Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and driving factors of livestock feeding structure： A case study in Ningxia

doi:10.11686/cyxb2023368

Abstract

Abstract:

Animal husbandry is a crucial industry that significantly impacts the national economy and people’s livelihoods. Its importance extends to the economy， environment， and food safety. Despite a continuous increase in overall animal production in China in recent years， two problems remain： animals are “large but not strong” and “abundant but not excellent”. This study focuses on the livestock feeding structure， with aims to explore its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics as well as the driving factors. This research holds substantial value for guiding the rational distribution of resources and ensuring the sustainable development of animal husbandry in China. First， the temporal distribution characteristics of effective feeding amount and feeding structure of livestock in Ningxia in 1978-2020 were analyzed. Then， the spatial distribution characteristics of livestock feeding structure were assessed using coefficient of variation and standard deviation ellipse methods. Finally， the core driving factors influencing the spatial differentiation of livestock feeding structure were identified by applying the GeoDetector model. The main findings were as follows： 1） The livestock feeding structure in Ningxia significantly changed around 2002 with a noticeable increase in the proportion of cattle and sheep and a decrease in the proportion of pigs. 2） The proportion of cattle， sheep， and pigs showed spatial differentiation， but each exhibited a distinct trend of spatial heterogeneity. 3） The proportions of cattle， sheep， and pigs displayed a shift from south-north distribution to northeast-southwest distribution. The regions with high proportions of cattle and sheep showed trend of expansion. 4） The core driving factors influencing the proportion of cattle were natural resource conditions and socio-economic conditions and policies. The core driving factors influencing the proportion of sheep were socio-economic conditions and policies. However， the proportion of pigs was only affected by socio-economic conditions. Interactions among most of these core driving factors enhanced the spatial differentiation of livestock feeding structure.

Key words: effective feeding amount, livestock feeding structure, spatial heterogeneity, GeoDetector, driving factors

Cong ZHANG, Ya WANG, Li-hua ZHOU, Xiao-dong PEI, Jun-hao LI, Gui SHI. Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and driving factors of livestock feeding structure： A case study in Ningxia[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2024, 33(8): 37-49.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Summary map of the study area

Table 1 Types of interaction between two probe factors

判断依据Judgment basis	交互作用类型Interaction types
$q (x 1 ? x 2) < M i n ? [q (x 1), q (x 2)]$	非线性减弱Nonlinearity decrease
$M i n ? q (x 1), q (x 2) < q (x 1 ? x 2) < M a x [q (x 1), q (x 2)]$	单因子非线性减弱The single-factor nonlinearity decrease
$q (x 1 ? x 2) > M a x [q (x 1), q (x 2)]$	双因子增强Two-factor enhancement
$q (x 1 ? x 2) = q (x 1) + q (x 2)$	独立Independent
$q (x 1 ? x 2) > q (x 1) + q (x 2)$	非线性增强Nonlinearity enhancement

Table 1 Types of interaction between two probe factors

判断依据Judgment basis	交互作用类型Interaction types
$q (x 1 ? x 2) < M i n ? [q (x 1), q (x 2)]$	非线性减弱Nonlinearity decrease
$M i n ? q (x 1), q (x 2) < q (x 1 ? x 2) < M a x [q (x 1), q (x 2)]$	单因子非线性减弱The single-factor nonlinearity decrease
$q (x 1 ? x 2) > M a x [q (x 1), q (x 2)]$	双因子增强Two-factor enhancement
$q (x 1 ? x 2) = q (x 1) + q (x 2)$	独立Independent
$q (x 1 ? x 2) > q (x 1) + q (x 2)$	非线性增强Nonlinearity enhancement

Fig. 2 Effective feeding amount of cattle， sheep and pig and total effective feeding amount of livestock in Ningxia， 1978-2020

Fig.3 Feeding structure of cattle， sheep and pig in Ningxia， 1978-2020

Table 2 Coefficient of variation of the feeding proportion of cattle， sheep and pig， 1978-2020

年份Year	牛Cattle	羊 Sheep	猪 Pig
1978	0.64	0.88	0.57
1990	0.78	0.69	0.59
2000	0.65	0.70	0.70
2010	0.50	0.44	0.76
2020	0.41	0.62	0.89

Fig.4 Spatial distribution of the feeding structure of cattle， sheep and pig in Ningxia， 1978-2020

Fig.5 Standard deviation ellipse analysis of the feeding proportion of cattle， sheep and pig in Ningxia， 1978-2020

Table 3 The standard deviation elliptic parameters of the feeding proportion of cattle， sheep and pig in Ningxia， 1978-2020

饲养比例 Feeding proportion	年份 Year	平均中心坐标 Mean central coordinate	长轴标准差Major axis standard deviation （km）	短轴标准差Minor axis standard deviation （km）	方位角Azimuth angle （°）
牛Cattle	1978	106.23° E，36.98° N	201.29	42.78	1.73
	1990	106.18° E，36.80° N	185.63	38.97	0.77
	2000	106.20° E，36.98° N	188.08	37.42	1.00
	2011	106.17° E，37.14° N	192.69	39.85	1.18
	2020	106.17° E，37.25° N	194.97	40.57	1.72
羊Sheep	1978	106.30° E，37.60° N	140.69	47.04	6.39
	1990	106.27° E，37.62° N	139.56	52.22	5.53
	2000	106.33° E，37.88° N	150.58	46.21	5.57
	2011	106.27° E，37.62° N	163.24	53.08	5.82
	2020	106.31° E，37.63° N	155.51	51.34	5.87
猪Pig	1978	106.06° E，37.70° N	167.23	51.15	6.47
	1990	106.14° E，37.77° N	175.93	51.08	6.52
	2000	106.05° E，37.49° N	168.85	58.44	4.80
	2011	106.08° E，37.64° N	169.25	54.05	5.42
	2020	105.99° E，37.60° N	165.21	60.78	6.49

Table 4 q value of feeding proportion of cattle， sheep and pig in Ningxia

序号 Number	探测因子 Probe factors	饲养比例Feeding proportion
序号 Number	探测因子 Probe factors	牛Cattle	羊Sheep	猪Pig
$x 1$	耕地面积Area of cultivated land	0.25	0.36	0.47
$x 2$	草地面积Area of grassland	0.32	0.24	0.36
$x 3$	降水量Precipitation	0.48	0.49	0.53
$x 4$	平均气温Mean air temperature	0.64*	0.53	0.40
$x 5$	日照时数Sunshine duration	0.50**	0.39	0.48
$x 6$	人均GDP Per capita GDP	0.47	0.37	0.69*
$x 7$	乡村人口数量Rural population	0.43	0.27	0.65
$x 8$	生活消费支出Living consumption expenditure	0.65*	0.69*	0.46
$x 9$	回族人口占比The proportion of the Hui population	0.49**	0.59***	0.63**
$x 10$	奶牛区域布局Dairy cattle production area layout	0.13	-	-
$x 11$	肉牛区域布局Beef cattle production area layout	0.48**	-	-
$x 12$	肉羊区域布局Meat sheep production area layout	-	0.56**	-

Table 4 q value of feeding proportion of cattle， sheep and pig in Ningxia

序号 Number	探测因子 Probe factors	饲养比例Feeding proportion
序号 Number	探测因子 Probe factors	牛Cattle	羊Sheep	猪Pig
$x 1$	耕地面积Area of cultivated land	0.25	0.36	0.47
$x 2$	草地面积Area of grassland	0.32	0.24	0.36
$x 3$	降水量Precipitation	0.48	0.49	0.53
$x 4$	平均气温Mean air temperature	0.64*	0.53	0.40
$x 5$	日照时数Sunshine duration	0.50**	0.39	0.48
$x 6$	人均GDP Per capita GDP	0.47	0.37	0.69*
$x 7$	乡村人口数量Rural population	0.43	0.27	0.65
$x 8$	生活消费支出Living consumption expenditure	0.65*	0.69*	0.46
$x 9$	回族人口占比The proportion of the Hui population	0.49**	0.59***	0.63**
$x 10$	奶牛区域布局Dairy cattle production area layout	0.13	-	-
$x 11$	肉牛区域布局Beef cattle production area layout	0.48**	-	-
$x 12$	肉羊区域布局Meat sheep production area layout	-	0.56**	-

Table 5 The detection q value of the interaction of the feeding proportion of cattle， sheep and pig in Ningxia

因子交互 Factor interaction	$牛饲养比例$ Feeding proportion of cattle		羊饲养比例Feeding proportion of sheep		猪饲养比例Feeding proportion of pig
因子交互 Factor interaction	$q$ 值 $q$ value	类型Type	$q$ 值 $q$ value	类型Type	$q$ 值 $q$ value	类型Type
$x 4$ ∩ $x 5$	0.62	2	-	-	-	-
$x 4$ ∩ $x 6$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 4$ ∩ $x 8$	0.69	3	-	-	-	-
$x 4$ ∩ $x 9$	0.65	3	-	-	-	-
$x 4$ ∩ $x 11$	0.62	2	-	-	-	-
$x 4$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 5$ ∩ $x 6$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 5$ ∩ $x 8$	0.76	3	-	-	-	-
$x 5$ ∩ $x 9$	0.57	3	-	-	-	-
$x 5$ ∩ $x 11$	0.61	3	-	-	-	-
$x 5$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 6$ ∩ $x 8$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 6$ ∩ $x 9$	-	-	-	-	0.97	3
$x 6$ ∩ $x 11$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 6$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 8$ ∩ $x 9$	0.71	3	0.59	2	-	-
$x 8$ ∩ $x 11$	0.77	3	-	-	-	-
$x 8$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	0.76	3	-	-
$x 9$ ∩ $x 11$	0.67	3	-	-	-	-
$x 9$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	0.69	3	-	-
$x 11$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	-	-	-	-

Table 5 The detection q value of the interaction of the feeding proportion of cattle， sheep and pig in Ningxia

因子交互 Factor interaction	$牛饲养比例$ Feeding proportion of cattle		羊饲养比例Feeding proportion of sheep		猪饲养比例Feeding proportion of pig
因子交互 Factor interaction	$q$ 值 $q$ value	类型Type	$q$ 值 $q$ value	类型Type	$q$ 值 $q$ value	类型Type
$x 4$ ∩ $x 5$	0.62	2	-	-	-	-
$x 4$ ∩ $x 6$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 4$ ∩ $x 8$	0.69	3	-	-	-	-
$x 4$ ∩ $x 9$	0.65	3	-	-	-	-
$x 4$ ∩ $x 11$	0.62	2	-	-	-	-
$x 4$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 5$ ∩ $x 6$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 5$ ∩ $x 8$	0.76	3	-	-	-	-
$x 5$ ∩ $x 9$	0.57	3	-	-	-	-
$x 5$ ∩ $x 11$	0.61	3	-	-	-	-
$x 5$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 6$ ∩ $x 8$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 6$ ∩ $x 9$	-	-	-	-	0.97	3
$x 6$ ∩ $x 11$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 6$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	-	-	-	-
$x 8$ ∩ $x 9$	0.71	3	0.59	2	-	-
$x 8$ ∩ $x 11$	0.77	3	-	-	-	-
$x 8$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	0.76	3	-	-
$x 9$ ∩ $x 11$	0.67	3	-	-	-	-
$x 9$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	0.69	3	-	-
$x 11$ ∩ $x 12$	-	-	-	-	-	-

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[8]	CHAI Hua,FANG Jiang-ping,WEN Ding,LI Jie,HE Nian-peng. Effect of sampling method on the estimation of soil carbon and nitrogen storages in thicketed semiarid grasslands, Inner Mongolia [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(6): 28-35.
[9]	LIU Jin-xin, GONG Yuan-bo, ZUO Qin, CHEN Lin-wu, FANG Jian-jia, LIU Shan-shan. A review of mountain grazing-paths and vegetation spatial heterogeneity [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2012, 21(1): 254-261.
[10]	SUI Yuan-yuan, DU Feng, ZHANG Xing-chang. Spatial heterogeneity of available soil nutrients in abandoned ole-field communities in the Loess Hilly Region [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(2): 76-84.