耕作方式与长期定位施肥对雨养农田冬小麦产量的调控效应

doi:10.11686/cyxb2017310

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了明确西北黄土高原半湿润偏旱区耕作方式与长期定位施肥对冬小麦产量的调控效应,以设在半湿润偏旱区连续12年的耕作与肥料长期定位试验为平台,采用裂区设计,以传统耕作和免耕耕作为主处理,不施肥(CK)、单施无机氮肥(N)、单施无机磷肥(P)、单施有机肥(M)、无机氮磷肥配施(NP)、有机无机肥配施(NMP)为副处理,栽培制度为1年春玉米-3年冬小麦轮作,研究耕作及施肥措施对冬小麦产量的影响及其在生产年型间的变化关系。结果表明,不同年型及耕作方式均以有机无机配施冬小麦产量最高,有机肥单施高于化肥单施,磷肥单施高于氮肥单施。耕作方式间表现为传统耕作高于免耕耕作,年型间表现为丰水年>平水年>干旱年,耕作和施肥方式的增产效果以干旱年最好,平水年和丰水年差异不显著。有机无机配施与传统耕作结合优化了冬小麦冠层温度、叶绿素相对含量等生理指标,提高了光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率,因而改善了有效穗、穗粒数和千粒重等产量性状而使冬小麦增产。在550 mm左右降水量的陇东旱塬雨养农业区,无论何种耕作方式及生产年型,长期采用有机无机或无机氮磷肥配施均表现出持续提高冬小麦产量的良好作用。因此,有机无机配施结合传统耕作是提高陇东半湿润偏旱区冬小麦产量的最佳耕作栽培模式。

关键词: 长期定位施肥, 耕作方式, 有机肥, 化肥, 产量, 生理指标

Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine the effect of tillage method and long-term fertilization on yield of winter wheat in semi humid and semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau. The study was based on a long-term experiment of tillage and fertilizer conducted for 12 years. A split-plot design was adopted for the experiment, traditional tillage and no tillage were set as the main treatments, and 6 fertilizer treatments [control check (CK), nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), manure (M), nitrogen and phosphate (NP), & nitrogen and phosphate and manure (NMP)] as the sub-treatments. The cultivation system comprised a rotation of 1 year in maize and 3 years winter wheat. Highest wheat yields were produced by application of inorganic and organic fertilizers (NMP). Wheat yields after manure application (M) were significantly higher than NP chemical fertilizer application while the yield from N application was significantly higher than that of P. Under same fertilizer treatments, traditional tillage treatments had higher grain yields than no tillage treatments; yield were highest in high rainfall years, intermediate in normal rainfall years and lowest in dry years. In dry years the increased yields of cultivation and fertilization treatment was significantly higher than wet and normal years, while no significance was found between wet year and normal year. The combination of traditional tillage and NMP fertilizer optimized the canopy temperature and increased the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, increasing key yield components including number of productive spikes, grain number per spike and 1000 grain weight and resulting in increased yields. In the arid rain-fed planting areas of Eastern Gansu Province (mean rainfall of 550 mm·annumal^-1), the long-term use of organic and inorganic fertilizer or a combined application of N & P had a positive effect on crop yields under traditional tillage, no tillage systems and different years. The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers was the best strategy for enhancing winter wheat yields in semi humid and semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau, eastern Gansu.

Key words: long-term located application, tillage method, organic manure, chemical fertilizer, yield, physiological index

张建军, 樊廷录, 赵刚, 党翼, 王磊, 王勇, 李尚中, 程万莉. 耕作方式与长期定位施肥对雨养农田冬小麦产量的调控效应[J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(7): 175-186.

ZHANG Jian-jun, FAN Ting-lu, ZHAO Gang, DANG Yi, WANG Lei, WANG Yong, LI Shang-zhong, CHENG Wan-li. Effects of tillage system and long term fertilizer application on winter wheat yields[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(7): 175-186.

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