 28(8): 41-44.
[23] Shen L X, Wei Y P, Wang P, et al. Effect of nitrogen supply on early kernel development and yield in summer maize (Zea mays L.). Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(11): 1746-1751.
申丽霞, 魏亚萍, 王璞, 等. 施氮对夏玉米顶部籽粒早期发育及产量的影响.作物学报, 2006, 32(11): 1746-1751.
[24] Liu K C, Wang Q C, Zhang X Q, et al. Responses of leaf physiological traits to density and density tolerance of new maize hybrids. Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2000, (1): 9-11.
刘开昌, 王庆成, 张秀清, 等. 玉米叶片生理特性对密度的反应与耐密性. 山东农业科学, 2000, (1): 9-11.
[25] Sang D D, Gao J L, Wang Z G, et al. Study on leaf senescence of super-high yield spring maize during flowering and heading period on different film-covering modes. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2009, 17(5): 77-81.
桑丹丹, 高聚林, 王志刚, 等. 不同覆膜方式下超高产春玉米花粒期叶片衰老特性研究. 玉米科学, 2009, 17(5): 77-81.
[26] Li G. Study on source-sink relations of every yield maize. Changchun: Jilin Agricultural University, 2007.
李刚. 不同产量水平玉米源库关系的研究. 长春: 吉林农业大学, 2007.
[27] Wang Q, Jin Z X, Peng L Q. Effects of nitrogen deposition on leaf physiological and ecological characteristics of Lindera aggregata seedlings. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2012, 23(10): 2766-2772.
王强, 金则新, 彭礼琼. 氮沉降对乌药幼苗生理生态特性的影响. 应用生态学报, 2012, 23(10): 2766-2772.
[28] Wang J B, Xie J H, Li L L, et al. Effects of nitrogen application on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of grain and forage maize in dry farming areas of central Gansu, China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2019, 28(1): 60-69.
王进斌, 谢军红, 李玲玲, 等. 氮肥运筹对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性及产量的影响. 草业学报, 2019, 28(1): 60-69.
[29] Wu W M, Chen H J, Wang S J, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilization application regime on dry matter, nitrogen accumulation and transportation in summer maize under waterlogging at the seedling stage. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2015, 41(8): 1246-1256.
武文明, 陈洪俭, 王世济, 等. 氮肥运筹对苗期受渍夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41(8): 1246-1256.