草业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (11): 119-129.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022494
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
吴刀知才让1(), 裴成芳2, 马志远3, 刘红山1, 曹旭亮1, 刘虎1, 周建伟1()
收稿日期:
2022-12-22
修回日期:
2023-03-14
出版日期:
2023-11-20
发布日期:
2023-09-27
通讯作者:
周建伟
作者简介:
E-mail: zhoujw@lzu.edu.cn基金资助:
Dao zhi cai rang WU1(), Cheng-fang PEI2, Zhi-yuan MA3, Hong-shan LIU1, Xu-liang CAO1, Hu LIU1, Jian-wei ZHOU1()
Received:
2022-12-22
Revised:
2023-03-14
Online:
2023-11-20
Published:
2023-09-27
Contact:
Jian-wei ZHOU
摘要:
通过燕麦干草不同饲喂水平来模拟传统养殖模式下牦牛采食量季节性变化的生产现状,旨在探究其日增重、血液生理生化指标及瘤胃发酵参数对饲喂水平的响应规律,以期为青藏高原牦牛的科学养殖提供一定的理论依据与数据支撑。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选取3.5岁、体重[(203.0±6.0) kg]和体况相近的健康去势牦牛6头,额外的2头试验动物作为其中一列拉丁方序列的生物学重复。根据模拟放牧牦牛不同季节采食量变化情况将燕麦干草饲喂水平分别设置为0.45、0.60、0.75及0.90 VI(voluntary intake, 自由采食),进而开展饲养试验。结果表明:1)牦牛日增重(ADG)随着燕麦干草饲喂水平的升高而线性增加(P<0.001),利用ADG(Y)与代谢能(ME, X)摄入量可建立拟合方程Y=973X-513 (R2=0.727),并据此估测得到牦牛的能量维持需要量为0.527 MJ·kg-1·BW-0.75·d-1;2)随着燕麦干草饲喂水平的升高,血液中红细胞数(RBC)线性降低(P<0.05),而血小板数(PLT)线性增加(P=0.05),其余血液生理指标不受影响(P≥0.10);3)牦牛血清尿素氮(BUN)与生长激素(GH)浓度随着燕麦干草饲喂水平升高而线性增加(P<0.05),但葡萄糖(GLU)浓度却线性降低(P<0.05);同时,胰岛素(INS)浓度随饲喂水平升高而呈升高的趋势(P=0.091),但β-羟基丁酸(BHBA)却呈降低的趋势(P=0.063);4)随着燕麦干草饲喂水平的升高,瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFAs)、乙酸和丁酸浓度线性增加(P<0.05),pH线性降低(P<0.05),而丙酸具有上升的趋势(P=0.093)。以上研究结果表明,牦牛血液生理生化参数与瘤胃发酵性能均在不同程度上受牧草饲喂水平的影响,最终又决定了其生产效率的高低。在本试验条件下,根据估算的牦牛维持代谢能需要量,燕麦干草干物质采食量至少在50.7 g·kg-1·BW-0.75·d-1时,其才能达到保膘或增重之目的。
吴刀知才让, 裴成芳, 马志远, 刘红山, 曹旭亮, 刘虎, 周建伟. 燕麦干草不同饲喂水平对牦牛日增重、血液生理生化指标及瘤胃发酵参数的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2023, 32(11): 119-129.
Dao zhi cai rang WU, Cheng-fang PEI, Zhi-yuan MA, Hong-shan LIU, Xu-liang CAO, Hu LIU, Jian-wei ZHOU. Effect of feed level of oat hay on average daily gain, blood physiological and biochemical indexes, and rumen fermentation parameters in yaks[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(11): 119-129.
项目Items | 含量Content |
---|---|
干物质Dry matter (DM, %) | 91.70 |
有机物Organic matter (OM, %) | 86.80 |
粗蛋白Crude protein (CP, %) | 10.10 |
粗脂肪Ether extract (EE, %) | 4.51 |
中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %) | 62.20 |
酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (ADF, %) | 36.40 |
钙Calcium (Ca, %) | 0.41 |
磷Phosphorus (P, %) | 0.19 |
总能Gross energy (GE, MJ | 17.61 |
表1 燕麦干草化学成分与营养水平(风干基础)
Table 1 The chemical composition and nutrients content of oat hay (air-dry basis)
项目Items | 含量Content |
---|---|
干物质Dry matter (DM, %) | 91.70 |
有机物Organic matter (OM, %) | 86.80 |
粗蛋白Crude protein (CP, %) | 10.10 |
粗脂肪Ether extract (EE, %) | 4.51 |
中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %) | 62.20 |
酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (ADF, %) | 36.40 |
钙Calcium (Ca, %) | 0.41 |
磷Phosphorus (P, %) | 0.19 |
总能Gross energy (GE, MJ | 17.61 |
项目 Items | 指标 Index | 燕麦干草饲喂水平 Feed level of oat hay (VI) | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.45 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
血液免疫细胞 Blood immune cells | 白细胞数White blood cell (WBC, ×109 No. | 7.71 | 8.73 | 8.78 | 8.01 | 0.872 | 0.413 | 0.242 |
中性粒细胞数Neutrophil count (NEUT, ×109 No. | 5.80 | 2.56 | 3.60 | 2.83 | 0.729 | 0.285 | 0.386 | |
淋巴细胞数Lymphocyte number (LYM, ×109 No. | 2.79 | 0.67 | 2.22 | 1.98 | 0.921 | 0.613 | 0.375 | |
红细胞与血红蛋白 Red blood cells and hemoglobin | 红细胞数Red blood cell (RBC, ×1012 No. | 6.16 | 5.87 | 5.36 | 5.45 | 0.149 | 0.040 | 0.699 |
血红蛋白Hemoglobin (HGB, g | 109.76 | 105.67 | 105.67 | 104.60 | 4.145 | 0.443 | 0.526 | |
红细胞压积Hematocrit (HCT, %) | 32.13 | 31.12 | 31.15 | 30.72 | 1.418 | 0.570 | 0.507 | |
红细胞平均体积Mean red blood cell volume (MCV, fL) | 53.10 | 53.25 | 53.12 | 52.95 | 1.578 | 0.738 | 0.859 | |
平均血红蛋白量Mean hemoglobin (MCH, pg) | 18.10 | 18.05 | 18.05 | 18.40 | 0.447 | 0.473 | 0.557 | |
平均血红蛋白浓度Mean hemoglobin concentration (MCHC, g | 341.50 | 339.33 | 340.50 | 348.17 | 4.911 | 0.500 | 0.470 | |
红细胞体积分布宽度 Red blood corpuscular volume distribution width (R-CV, %) | 20.78 | 20.60 | 21.12 | 21.23 | 0.362 | 0.637 | 0.786 | |
红细胞分布宽度Red blood cell distribution width (R-SD, fL) | 48.18 | 47.58 | 48.78 | 48.93 | 1.746 | 0.680 | 0.795 | |
血小板 Blood platelet | 血小板数Platelet (PLT, ×109 No. | 140.00 | 237.80 | 247.25 | 292.50 | 12.557 | 0.050 | 0.017 |
平均血小板体积Mean platelet volume (MPV, fL) | 6.78 | 6.72 | 6.80 | 6.73 | 0.228 | 0.727 | 0.361 | |
血小板分布宽度Platelet distribution width (PDW, fL) | 15.20 | 15.08 | 15.20 | 15.23 | 0.129 | 0.727 | 0.823 | |
血小板压积Platelet hematocrit (PCT, %) | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.027 | 0.481 | 0.519 |
表2 燕麦干草饲喂水平对牦牛血液生理指标的影响
Table 2 Effect of feed level of oat hay on blood physiological parameters in yaks
项目 Items | 指标 Index | 燕麦干草饲喂水平 Feed level of oat hay (VI) | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.45 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
血液免疫细胞 Blood immune cells | 白细胞数White blood cell (WBC, ×109 No. | 7.71 | 8.73 | 8.78 | 8.01 | 0.872 | 0.413 | 0.242 |
中性粒细胞数Neutrophil count (NEUT, ×109 No. | 5.80 | 2.56 | 3.60 | 2.83 | 0.729 | 0.285 | 0.386 | |
淋巴细胞数Lymphocyte number (LYM, ×109 No. | 2.79 | 0.67 | 2.22 | 1.98 | 0.921 | 0.613 | 0.375 | |
红细胞与血红蛋白 Red blood cells and hemoglobin | 红细胞数Red blood cell (RBC, ×1012 No. | 6.16 | 5.87 | 5.36 | 5.45 | 0.149 | 0.040 | 0.699 |
血红蛋白Hemoglobin (HGB, g | 109.76 | 105.67 | 105.67 | 104.60 | 4.145 | 0.443 | 0.526 | |
红细胞压积Hematocrit (HCT, %) | 32.13 | 31.12 | 31.15 | 30.72 | 1.418 | 0.570 | 0.507 | |
红细胞平均体积Mean red blood cell volume (MCV, fL) | 53.10 | 53.25 | 53.12 | 52.95 | 1.578 | 0.738 | 0.859 | |
平均血红蛋白量Mean hemoglobin (MCH, pg) | 18.10 | 18.05 | 18.05 | 18.40 | 0.447 | 0.473 | 0.557 | |
平均血红蛋白浓度Mean hemoglobin concentration (MCHC, g | 341.50 | 339.33 | 340.50 | 348.17 | 4.911 | 0.500 | 0.470 | |
红细胞体积分布宽度 Red blood corpuscular volume distribution width (R-CV, %) | 20.78 | 20.60 | 21.12 | 21.23 | 0.362 | 0.637 | 0.786 | |
红细胞分布宽度Red blood cell distribution width (R-SD, fL) | 48.18 | 47.58 | 48.78 | 48.93 | 1.746 | 0.680 | 0.795 | |
血小板 Blood platelet | 血小板数Platelet (PLT, ×109 No. | 140.00 | 237.80 | 247.25 | 292.50 | 12.557 | 0.050 | 0.017 |
平均血小板体积Mean platelet volume (MPV, fL) | 6.78 | 6.72 | 6.80 | 6.73 | 0.228 | 0.727 | 0.361 | |
血小板分布宽度Platelet distribution width (PDW, fL) | 15.20 | 15.08 | 15.20 | 15.23 | 0.129 | 0.727 | 0.823 | |
血小板压积Platelet hematocrit (PCT, %) | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.027 | 0.481 | 0.519 |
项目 Items | 指标 Index | 燕麦干草饲喂水平Feed level of oat hay (VI) | 标准误 SEM | P值P-values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.45 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 线性Linear | 二次Quadratic | |||
血清生化指标 Serum biochemical parameters | 总蛋白Total protein (TP, g | 64.25 | 59.96 | 62.86 | 66.74 | 3.796 | 0.690 | 0.262 |
白蛋白Albumin (ALB, g | 39.29 | 38.50 | 39.04 | 45.52 | 2.745 | 0.434 | 0.212 | |
球蛋白Globulin (GLB, g | 24.96 | 21.46 | 23.82 | 21.22 | 4.326 | 0.874 | 0.853 | |
尿素氮Urea nitrogen (BUN, mmol | 5.16 | 5.21 | 6.19 | 6.46 | 0.260 | 0.023 | 0.579 | |
葡萄糖Glucose (GLU, mmol | 5.52 | 5.23 | 5.01 | 4.36 | 0.366 | 0.035 | 0.566 | |
甘油三酯Triacylglycerol (TG, mmol | 2.08 | 1.82 | 1.88 | 1.86 | 0.079 | 0.616 | 0.078 | |
游离脂肪酸Free fatty acid (FFA, μmol | 727.16 | 665.53 | 653.44 | 641.36 | 28.702 | 0.809 | 0.585 | |
β-羟基丁酸β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA, μmol | 282.02 | 264.21 | 261.91 | 238.36 | 16.904 | 0.063 | 0.709 | |
血清激素水平 Serum hormone status | 胰岛素Insulin (INS, mIU | 19.85 | 20.35 | 21.03 | 21.76 | 0.497 | 0.091 | 0.850 |
胰高血糖素Glucagon (GC, pg | 379.58 | 368.94 | 349.97 | 340.66 | 22.702 | 0.714 | 0.979 | |
瘦素Leptin (ng | 17.08 | 17.35 | 17.34 | 17.12 | 0.214 | 0.786 | 0.574 | |
生长激素Growth hormone (GH, ng | 12.34 | 12.72 | 13.16 | 13.28 | 0.114 | <0.001 | 0.202 |
表3 燕麦干草饲喂水平对牦牛血清生化与激素指标的影响
Table 3 Effect of feed level of oat hay on serum biochemical and hormone parameters in yaks
项目 Items | 指标 Index | 燕麦干草饲喂水平Feed level of oat hay (VI) | 标准误 SEM | P值P-values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.45 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 线性Linear | 二次Quadratic | |||
血清生化指标 Serum biochemical parameters | 总蛋白Total protein (TP, g | 64.25 | 59.96 | 62.86 | 66.74 | 3.796 | 0.690 | 0.262 |
白蛋白Albumin (ALB, g | 39.29 | 38.50 | 39.04 | 45.52 | 2.745 | 0.434 | 0.212 | |
球蛋白Globulin (GLB, g | 24.96 | 21.46 | 23.82 | 21.22 | 4.326 | 0.874 | 0.853 | |
尿素氮Urea nitrogen (BUN, mmol | 5.16 | 5.21 | 6.19 | 6.46 | 0.260 | 0.023 | 0.579 | |
葡萄糖Glucose (GLU, mmol | 5.52 | 5.23 | 5.01 | 4.36 | 0.366 | 0.035 | 0.566 | |
甘油三酯Triacylglycerol (TG, mmol | 2.08 | 1.82 | 1.88 | 1.86 | 0.079 | 0.616 | 0.078 | |
游离脂肪酸Free fatty acid (FFA, μmol | 727.16 | 665.53 | 653.44 | 641.36 | 28.702 | 0.809 | 0.585 | |
β-羟基丁酸β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA, μmol | 282.02 | 264.21 | 261.91 | 238.36 | 16.904 | 0.063 | 0.709 | |
血清激素水平 Serum hormone status | 胰岛素Insulin (INS, mIU | 19.85 | 20.35 | 21.03 | 21.76 | 0.497 | 0.091 | 0.850 |
胰高血糖素Glucagon (GC, pg | 379.58 | 368.94 | 349.97 | 340.66 | 22.702 | 0.714 | 0.979 | |
瘦素Leptin (ng | 17.08 | 17.35 | 17.34 | 17.12 | 0.214 | 0.786 | 0.574 | |
生长激素Growth hormone (GH, ng | 12.34 | 12.72 | 13.16 | 13.28 | 0.114 | <0.001 | 0.202 |
项目 Items | 燕麦干草饲喂水平Feed level of oat hay (VI) | 标准误 SEM | P值P-values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.45 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 线性Linear | 二次Quadratic | ||
pH | 7.15 | 6.97 | 6.86 | 6.78 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.618 |
氨态氮Ammonia-N (NH3-N, mg | 8.28 | 8.30 | 8.32 | 7.61 | 0.762 | 0.618 | 0.721 |
总挥发性脂肪酸Total volatile fatty acid (TVFAs, mmol | 46.38 | 47.78 | 54.48 | 53.98 | 1.865 | <0.010 | 0.890 |
乙酸Acetate (mmol | 33.99 | 34.81 | 39.07 | 38.47 | 1.409 | 0.021 | 0.865 |
丙酸Propionate (mmol | 6.67 | 6.64 | 7.73 | 7.60 | 0.330 | 0.093 | 0.624 |
丁酸Butyrate (mmol | 3.95 | 4.40 | 5.63 | 5.78 | 0.263 | <0.001 | 0.710 |
异位酸Isoacids (Iso-VFAs, mmol | 1.78 | 1.92 | 2.04 | 2.13 | 0.112 | 0.190 | 0.645 |
乙酸/丙酸Acetate/propionate | 5.13 | 5.24 | 5.09 | 5.06 | 0.111 | 0.966 | 0.529 |
表4 燕麦干草饲喂水平对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
Table 4 Effect of feed level of oat hay on rumen fermentation parameters in yaks
项目 Items | 燕麦干草饲喂水平Feed level of oat hay (VI) | 标准误 SEM | P值P-values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.45 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 线性Linear | 二次Quadratic | ||
pH | 7.15 | 6.97 | 6.86 | 6.78 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.618 |
氨态氮Ammonia-N (NH3-N, mg | 8.28 | 8.30 | 8.32 | 7.61 | 0.762 | 0.618 | 0.721 |
总挥发性脂肪酸Total volatile fatty acid (TVFAs, mmol | 46.38 | 47.78 | 54.48 | 53.98 | 1.865 | <0.010 | 0.890 |
乙酸Acetate (mmol | 33.99 | 34.81 | 39.07 | 38.47 | 1.409 | 0.021 | 0.865 |
丙酸Propionate (mmol | 6.67 | 6.64 | 7.73 | 7.60 | 0.330 | 0.093 | 0.624 |
丁酸Butyrate (mmol | 3.95 | 4.40 | 5.63 | 5.78 | 0.263 | <0.001 | 0.710 |
异位酸Isoacids (Iso-VFAs, mmol | 1.78 | 1.92 | 2.04 | 2.13 | 0.112 | 0.190 | 0.645 |
乙酸/丙酸Acetate/propionate | 5.13 | 5.24 | 5.09 | 5.06 | 0.111 | 0.966 | 0.529 |
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