水氮供应对地下滴灌紫花苜蓿生产性能及水氮利用效率的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2018231

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探讨不同水氮供应对紫花苜蓿生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响,确定地下滴灌紫花苜蓿栽培草地的合理施氮量和灌溉量,以紫花苜蓿‘巨能7号’为供试品种,采用田间试验,全生长季共设置4个总滴灌量水平:480 mm(W₁)、550 mm(W₂)、620 mm(W₃)和690 mm(W₄);施氮量共设置4个水平:无氮(N₀,0)、低氮(N₁,60 kg·hm^-2)、中氮(N₂,120 kg·hm^-2)和高氮(N₃,180 kg·hm^-2)结合灌溉进行,试验采用田间裂区设计,研究了不同水氮供应对地下滴灌紫花苜蓿全生长季内生长状况、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。试验结果表明:1)水氮供应对紫花苜蓿不同茬次的株高和茎粗均有不同的影响,表现为第1、2茬紫花苜蓿的株高均随施氮量和滴灌量的增加而增高,第1茬紫花苜蓿的茎粗随滴灌量的增加而增粗。2)第1、2茬紫花苜蓿干草产量均随滴灌量的增加而增加,施氮量对第1、4茬和全年的紫花苜蓿干草产量有显著的提高,其中滴灌量、施氮量和水氮互作对紫花苜蓿增产效应极显著(P<0.01)。3)增加滴灌量,降低施氮量,紫花苜蓿的水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)均逐渐下降,WUE和IWUE最小值均出现在W₄N₀处理下,且该处理下的WUE和IWUE均明显小于其他处理。4)紫花苜蓿氮肥农学效率(ANUE)随施氮量增加在不同滴灌量下表现出不同的变化趋势,在W₁、W₂和W₃水平下,ANUE随施氮量的增加表现为先增大后降低趋势,ANUE最大值均出现在N₂水平,在W₄水平下,ANUE随施氮量的增加而降低;氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)则随施氮量的增加而显著降低。ANUE随滴灌量的增加先降低后升高,而PFPN先增加后降低,说明适当增加滴灌量可以提高紫花苜蓿的ANUE和PFPN。综合考虑紫花苜蓿产量效应和资源利用、环境等综合效应,W₃N₂处理下(滴灌量为620 mm,施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2)宁夏引黄灌区地下滴灌紫花苜蓿种植较为适宜。研究结果可为宁夏引黄灌区紫花苜蓿大面积推广节水、高产优质种植提供理论依据。

关键词: 紫花苜蓿, 水氮供应, 生产性能, 水氮利用效率

Abstract: The effects of water and nitrogen supply on the growth, yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of alfalfa were investigated to find out the best combination of water and nitrogen in the production of alfalfa and to provide scientific reference data for actual production under drip irrigation in the Yellow River irrigation region of Ningxia. A field experiment using a split-plot design was used. There were four irrigation levels (W₁, 480 mm; W₂, 550 mm; W₃, 620 mm; W₄, 690 mm) in main plots and four nitrogen levels (N₀, 0; N₁, 60 kg·ha^-1; N₂, 120 kg·ha^-1; N₃, 180 kg·ha^-1) in sub-plots. The results showed that water and nitrogen supply had different effects on the plant height and stem diameter of alfalfa for each harvest. The plant heights of first and second cutting of alfalfa increased with increased nitrogen application rate and with increased irrigation supply, and the stem diameter at the first cutting was increased with increased irrigation rate. The yields of alfalfa hay at the first and second cutting increased with increased irrigation rate. Applied nitrogen significantly increased the alfalfa hay yield at the first and fourth cuttings and over the whole growth season. The irrigation effect, the nitrogen application effect, and the irrigation and nitrogen interaction for hay yield were all extremely significant (P<0.01). The irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) were decreased with increased irrigation rate, and were increased by nitrogen application. The treatment W₄N₀ had the lowest IWUE and WUE.Alfalfa nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) showed different patterns with different nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation rates. In the W₁, W₂ and W₃ treatments, ANUE was greatest in the N₂ treatment and reduced at higher or lower N application rates, while in the W₄ treatment, ANUE was decreased with increased nitrogen application rate. Nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN) was decreased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application rate. ANUE was decreased by irrigation at lower water application rates but was increased by irrigation at higher application rates, while PFPN showed the opposite pattern with highest PFPN at intermediate irrigation rates, indicating that irrigation at an appropriate rate can improve the ANUE and PFPN of alfalfa. From these results, to optimize hay yield while conserving water and fertilizer resources, W₃N₂ (620 mm, 120 kg·ha^-1) was indicated as the best irrigation and fertilizer treatment combination for alfalfa under drip irrigation in this region. The study provides valuable information for improving management of alfalfa in the Yellow River irrigation region of Ningxia.

Key words: alfalfa, water and nitrogen supply, production performance, water and nitrogen use efficiency

胡伟, 张亚红, 李鹏, 王小菊, 张鹏, 何毅, 康馨匀. 水氮供应对地下滴灌紫花苜蓿生产性能及水氮利用效率的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2019, 28(2): 41-50.

HU Wei, ZHANG Ya-hong, LI Peng, WANG Xiao-ju, ZHANG Peng, HE Yi, KANG Xin-yun. Effects of water and nitrogen supply under drip irrigation on the production performance rate and water and nitrogen use efficiency of alfalfa[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2019, 28(2): 41-50.

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