Spatial distribution of ecosystem services in the desert steppe， Inner Mongolia based on ecosystem service bundles

doi:10.11686/cyxb2022142

Abstract

Abstract:

Ecosystem services play an important role in maintaining ecological security， sustainable development and human well-being. In this rresearch， the study area was the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia and a quantitative assessment of water conservation， soil conservation， habitat quality， and recreational potential in 2000 and 2017 was carried out. Their spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and the trade-offs and synergies between services are analyzed and discussed； the dominant service types and spatial patterns of different service bundles are identified. It was found that： from 2000 to 2017， the spatial heterogeneity of various ecosystem services was significant. The high-value areas of water conservation services are mainly concentrated in the southeast and southwest； the high value soil conservation is located in the southwest； the distribution of habitat quality and recreational potential is more random. Various ecosystem services show a mainly decreasing trend； most service pairs show a synergistic relationship， while soil conservation and habitat quality service pairs show a trade-off relationship， and the degree of correlation between service pairs decreases. Ecosystem service bundles are divided into three functional areas of soil conservation， living environment and water conservation and have obvious spatial heterogeneity. In the soil conservation area， the main land use type is unused land， and future management should limit the amount of grazing and seek to influence soil erodibility by changing the surface vegetation cover. The human settlement area， with high grassland cover provides excellent scope for human activities and the coordinated development of multiple industries such as eco-tourism. In the water conservation area， the land use types are mainly grassland with medium cover and grassland with low cover. Future management should focus on water storage and water conservation， adhere to ecological priorities， and pursue ecologically sustainable development in this area.

Key words: ecosystem service bundles, trade-offs and synergies, desert steppe, water conservation

Yu-xia HU, Ji-rui GONG, Chen-chen ZHU, Jia-yu SHI, Zi-he ZHANG, Liang-yuan SONG, Wei-yuan ZHANG. Spatial distribution of ecosystem services in the desert steppe， Inner Mongolia based on ecosystem service bundles[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(4): 1-14.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1 Location of the study area

Table 1 Classification scheme of each parameter of visual quality index

参数Parameter	分类Classification	得分Score	描述Describe
地形糙度指数 Terrain roughness index （ $V Q I t$ ）	水平 Level	1	采用Riley等^［29］的方法对地形粗糙度进行计算和分类。The terrain roughness was calculated and classified using the method of Riley et al^［29］.
	近水平 Near horizontal	2
	稍微粗糙Slightly rough	3
	中度粗糙Moderately rough	4
	适度粗糙Modest rough	5
	高度粗糙Highly rough	6
	极度粗糙Extremely rough	7
水体面积 Water area （ $V Q I w$ ）	无 none	0	参照Swetnam等^［27］提出的分类标准，认为与没有水的景观相比，有水的景观总是得到更高的评价。Referring to the classification criteria proposed by Swetnam et al^［27］， it is believed that landscapes with water are always rated higher than those without water.
	0~1000 $? m 2$	1
	1000~2500 $m 2$	2
	2500~5000 $? m 2$	3
	5000~10000 $? m 2$	4
	>10000 $? m 2$	5
土地覆盖类型 Land use type （ $V Q I g$ ）	未利用地Unused land	0	参考Swetnam等^［27］对绿地的分类，认为自然程度越高的区域具有越高的得分。Referring to the classification of green space by Swetnam et al^［27］， regions considered to be more natural have higher scores.
	居民点Settlement	1
	农田Cropland	2
	水体Water	3
	草地Grassland	4
	灌木Shrub	5
景区级别 Scenic level （ $V Q I h$ ）	无景区No scenic spots	0	具有景区的地区具有较高的游憩潜力，且认为景区级别越高，游憩潜力越大。Areas with scenic spots have higher recreational potential， and it is believed that the higher the level of scenic spots， the greater the recreational potential.
	1A	1
	2A	2
	3A	3
	4A	4
与道路的距离 Distance from road （ $V Q I a$ ）	>10 km	1	参照Paracchini等^［28］对可达性距离的划分，认为距道路越近，则具有更高的可达性，游憩潜力更高。Refer to the division of reachability distance by Paracchini et al^［28］， it is believed that the closer to the road， the higher the accessibility and the higher the recreational potential.
	5~10 km	2
	1~5 km	3
	<1 km	4

Table 1 Classification scheme of each parameter of visual quality index

参数Parameter	分类Classification	得分Score	描述Describe
地形糙度指数 Terrain roughness index （ $V Q I t$ ）	水平 Level	1	采用Riley等^［29］的方法对地形粗糙度进行计算和分类。The terrain roughness was calculated and classified using the method of Riley et al^［29］.
	近水平 Near horizontal	2
	稍微粗糙Slightly rough	3
	中度粗糙Moderately rough	4
	适度粗糙Modest rough	5
	高度粗糙Highly rough	6
	极度粗糙Extremely rough	7
水体面积 Water area （ $V Q I w$ ）	无 none	0	参照Swetnam等^［27］提出的分类标准，认为与没有水的景观相比，有水的景观总是得到更高的评价。Referring to the classification criteria proposed by Swetnam et al^［27］， it is believed that landscapes with water are always rated higher than those without water.
	0~1000 $? m 2$	1
	1000~2500 $m 2$	2
	2500~5000 $? m 2$	3
	5000~10000 $? m 2$	4
	>10000 $? m 2$	5
土地覆盖类型 Land use type （ $V Q I g$ ）	未利用地Unused land	0	参考Swetnam等^［27］对绿地的分类，认为自然程度越高的区域具有越高的得分。Referring to the classification of green space by Swetnam et al^［27］， regions considered to be more natural have higher scores.
	居民点Settlement	1
	农田Cropland	2
	水体Water	3
	草地Grassland	4
	灌木Shrub	5
景区级别 Scenic level （ $V Q I h$ ）	无景区No scenic spots	0	具有景区的地区具有较高的游憩潜力，且认为景区级别越高，游憩潜力越大。Areas with scenic spots have higher recreational potential， and it is believed that the higher the level of scenic spots， the greater the recreational potential.
	1A	1
	2A	2
	3A	3
	4A	4
与道路的距离 Distance from road （ $V Q I a$ ）	>10 km	1	参照Paracchini等^［28］对可达性距离的划分，认为距道路越近，则具有更高的可达性，游憩潜力更高。Refer to the division of reachability distance by Paracchini et al^［28］， it is believed that the closer to the road， the higher the accessibility and the higher the recreational potential.
	5~10 km	2
	1~5 km	3
	<1 km	4

Fig.2 Land use types in desert steppe in 2000 and 2017

Fig.3 Spatial distribution and transformation of four ecosystem services in desert steppe in 2000 and 2017

Table 2 Mean value of various ecosystem services in desert steppe in 2000 and 2017

年份

Year

水源涵养

Water conservation （WC， mm）

土壤保持

Soil conservation （SC， t·hm^-2）

生境质量

Habitat quality （HQ）

游憩潜力

Recreation potential （RP）

Table 3 Spearman correlation coefficients between ecosystem services of desert steppe in 2000

项目

Item

供给服务

Providing services （水源涵养WC）

调节服务

Regulating services （土壤保持SC）

支持服务

Supporting services （生境质量HQ）

Table 4 Spearman correlation coefficients between ecosystem services of desert steppe in 2017

项目

Item

供给服务

Providing services （水源涵养WC）

调节服务

Regulating services （土壤保持SC）

支持服务

Supporting services （生境质量HQ）

Fig.4 Spatial distribution and pattern of ecosystem service bundles of desert steppe in 2000 and 2017

Fig.5 The proportion of different land use types in each ecosystem service bundles in 2000 and 2017

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