草业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (11): 130-139.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023030
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
段嘉钰1(), 张博1(), 操君1, 刘书杰1, 崔占鸿2()
收稿日期:
2023-02-01
修回日期:
2023-03-15
出版日期:
2023-11-20
发布日期:
2023-09-27
通讯作者:
崔占鸿
作者简介:
E-mail: cuizhanhong27@126.com基金资助:
Jia-yu DUAN1(), Bo ZHANG1(), Jun CAO1, Shu-jie LIU1, Zhan-hong CUI2()
Received:
2023-02-01
Revised:
2023-03-15
Online:
2023-11-20
Published:
2023-09-27
Contact:
Zhan-hong CUI
摘要:
为探究70~100 kg牦牛犊牛矿物质元素钠、钾、镁的分布规律及其生长需要量。在2020年11月至2021年1月开展试验,历时75 d,预试期15 d,正试期60 d。选取21头体况良好、体重[(60.44±4.59) kg]相近的牦牛犊牛(公),随机分为3组,即初期屠宰组(BL组)、中期屠宰组(M组)和末期屠宰组(F组),3组试验犊牛均饲喂同种饲料自由采食,分别在平均体重73.61、81.96和96.53 kg时屠宰,采集各组织样品称重并记录数据,测定组织中常量矿物质元素钠、钾、镁的含量,并分析犊牛机体矿物质分布规律,建立数学模型对生长需要量进行预测。结果表明:1)随着牦牛犊牛体重不断增加,肉重、内脏(含血液)重、皮重、毛重均显著增加(P<0.05),F组的骨重和脂肪重显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),骨骼生长速度减慢,而肌肉生长速度呈增加的趋势;2)钾在肌肉中分布量最大,在脂肪中的含量较少;钠、镁在骨骼中所占比重较大,其中镁少量分布于脂肪和毛中;3)牦牛犊牛生长后期的钠、钾、镁净生长需要量(NRG)预测公式分别为:NRG=1.0125×EBW-0.0807、NRG=0.8810×EBW0.2650、NRG=0.04567×EBW0.5209。由此可见,以空腹体重(EBW)表示,70~100 kg牦牛犊牛机体中钠、钾、镁的NRG分别为0.73~0.74 g·kg-1 EBW、2.49~2.65 g·kg-1 EBW、0.35~0.40 g·kg-1 EBW。
段嘉钰, 张博, 操君, 刘书杰, 崔占鸿. 70~100 kg牦牛犊牛钠、钾、镁元素分布规律及生长需要量[J]. 草业学报, 2023, 32(11): 130-139.
Jia-yu DUAN, Bo ZHANG, Jun CAO, Shu-jie LIU, Zhan-hong CUI. Distribution of sodium, potassium, and magnesium in 70-100 kg yak calves and the growth requirements for these nutrients[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(11): 130-139.
日粮组成Feeds composition | 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
---|---|---|---|
原料Ingredient | 配比Ratio (%) | 指标Indicators | 含量Content |
苜蓿Alfalfa | 70.00 | 干物质Dry matter (%) | 89.52 |
玉米Corn | 9.00 | 总能Gross energy (MJ·kg-1) | 17.24 |
小麦Wheat | 7.00 | 粗蛋白质Crude protein (%) | 18.87 |
小麦麸Wheat bran | 4.00 | 粗脂肪Ether extract (%) | 2.10 |
豆粕Soybean meal | 3.00 | 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (%) | 55.73 |
菜粕Soybean meal | 5.00 | 酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (%) | 33.86 |
食盐NaCl | 0.50 | 钙Ca (%) | 0.77 |
预混料Premix1) | 1.50 | 磷P (%) | 0.31 |
合计Total | 100.00 | 钠Na (%) | 0.52 |
钾K (%) | 0.78 | ||
镁Mg (%) | 0.26 |
表1 试验日粮组成及营养水平(绝对干物质基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (extremely dry matter basis)
日粮组成Feeds composition | 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
---|---|---|---|
原料Ingredient | 配比Ratio (%) | 指标Indicators | 含量Content |
苜蓿Alfalfa | 70.00 | 干物质Dry matter (%) | 89.52 |
玉米Corn | 9.00 | 总能Gross energy (MJ·kg-1) | 17.24 |
小麦Wheat | 7.00 | 粗蛋白质Crude protein (%) | 18.87 |
小麦麸Wheat bran | 4.00 | 粗脂肪Ether extract (%) | 2.10 |
豆粕Soybean meal | 3.00 | 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (%) | 55.73 |
菜粕Soybean meal | 5.00 | 酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (%) | 33.86 |
食盐NaCl | 0.50 | 钙Ca (%) | 0.77 |
预混料Premix1) | 1.50 | 磷P (%) | 0.31 |
合计Total | 100.00 | 钠Na (%) | 0.52 |
钾K (%) | 0.78 | ||
镁Mg (%) | 0.26 |
项目 Items | 波长 Wave length (nm) | 灯电流 Lamp current (mA) | 负高压 Negative high voltage (V) | 光谱带宽 Spectral bandwidth (nm) | 燃烧器高度 Burner height (mm) | 燃气流量 Gas flow (mL·min-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
钠Na | 589.8 | 2 | 300 | 0.4 | 5.0 | 1600 |
钾K | 766.6 | 2 | 300 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 1700 |
镁Mg | 285.7 | 2 | 300 | 0.4 | 6.0 | 1500 |
表2 常量矿物质元素的原子吸收分光光度计工作条件
Table 2 UV spectrophotometer working conditions of macromineral elements
项目 Items | 波长 Wave length (nm) | 灯电流 Lamp current (mA) | 负高压 Negative high voltage (V) | 光谱带宽 Spectral bandwidth (nm) | 燃烧器高度 Burner height (mm) | 燃气流量 Gas flow (mL·min-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
钠Na | 589.8 | 2 | 300 | 0.4 | 5.0 | 1600 |
钾K | 766.6 | 2 | 300 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 1700 |
镁Mg | 285.7 | 2 | 300 | 0.4 | 6.0 | 1500 |
项目 Items | 线性回归方程 Linear regression equation | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient |
---|---|---|
钠Na | Y=1.3541X+0.0162 | 0.99897 |
钾K | Y=3.7408X-0.0060 | 0.99752 |
镁Mg | Y=1.7647X-0.2409 | 0.99852 |
表3 常量矿物质元素的标准线性回归方程及相关系数
Table 3 Linear regression equations and correlation coefficients of macromineral elements
项目 Items | 线性回归方程 Linear regression equation | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient |
---|---|---|
钠Na | Y=1.3541X+0.0162 | 0.99897 |
钾K | Y=3.7408X-0.0060 | 0.99752 |
镁Mg | Y=1.7647X-0.2409 | 0.99852 |
项目 Items | 分组Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL | M | F | |||
屠宰数 Number of calf (No.) | 5 | 5 | 5 | - | - |
宰前活重 Slaughter body weight (kg) | 70.86c | 79.47b | 90.46a | 5.67 | <0.001 |
空腹体重 Empty body weight (kg) | 59.03c | 70.01b | 73.36a | 4.82 | <0.001 |
胴体重 Carcass weight (kg) | 34.82c | 42.32b | 46.69a | 1.44 | <0.001 |
骨重 Bone weight (kg) | 13.27b | 14.79b | 16.95a | 0.75 | 0.007 |
肉重 Meat weight (kg) | 23.50c | 28.58b | 31.52a | 0.95 | 0.002 |
内脏(含血液)重 Viscera (blood) weight (kg) | 8.84c | 9.53b | 10.68a | 0.24 | <0.001 |
脂肪重 Fat weight (kg) | 2.07b | 2.24b | 2.40a | 0.08 | 0.224 |
皮重 Leather weight (kg) | 4.63c | 5.25b | 5.50a | 0.17 | 0.078 |
毛重 Fleece weight (kg) | 1.16c | 1.21b | 1.37a | 0.03 | <0.001 |
屠宰率 Dressing percentage (%) | 49.00b | 53.20a | 49.20b | 0.01 | <0.001 |
净肉率 Meat percentage (%) | 33.20 | 35.80 | 33.40 | 0.84 | 0.083 |
胴体净肉率 Meat percentage of carcass (%) | 67.40 | 67.60 | 67.60 | 0.07 | 0.991 |
肉骨比 Ratio of meat to bone | 2.15 | 2.52 | 2.31 | 0.11 | 0.067 |
表4 不同生长体重牦牛犊牛的屠宰性能
Table 4 Slaughter performance of yak calves with different growth weights
项目 Items | 分组Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL | M | F | |||
屠宰数 Number of calf (No.) | 5 | 5 | 5 | - | - |
宰前活重 Slaughter body weight (kg) | 70.86c | 79.47b | 90.46a | 5.67 | <0.001 |
空腹体重 Empty body weight (kg) | 59.03c | 70.01b | 73.36a | 4.82 | <0.001 |
胴体重 Carcass weight (kg) | 34.82c | 42.32b | 46.69a | 1.44 | <0.001 |
骨重 Bone weight (kg) | 13.27b | 14.79b | 16.95a | 0.75 | 0.007 |
肉重 Meat weight (kg) | 23.50c | 28.58b | 31.52a | 0.95 | 0.002 |
内脏(含血液)重 Viscera (blood) weight (kg) | 8.84c | 9.53b | 10.68a | 0.24 | <0.001 |
脂肪重 Fat weight (kg) | 2.07b | 2.24b | 2.40a | 0.08 | 0.224 |
皮重 Leather weight (kg) | 4.63c | 5.25b | 5.50a | 0.17 | 0.078 |
毛重 Fleece weight (kg) | 1.16c | 1.21b | 1.37a | 0.03 | <0.001 |
屠宰率 Dressing percentage (%) | 49.00b | 53.20a | 49.20b | 0.01 | <0.001 |
净肉率 Meat percentage (%) | 33.20 | 35.80 | 33.40 | 0.84 | 0.083 |
胴体净肉率 Meat percentage of carcass (%) | 67.40 | 67.60 | 67.60 | 0.07 | 0.991 |
肉骨比 Ratio of meat to bone | 2.15 | 2.52 | 2.31 | 0.11 | 0.067 |
项目 Items | 分组 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL | M | F | |||
骨Bone | 51.17 | 51.99 | 53.02 | 0.60 | 0.480 |
肉Meat | 29.42 | 28.22 | 29.57 | 0.36 | 0.266 |
内脏(含血液)Viscera (blood) | 28.14 | 29.19 | 29.47 | 0.28 | 0.114 |
脂肪Fat | 74.64b | 79.13a | 81.32a | 0.98 | 0.006 |
皮Leather | 37.48b | 39.35a | 37.76b | 0.31 | 0.015 |
表5 不同生长体重阶段牦牛犊牛各组织中干物质含量
Table 5 Dry matter content in each tissue of yak calves at different growth weight stages (%)
项目 Items | 分组 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL | M | F | |||
骨Bone | 51.17 | 51.99 | 53.02 | 0.60 | 0.480 |
肉Meat | 29.42 | 28.22 | 29.57 | 0.36 | 0.266 |
内脏(含血液)Viscera (blood) | 28.14 | 29.19 | 29.47 | 0.28 | 0.114 |
脂肪Fat | 74.64b | 79.13a | 81.32a | 0.98 | 0.006 |
皮Leather | 37.48b | 39.35a | 37.76b | 0.31 | 0.015 |
分组 Groups | 体组织 Tissues | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
骨骼 Bone | 肉 Meat | 皮 Leather | 内脏(含血液) Viscera (blood included) | 脂肪 Fat | 毛 Hair | 总量 Total | |
BL (g·kg-1) | 33.97b | 18.86c | 8.98c | 12.06 | 1.17b | 1.57c | 76.60c |
占比 Percentage (%) | 44.35 | 24.62 | 11.72 | 15.74 | 1.53 | 2.05 | |
M (g·kg-1) | 37.65b | 23.60b | 11.07b | 11.08 | 1.31ab | 2.73b | 87.44b |
占比 Percentage (%) | 43.06 | 26.99 | 12.66 | 12.67 | 1.50 | 3.12 | |
F (g·kg-1) | 47.84a | 26.94a | 11.08a | 12.51 | 1.45a | 3.43a | 103.25a |
占比 Percentage (%) | 46.33 | 26.09 | 10.73 | 12.12 | 1.40 | 3.32 | |
占比均值 Mean percentage (%) | 44.58 | 25.90 | 11.70 | 13.51 | 1.48 | 2.83 | |
SEM | 2.01 | 1.05 | 1.56 | 0.29 | 0.65 | 0.41 |
表6 钠在牦牛犊牛体组织中的分布
Table 6 Sodium distribution of body tissue in yak calves
分组 Groups | 体组织 Tissues | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
骨骼 Bone | 肉 Meat | 皮 Leather | 内脏(含血液) Viscera (blood included) | 脂肪 Fat | 毛 Hair | 总量 Total | |
BL (g·kg-1) | 33.97b | 18.86c | 8.98c | 12.06 | 1.17b | 1.57c | 76.60c |
占比 Percentage (%) | 44.35 | 24.62 | 11.72 | 15.74 | 1.53 | 2.05 | |
M (g·kg-1) | 37.65b | 23.60b | 11.07b | 11.08 | 1.31ab | 2.73b | 87.44b |
占比 Percentage (%) | 43.06 | 26.99 | 12.66 | 12.67 | 1.50 | 3.12 | |
F (g·kg-1) | 47.84a | 26.94a | 11.08a | 12.51 | 1.45a | 3.43a | 103.25a |
占比 Percentage (%) | 46.33 | 26.09 | 10.73 | 12.12 | 1.40 | 3.32 | |
占比均值 Mean percentage (%) | 44.58 | 25.90 | 11.70 | 13.51 | 1.48 | 2.83 | |
SEM | 2.01 | 1.05 | 1.56 | 0.29 | 0.65 | 0.41 |
分组 Groups | 体组织 Tissues | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
骨骼 Bone | 肉 Meat | 皮 Leather | 内脏(含血液) Viscera (blood included) | 脂肪 Fat | 毛 Hair | 总量 Total | |
BL (g·kg-1) | 21.73b | 70.58b | 7.43c | 15.99b | 1.51b | 4.91b | 122.15c |
占比 Percentage (%) | 17.79 | 57.78 | 6.08 | 13.09 | 1.24 | 4.02 | |
M (g·kg-1) | 24.78b | 82.35b | 9.17b | 18.17b | 1.42ab | 5.15b | 141.04b |
占比 Percentage (%) | 17.57 | 58.39 | 6.50 | 12.88 | 1.01 | 3.65 | |
F (g·kg-1) | 31.82a | 97.61a | 10.34a | 21.77a | 1.91a | 6.52a | 169.95a |
占比 Percentage (%) | 18.72 | 57.43 | 6.08 | 12.81 | 1.12 | 3.84 | |
占比均值 Mean percentage (%) | 18.03 | 57.87 | 6.22 | 12.93 | 1.12 | 3.84 | |
SEM | 1.49 | 3.93 | 0.37 | 0.78 | 0.08 | 0.22 |
表7 钾在牦牛犊牛体组织中的分布
Table 7 Potassium distribution of body tissue in yak calves
分组 Groups | 体组织 Tissues | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
骨骼 Bone | 肉 Meat | 皮 Leather | 内脏(含血液) Viscera (blood included) | 脂肪 Fat | 毛 Hair | 总量 Total | |
BL (g·kg-1) | 21.73b | 70.58b | 7.43c | 15.99b | 1.51b | 4.91b | 122.15c |
占比 Percentage (%) | 17.79 | 57.78 | 6.08 | 13.09 | 1.24 | 4.02 | |
M (g·kg-1) | 24.78b | 82.35b | 9.17b | 18.17b | 1.42ab | 5.15b | 141.04b |
占比 Percentage (%) | 17.57 | 58.39 | 6.50 | 12.88 | 1.01 | 3.65 | |
F (g·kg-1) | 31.82a | 97.61a | 10.34a | 21.77a | 1.91a | 6.52a | 169.95a |
占比 Percentage (%) | 18.72 | 57.43 | 6.08 | 12.81 | 1.12 | 3.84 | |
占比均值 Mean percentage (%) | 18.03 | 57.87 | 6.22 | 12.93 | 1.12 | 3.84 | |
SEM | 1.49 | 3.93 | 0.37 | 0.78 | 0.08 | 0.22 |
分组 Groups | 体组织 Tissues | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
骨骼 Bone | 肉 Meat | 皮 Leather | 内脏(含血液) Viscera (blood included) | 脂肪 Fat | 毛 Hair | 总量 Total | |
BL (g·kg-1) | 9.58b | 4.00b | 0.21b | 0.46b | 0.05 | 0.35c | 14.66c |
占比 Percentage (%) | 65.35 | 27.29 | 1.43 | 3.14 | 0.37 | 2.39 | |
M (g·kg-1) | 11.95a | 4.71ab | 0.39a | 0.63a | 0.06 | 0.79b | 18.53b |
占比 Percentage (%) | 64.49 | 25.42 | 2.10 | 3.40 | 0.31 | 5.84 | |
F (g·kg-1) | 14.11a | 5.38a | 0.37a | 0.70a | 0.05 | 1.24a | 21.87a |
占比 Percentage (%) | 64.52 | 24.60 | 1.69 | 3.20 | 0.24 | 5.67 | |
占比均值 Mean percentage (%) | 64.79 | 25.77 | 1.74 | 3.25 | 0.31 | 4.63 | |
SEM | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
表8 镁在牦牛犊牛体组织中的分布
Table 8 Magnesium distribution of body tissue in yak calves
分组 Groups | 体组织 Tissues | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
骨骼 Bone | 肉 Meat | 皮 Leather | 内脏(含血液) Viscera (blood included) | 脂肪 Fat | 毛 Hair | 总量 Total | |
BL (g·kg-1) | 9.58b | 4.00b | 0.21b | 0.46b | 0.05 | 0.35c | 14.66c |
占比 Percentage (%) | 65.35 | 27.29 | 1.43 | 3.14 | 0.37 | 2.39 | |
M (g·kg-1) | 11.95a | 4.71ab | 0.39a | 0.63a | 0.06 | 0.79b | 18.53b |
占比 Percentage (%) | 64.49 | 25.42 | 2.10 | 3.40 | 0.31 | 5.84 | |
F (g·kg-1) | 14.11a | 5.38a | 0.37a | 0.70a | 0.05 | 1.24a | 21.87a |
占比 Percentage (%) | 64.52 | 24.60 | 1.69 | 3.20 | 0.24 | 5.67 | |
占比均值 Mean percentage (%) | 64.79 | 25.77 | 1.74 | 3.25 | 0.31 | 4.63 | |
SEM | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
项目Items | 异速回归方程 Allometric regression equation | R2 | P值 P-value |
---|---|---|---|
SBW | SBW=7.0063+0.8718?BW | 0.9732 | P<0.001 |
EBW | EBW=7.9615+0.7414?SBW | 0.8927 | P<0.001 |
钠Na | LgNa=-0.0283+1.0807×LgEBW | 0.7135 | P<0.001 |
钾K | LgK=-0.1571+1.2650×LgEBW | 0.7070 | P<0.001 |
镁Mg | LgMg=-1.5225+1.5209×LgEBW | 0.7115 | P<0.001 |
表9 牦牛犊牛体内常量矿物质含量与空腹体重异速回归关系
Table 9 Allometric regression relationship between macromineral content and fasting body weight in yak calves
项目Items | 异速回归方程 Allometric regression equation | R2 | P值 P-value |
---|---|---|---|
SBW | SBW=7.0063+0.8718?BW | 0.9732 | P<0.001 |
EBW | EBW=7.9615+0.7414?SBW | 0.8927 | P<0.001 |
钠Na | LgNa=-0.0283+1.0807×LgEBW | 0.7135 | P<0.001 |
钾K | LgK=-0.1571+1.2650×LgEBW | 0.7070 | P<0.001 |
镁Mg | LgMg=-1.5225+1.5209×LgEBW | 0.7115 | P<0.001 |
项目 Items | 体重 BW | 方程 Equation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
70 kg | 80 kg | 90 kg | ||
EBW (kg) | 50.44 | 56.91 | 63.37 | |
Na (g·kg-1 EBW) | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.73 | NRG=1.0125×EBW-0.0807 |
K (g·kg-1 EBW) | 2.49 | 2.57 | 2.65 | NRG=0.8810×EBW0.2650 |
Mg (g·kg-1 EBW) | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.40 | NRG=0.04567×EBW0.5209 |
表10 牦牛犊牛生长后期常量矿物质净生长需要量预测值
Table 10 Net macromineral requirements for growth (NRG) of yak calves in different growing periods
项目 Items | 体重 BW | 方程 Equation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
70 kg | 80 kg | 90 kg | ||
EBW (kg) | 50.44 | 56.91 | 63.37 | |
Na (g·kg-1 EBW) | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.73 | NRG=1.0125×EBW-0.0807 |
K (g·kg-1 EBW) | 2.49 | 2.57 | 2.65 | NRG=0.8810×EBW0.2650 |
Mg (g·kg-1 EBW) | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.40 | NRG=0.04567×EBW0.5209 |
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