耕作方式和秸秆覆盖对旱地麦豆轮作下小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2017439

草业学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (9): 34-44.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2017439

耕作方式和秸秆覆盖对旱地麦豆轮作下小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

黄明¹, 吴金芝^{1, *}, 李友军^{1, *}, 王贺正¹, 付国占¹, 陈明灿¹, 李学来², 马俊利³

1.河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471003;
2.河南省洛宁县农业局农广校,河南洛宁 471799;
3.河南省孟津县农产品质量安全检测站,河南孟津 471199

收稿日期:2017-10-24 修回日期:2018-03-19 出版日期:2018-09-20 发布日期:2018-09-20
通讯作者: E-mail: yywujz@126.com, kdlyj@sina.com
作者简介:黄明(1980-),男,河南新县人,讲师,博士。E-mail: huangming_2003@126.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300400),河南省重点科技攻关基金项目(102102110030)和河南科技大学博士科研启动基金项目(13480070,13480082)资助

Effects of tillage method and straw mulching on grain yield and protein content in wheat and soil nitrate residue under a winter wheat and summer soybean crop rotation in drylands

HUANG Ming¹, WU Jin-zhi^{1, *}, LI You-jun^{1, *}, WANG He-zheng¹, FU Guo-zhan¹, CHEN Ming-can¹, LI Xue-lai², MA Jun-li³

1.School of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China;
2.Agriculture Extension School of Agriculture Bureau of Luoning County in Henan Province, Luoning 471799, China;
3.Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Inspection Station of Mengjin County in Henan Province, Mengjin 471199, China

Received:2017-10-24 Revised:2018-03-19 Online:2018-09-20 Published:2018-09-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为明确耕作方式和秸秆覆盖对旱地麦豆轮作下小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,2014年10月-2016年6月,利用设置在豫西典型旱作区的麦豆轮作栽培模式长期定位试验,选取传统翻耕、翻耕覆盖、旋耕和旋耕覆盖4个处理,比较了小麦氮素吸收利用、籽粒产量、蛋白质含量以及土壤硝态氮残留量。结果表明,与翻耕相比,旋耕不影响小麦产量,但花后氮素积累量、籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量分别降低60.0%、8.6%和13.0%,而成熟期0~200 cm土层硝态氮残留量显著提高28.6%。同一耕作方式下,秸秆覆盖较无覆盖不仅显著提高了穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和收获指数,还提高了拔节前和开花后的氮素积累量,促进了营养器官氮素向籽粒中转运,从而使翻耕覆盖的籽粒产量、氮素吸收效率、籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量较翻耕分别提高11.5%、13.5%、7.4%和21.3%,旋耕覆盖较旋耕也分别提高23.0%、39.5%、12.8%和38.5%。在试验进行7年后的小麦成熟期,翻耕覆盖0~200 cm土层硝态氮残留量较翻耕降低31.3%,旋耕覆盖较旋耕也降低51.4%。因此,秸秆覆盖不仅可提高旱地麦豆轮作下小麦产量、蛋白质含量和氮素吸收效率,还能降低土壤硝态氮的残留量,是兼顾旱地小麦高产优质和环境友好生产的有效途径,尤其以旋耕覆盖效果突出。

关键词: 耕作, 秸秆覆盖, 旱地, 产量, 蛋白质, 硝态氮残留

Abstract: Based on a long-term field experiment to compare different cropping patterns, conducted in western Henan province, the effects of tillage method and straw mulching on wheat productivity and soil nitrate residue in drylands under a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and summer soybean (Glycine max) rotation were investigated from October 2014 to June 2016. The experiment included four treatments: plough tillage (PT); plough tillage with straw mulching (PTSM); rotary tillage (RT); and rotary tillage with straw mulching (RTSM). The plant nitrogen (N) absorption and utilization, grain yield, grain protein content in wheat and the nitrate residue in the 0-200 cm soil depth were measured. Compared with PT, RT did not change grain yield, but decreased post-anthesis N accumulation, grain protein content and protein yield in wheat by 60.0%, 8.6% and 13.0%, respectively, and increased nitrate residue in 0-200 cm soil depth by 28.6%. Compared with no mulching, straw mulching with the same tillage method increased not only the spike numbers, kernels per spike, 1000-kernel weight and harvest index, but also the pre-jointing and post-anthesis N accumulation and N translocation from vegetative organs to the grain in wheat. As a result, the grain yield, N uptake efficiency, grain protein content and protein yield under PTSM were 11.5%, 13.5%, 7.4% and 21.3% higher than that under PT, and the corresponding values for RTSM were, respectively, 23.0%, 39.5%, 12.8% and 38.5% higher than that under RT. At wheat maturity after seven years of continuous cropping, PTSM decreased the nitrate residue in the 0-200 cm soil depth by 31.3% compared with PT, whereas RTSM decreased the nitrate residue by 51.4% compared with RT. Therefore, straw mulching is an alternative cropping technique because it can not only increase the N uptake efficiency, grain yield, grain protein content and protein yield in wheat, but also decrease soil nitrate residue under winter wheat and summer soybean rotation in drylands, especially for the RTSM treatment.

Key words: tillage, straw mulching, dryland, grain yield, protein, nitrate residue

黄明, 吴金芝, 李友军, 王贺正, 付国占, 陈明灿, 李学来, 马俊利. 耕作方式和秸秆覆盖对旱地麦豆轮作下小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(9): 34-44.

HUANG Ming, WU Jin-zhi, LI You-jun, WANG He-zheng, FU Guo-zhan, CHEN Ming-can, LI Xue-lai, MA Jun-li. Effects of tillage method and straw mulching on grain yield and protein content in wheat and soil nitrate residue under a winter wheat and summer soybean crop rotation in drylands[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(9): 34-44.

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耕作方式和秸秆覆盖对旱地麦豆轮作下小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

Effects of tillage method and straw mulching on grain yield and protein content in wheat and soil nitrate residue under a winter wheat and summer soybean crop rotation in drylands

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