草业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 1-15.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022265
收稿日期:
2022-06-20
修回日期:
2022-09-22
出版日期:
2023-06-20
发布日期:
2023-04-21
通讯作者:
张岩
作者简介:
Corresponding author. E-mail: zhangyanzy@lzu.edu.cn基金资助:
Zhi-peng HUANG(), Yi HUANG, Quan-jun YANG, Chao XIA, Yan ZHANG()
Received:
2022-06-20
Revised:
2022-09-22
Online:
2023-06-20
Published:
2023-04-21
Contact:
Yan ZHANG
摘要:
蒙古国作为我国北部邻国,拥有丰富的草地资源,是世界上将草地畜牧业作为支柱产业的少数几个国家之一。本研究基于文献资料和统计数据,从制度变革、草地资源、畜牧产业发展等多个角度全面分析蒙古国草地农业发展现状,并对比分析了与中国内蒙古自治区的差异。蒙古国草地农业经历了3次制度改革,自1990年进入了转型后的草地畜牧业时期,至今仍保留草地公有、家畜私有的产权制度。在气候变化、不合理利用、农田和城市扩张以及采矿污染等影响下,草地面积不断减少,草地生态退化日趋严重。蒙古国五畜结构维持着相对稳定的状态,但区域差异较大,且家畜总量的增长率远高于内蒙古。近年来,蒙古国畜牧业从业人口老龄化问题尤为显著,畜牧业在产业结构中的地位逐步下降,产业发展体系也亟待完善。最后本研究提出蒙古国草地农业发展的相关对策,并总结了对我国草地农业发展的启示。
黄治鹏, 黄毅, 杨全俊, 夏超, 张岩. 蒙古国草地农业及对我国的启示[J]. 草业学报, 2023, 32(6): 1-15.
Zhi-peng HUANG, Yi HUANG, Quan-jun YANG, Chao XIA, Yan ZHANG. The grassland agriculture of Mongolia and its capacity to inform development in China[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(6): 1-15.
土地类型Land type | 面积Area (km2) | 占国土面积的百分比Percentage of land area (%) | 人均面积Per capita area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|
国土总面积Total land area | 1564116 | 0.466 | |
天然草原Rangeland | 1096456 | 70.10 | 0.327 |
栽培草地Cultivated grassland | 17084 | 1.09 | 0.005 |
林地Forest land | 142559 | 9.11 | 0.042 |
农地Farmland | 11275 | 0.72 | 0.003 |
其他Others | 296742 | 18.98 | 0.088 |
表1 2020年蒙古国土地类型
Table 1 Land types in Mongolia in 2020
土地类型Land type | 面积Area (km2) | 占国土面积的百分比Percentage of land area (%) | 人均面积Per capita area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|
国土总面积Total land area | 1564116 | 0.466 | |
天然草原Rangeland | 1096456 | 70.10 | 0.327 |
栽培草地Cultivated grassland | 17084 | 1.09 | 0.005 |
林地Forest land | 142559 | 9.11 | 0.042 |
农地Farmland | 11275 | 0.72 | 0.003 |
其他Others | 296742 | 18.98 | 0.088 |
土地类型Land type | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
天然草原Rangeland | 1111470 | 1117290 | 1114852 | 1112556 | 1110325 | 1106468 | 1104900 | 1103916 | 1096456 |
人工草原Cultivated grassland | 18289 | 18214 | 18232 | 17149 | 17123 | 17176 | 17424 | 17091 | 17084 |
农田Farmland | 7057 | 6978 | 8357 | 9324 | 10311 | 10128 | 10677 | 11008 | 11275 |
城镇用地Urban land | 4411 | 4898 | 5300 | 6206 | 7020 | 7121 | 7536 | 8597 | 9176 |
林地Forest land | 146891 | 142994 | 142273 | 142979 | 142565 | 143205 | 143343 | 143414 | 142559 |
水体Water body | 9676 | 6661 | 6655 | 6828 | 6868 | 6867 | 6861 | 6861 | 6609 |
表2 2004-2020年蒙古国土地类型变化情况
Table 2 Dynamics of land use in Mongolia, from 2004 to 2020 (km2)
土地类型Land type | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
天然草原Rangeland | 1111470 | 1117290 | 1114852 | 1112556 | 1110325 | 1106468 | 1104900 | 1103916 | 1096456 |
人工草原Cultivated grassland | 18289 | 18214 | 18232 | 17149 | 17123 | 17176 | 17424 | 17091 | 17084 |
农田Farmland | 7057 | 6978 | 8357 | 9324 | 10311 | 10128 | 10677 | 11008 | 11275 |
城镇用地Urban land | 4411 | 4898 | 5300 | 6206 | 7020 | 7121 | 7536 | 8597 | 9176 |
林地Forest land | 146891 | 142994 | 142273 | 142979 | 142565 | 143205 | 143343 | 143414 | 142559 |
水体Water body | 9676 | 6661 | 6655 | 6828 | 6868 | 6867 | 6861 | 6861 | 6609 |
地区 Region | 天然草原Natural grassland | 农田Farmland | 城镇用地Urban land | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2003 | 2020 | 变化量Variation | 2003 | 2020 | 变化量Variation | 2003 | 2020 | 变化量Variation | |
西部区域Western region | 339989 | 278207 | -61782 | 200 | 1184 | 984 | 862 | 1068 | 206 |
杭爱区域Khangai region | 198158 | 251604 | 53446 | 990 | 1849 | 859 | 1105 | 1622 | 517 |
中央区域Central region | 228119 | 227909 | -210 | 4011 | 3527 | -484 | 1055 | 3157 | 2102 |
东部区域Eastern region | 343884 | 336601 | -7283 | 1815 | 4635 | 2820 | 1029 | 2595 | 1566 |
乌兰巴托Ulaanbaatar | 2658 | 2132 | -526 | 40 | 81 | 41 | 278 | 733 | 455 |
表3 2003-2020年蒙古国五区土地类型变化情况
Table 3 Land use change in the five regions of Mongolia, from 2003 to 2020 (km2)
地区 Region | 天然草原Natural grassland | 农田Farmland | 城镇用地Urban land | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2003 | 2020 | 变化量Variation | 2003 | 2020 | 变化量Variation | 2003 | 2020 | 变化量Variation | |
西部区域Western region | 339989 | 278207 | -61782 | 200 | 1184 | 984 | 862 | 1068 | 206 |
杭爱区域Khangai region | 198158 | 251604 | 53446 | 990 | 1849 | 859 | 1105 | 1622 | 517 |
中央区域Central region | 228119 | 227909 | -210 | 4011 | 3527 | -484 | 1055 | 3157 | 2102 |
东部区域Eastern region | 343884 | 336601 | -7283 | 1815 | 4635 | 2820 | 1029 | 2595 | 1566 |
乌兰巴托Ulaanbaatar | 2658 | 2132 | -526 | 40 | 81 | 41 | 278 | 733 | 455 |
草原类型 Grassland type | 建群种 Dominant species | 单位产量 Yield per hectare (kg·hm-2) |
---|---|---|
高山带Alpine zone | 嵩草Kobresia myosuroides,矮嵩草Kobresia humilis,西伯利亚嵩草Kobresia sibirica | 100~800 |
山地泰加林带Mountain taiga zone | 西伯利亚落叶松Larix sibirica,白桦Betula platyphylla,肯特桦Betula hippolytii,欧洲赤松Pinus sylvestris,欧洲山杨Populus tremula,甜杨Populus suaveolens,苦杨Populus laurifolia,柴桦Betula fruticosa,矮桦Betula potaninii,沙杞柳Salix kochiana,白背五蕊柳Salix pentandra var. intermedia,金老梅Pentaphylloides fruticosa | 180~800 |
山地森林草原(山地草原)带Mountain forest and grasslands zone | 连羊茅Festuca lenensis,溚草Koeleria cristata,渐狭早熟禾Poa attenuata,异燕麦Helictotrychon schellianum,冷蒿Artemisia frigida | 300~800 |
草原带Steppe zone | 克氏针茅Stipa krylovii,针茅Stipa capillata,贝加尔针茅Stipa baicalensis,大针茅Stipa grandis,糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa,冷蒿A. frigida,小叶锦鸡儿Caragana microphylla,矮锦鸡儿Caragana pygmaea | 200~800 |
荒漠草原带Desert steppe zone | 沙生针茅Stipa glareosa,克里门茨针茅Stipa klemenzii,多根葱Allium polyrhizum,蒙古葱Allium mongolicum | 100~400 |
荒漠带Desert zone | 梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron,珍珠柴Salsola passerina,短叶假木贼Anabasis brevifolia,木本猪毛菜Salsola arbuscula,石头草Lithops pseudotruncatella,小蓬Nanophyton erinaceum,红沙Reaumuria songarica,霸王Zygophyllum xanthoxylon,膜果麻黄Ephedra przewalskii,白皮锦鸡儿Caragana leucophloea | 100~200 |
沙地草场带Sandy steppe zone | 岩黄芪属Hedysarum,沙鞭Psammochloa villosa | 100~520 |
表4 蒙古国天然草原植被类型
Table 4 Vegetation types of natural grasslands in Mongolia
草原类型 Grassland type | 建群种 Dominant species | 单位产量 Yield per hectare (kg·hm-2) |
---|---|---|
高山带Alpine zone | 嵩草Kobresia myosuroides,矮嵩草Kobresia humilis,西伯利亚嵩草Kobresia sibirica | 100~800 |
山地泰加林带Mountain taiga zone | 西伯利亚落叶松Larix sibirica,白桦Betula platyphylla,肯特桦Betula hippolytii,欧洲赤松Pinus sylvestris,欧洲山杨Populus tremula,甜杨Populus suaveolens,苦杨Populus laurifolia,柴桦Betula fruticosa,矮桦Betula potaninii,沙杞柳Salix kochiana,白背五蕊柳Salix pentandra var. intermedia,金老梅Pentaphylloides fruticosa | 180~800 |
山地森林草原(山地草原)带Mountain forest and grasslands zone | 连羊茅Festuca lenensis,溚草Koeleria cristata,渐狭早熟禾Poa attenuata,异燕麦Helictotrychon schellianum,冷蒿Artemisia frigida | 300~800 |
草原带Steppe zone | 克氏针茅Stipa krylovii,针茅Stipa capillata,贝加尔针茅Stipa baicalensis,大针茅Stipa grandis,糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa,冷蒿A. frigida,小叶锦鸡儿Caragana microphylla,矮锦鸡儿Caragana pygmaea | 200~800 |
荒漠草原带Desert steppe zone | 沙生针茅Stipa glareosa,克里门茨针茅Stipa klemenzii,多根葱Allium polyrhizum,蒙古葱Allium mongolicum | 100~400 |
荒漠带Desert zone | 梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron,珍珠柴Salsola passerina,短叶假木贼Anabasis brevifolia,木本猪毛菜Salsola arbuscula,石头草Lithops pseudotruncatella,小蓬Nanophyton erinaceum,红沙Reaumuria songarica,霸王Zygophyllum xanthoxylon,膜果麻黄Ephedra przewalskii,白皮锦鸡儿Caragana leucophloea | 100~200 |
沙地草场带Sandy steppe zone | 岩黄芪属Hedysarum,沙鞭Psammochloa villosa | 100~520 |
产品 Product | 面积 Area (km2) | 占比 Proportion (%) | 产量 Yield (t) | 畜均产量 Production per animal (kg·sheep unit-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
黑麦草Ryegrass | 6.44 | 0.63 | 628.72 | 0.01 |
燕麦Oat | 169.42 | 16.59 | 16596.30 | 0.15 |
多年生饲草Perennial forage | 14.67 | 1.44 | 11380.25 | 0.10 |
青饲料Green fodder | 757.55 | 74.18 | 159997.55 | 1.46 |
青贮饲料Silage | 6.35 | 0.62 | 7257.53 | 0.07 |
其他Other | 66.81 | 6.54 | 3455.20 | 0.03 |
总面积与总产量Total area and yield | 1021.23 | 100.00 | 199315.55 | 1.82 |
表5 2020年蒙古国栽培草地状况
Table 5 Cultivated grassland of Mongolia in 2020
产品 Product | 面积 Area (km2) | 占比 Proportion (%) | 产量 Yield (t) | 畜均产量 Production per animal (kg·sheep unit-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
黑麦草Ryegrass | 6.44 | 0.63 | 628.72 | 0.01 |
燕麦Oat | 169.42 | 16.59 | 16596.30 | 0.15 |
多年生饲草Perennial forage | 14.67 | 1.44 | 11380.25 | 0.10 |
青饲料Green fodder | 757.55 | 74.18 | 159997.55 | 1.46 |
青贮饲料Silage | 6.35 | 0.62 | 7257.53 | 0.07 |
其他Other | 66.81 | 6.54 | 3455.20 | 0.03 |
总面积与总产量Total area and yield | 1021.23 | 100.00 | 199315.55 | 1.82 |
地区Region | 家畜Livestock | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蒙古国 Mongolia | 马Horse | 200.53 | 211.48 | 218.69 | 192.03 | 233.04 | 299.58 | 363.55 | 394.01 | 409.39 |
牛Cattle | 184.16 | 216.79 | 250.34 | 217.60 | 258.46 | 341.39 | 408.09 | 438.09 | 473.20 | |
骆驼Camel | 25.66 | 25.35 | 26.64 | 26.96 | 30.58 | 34.93 | 40.13 | 45.97 | 47.29 | |
绵羊Sheep | 1168.64 | 1481.51 | 1836.23 | 1448.04 | 1814.14 | 2321.48 | 2785.66 | 3055.48 | 3004.94 | |
山羊Goat | 1223.80 | 1545.17 | 1996.94 | 1388.32 | 1755.87 | 2200.89 | 2557.49 | 2712.47 | 2772.03 | |
合计Total | 2802.80 | 3480.29 | 4328.85 | 3272.95 | 4092.09 | 5198.26 | 6154.92 | 6646.02 | 6706.85 | |
中国内蒙古 Inner Mongolia | 马Horse | 68.74 | 69.81 | 70.04 | 71.90 | 75.86 | 81.72 | 80.46 | 63.83 | 70.69 |
牛Cattle | 514.72 | 576.45 | 687.98 | 676.50 | 624.98 | 630.60 | 654.86 | 616.20 | 671.11 | |
骆驼Camel | 8.12 | 9.60 | 8.82 | 10.00 | 12.26 | 13.82 | 15.91 | 17.27 | 16.96 | |
绵羊Sheep | 3599.35 | 3732.26 | 3228.92 | 3569.00 | 3484.40 | 4016.18 | 3993.97 | 4369.94 | 4444.89 | |
山羊Goat | 1719.13 | 1862.18 | 1896.35 | 1708.20 | 1659.65 | 1553.10 | 1512.28 | 1631.97 | 1629.26 | |
合计Total | 5910.06 | 6250.30 | 5892.11 | 6035.60 | 5857.15 | 6295.42 | 6257.48 | 6699.21 | 6832.91 |
表6 2004-2020年蒙古国和中国内蒙古家畜存栏数
Table 6 Livestock stock in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, from 2004 to 2020 (万头或万只?104 head)
地区Region | 家畜Livestock | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蒙古国 Mongolia | 马Horse | 200.53 | 211.48 | 218.69 | 192.03 | 233.04 | 299.58 | 363.55 | 394.01 | 409.39 |
牛Cattle | 184.16 | 216.79 | 250.34 | 217.60 | 258.46 | 341.39 | 408.09 | 438.09 | 473.20 | |
骆驼Camel | 25.66 | 25.35 | 26.64 | 26.96 | 30.58 | 34.93 | 40.13 | 45.97 | 47.29 | |
绵羊Sheep | 1168.64 | 1481.51 | 1836.23 | 1448.04 | 1814.14 | 2321.48 | 2785.66 | 3055.48 | 3004.94 | |
山羊Goat | 1223.80 | 1545.17 | 1996.94 | 1388.32 | 1755.87 | 2200.89 | 2557.49 | 2712.47 | 2772.03 | |
合计Total | 2802.80 | 3480.29 | 4328.85 | 3272.95 | 4092.09 | 5198.26 | 6154.92 | 6646.02 | 6706.85 | |
中国内蒙古 Inner Mongolia | 马Horse | 68.74 | 69.81 | 70.04 | 71.90 | 75.86 | 81.72 | 80.46 | 63.83 | 70.69 |
牛Cattle | 514.72 | 576.45 | 687.98 | 676.50 | 624.98 | 630.60 | 654.86 | 616.20 | 671.11 | |
骆驼Camel | 8.12 | 9.60 | 8.82 | 10.00 | 12.26 | 13.82 | 15.91 | 17.27 | 16.96 | |
绵羊Sheep | 3599.35 | 3732.26 | 3228.92 | 3569.00 | 3484.40 | 4016.18 | 3993.97 | 4369.94 | 4444.89 | |
山羊Goat | 1719.13 | 1862.18 | 1896.35 | 1708.20 | 1659.65 | 1553.10 | 1512.28 | 1631.97 | 1629.26 | |
合计Total | 5910.06 | 6250.30 | 5892.11 | 6035.60 | 5857.15 | 6295.42 | 6257.48 | 6699.21 | 6832.91 |
图2 2000-2020年蒙古国和中国内蒙古五畜占比变化数据来源:蒙古国统计局网站(https://www.1212.mn/)和中国国家统计局。Data source: Mongolia statistical website (https://www.1212.mn/) and China National Bureau of Statistics.
Fig.2 The dynamics of Mongolia’s and Inner Mongolia’s five categories of livestock in 2000-2020
区域 Region | 年份 Year | 总计 Total | 五畜Five animals | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
马Horse | 牛Cattle | 骆驼Camel | 绵羊Sheep | 山羊Goat | |||
西部区域Western region | 1990 | 32.9 | 24.9 | 24.3 | 28.9 | 33.9 | 38.6 |
2000 | 28.8 | 17.8 | 18.0 | 27.5 | 30.0 | 33.4 | |
2010 | 22.7 | 15.6 | 14.9 | 24.0 | 21.3 | 26.2 | |
2020 | 23.6 | 17.8 | 18.2 | 23.0 | 21.4 | 27.8 | |
杭爱区域Khangai region | 1990 | 31.3 | 34.9 | 39.8 | 16.9 | 30.0 | 30.0 |
2000 | 35.4 | 38.5 | 46.2 | 18.6 | 33.6 | 34.4 | |
2010 | 37.3 | 37.8 | 45.3 | 18.2 | 37.2 | 36.5 | |
2020 | 33.9 | 33.5 | 41.6 | 18.4 | 35.1 | 31.7 | |
中心区域Central region | 1990 | 22.0 | 24.0 | 18.3 | 46.9 | 21.0 | 23.7 |
2000 | 22.5 | 24.5 | 15.9 | 46.0 | 22.4 | 23.3 | |
2010 | 23.1 | 23.2 | 19.2 | 50.1 | 23.0 | 23.3 | |
2020 | 24.9 | 23.4 | 18.1 | 54.8 | 24.1 | 26.6 | |
东部区域Eastern region | 1990 | 13.3 | 15.6 | 16.0 | 7.3 | 14.7 | 7.4 |
2000 | 12.5 | 18.4 | 18.4 | 7.9 | 13.3 | 8.4 | |
2010 | 16.1 | 22.3 | 18.1 | 7.6 | 17.8 | 13.3 | |
2020 | 16.9 | 23.9 | 20.3 | 3.8 | 18.8 | 13.4 | |
乌兰巴托Ulaanbaatar | 1990 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
2000 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.6 | |
2010 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | |
2020 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
表7 蒙古国五畜分布情况的变化
Table 7 The distribution of Mongolia’s five categories of livestock (%)
区域 Region | 年份 Year | 总计 Total | 五畜Five animals | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
马Horse | 牛Cattle | 骆驼Camel | 绵羊Sheep | 山羊Goat | |||
西部区域Western region | 1990 | 32.9 | 24.9 | 24.3 | 28.9 | 33.9 | 38.6 |
2000 | 28.8 | 17.8 | 18.0 | 27.5 | 30.0 | 33.4 | |
2010 | 22.7 | 15.6 | 14.9 | 24.0 | 21.3 | 26.2 | |
2020 | 23.6 | 17.8 | 18.2 | 23.0 | 21.4 | 27.8 | |
杭爱区域Khangai region | 1990 | 31.3 | 34.9 | 39.8 | 16.9 | 30.0 | 30.0 |
2000 | 35.4 | 38.5 | 46.2 | 18.6 | 33.6 | 34.4 | |
2010 | 37.3 | 37.8 | 45.3 | 18.2 | 37.2 | 36.5 | |
2020 | 33.9 | 33.5 | 41.6 | 18.4 | 35.1 | 31.7 | |
中心区域Central region | 1990 | 22.0 | 24.0 | 18.3 | 46.9 | 21.0 | 23.7 |
2000 | 22.5 | 24.5 | 15.9 | 46.0 | 22.4 | 23.3 | |
2010 | 23.1 | 23.2 | 19.2 | 50.1 | 23.0 | 23.3 | |
2020 | 24.9 | 23.4 | 18.1 | 54.8 | 24.1 | 26.6 | |
东部区域Eastern region | 1990 | 13.3 | 15.6 | 16.0 | 7.3 | 14.7 | 7.4 |
2000 | 12.5 | 18.4 | 18.4 | 7.9 | 13.3 | 8.4 | |
2010 | 16.1 | 22.3 | 18.1 | 7.6 | 17.8 | 13.3 | |
2020 | 16.9 | 23.9 | 20.3 | 3.8 | 18.8 | 13.4 | |
乌兰巴托Ulaanbaatar | 1990 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
2000 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.6 | |
2010 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | |
2020 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
图3 1991-2020年蒙古国家畜因灾、因病死亡数数据来源:蒙古国统计局网站(https://www.1212.mn/)。Data source: Mongolia statistical website (https://www.1212.mn/).
Fig. 3 Mortality of livestock due to natural disaster and disease in Mongolia in 1991-2020
种类 Type | 蒙古国Mongolia | 中国内蒙古Inner Mongolia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
产量 Yield (?104 t) | 占肉类总量比重 Proportion of meat production (%) | 人均产量 Per capita output (kg) | 产量 Yield (?104 t) | 占肉类总量比重 Proportion of meat production (%) | 人均产量 Per capita output (kg) | |
肉类Meat | 54.50 | 100.00 | 165.32 | 264.56 | 100.00 | 123.34 |
牛肉Beef | 11.94 | 21.91 | 36.22 | 63.78 | 24.11 | 26.41 |
羊肉Mutton | 26.48 | 48.58 | 80.32 | 109.79 | 41.50 | 45.46 |
马肉Horsemeat | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.21 | - | - | - |
骆驼肉Camel meat | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.30 | - | - | - |
其他肉类Other meat | 15.91 | 29.20 | 48.27 | 90.99 | 34.40 | 14.24 |
牛奶Milk | 107.42 | - | 325.83 | 611.48 | - | 253.20 |
羊毛Wool | 0.34 | - | 10.22 | 18.80 | - | 4.23 |
羊绒Cashmere | 1.09 | - | 3.32 | 0.67 | - | 1.37 |
表8 2019年蒙古国和中国内蒙古畜产品生产状况
Table 8 Production of livestock products of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia in 2019
种类 Type | 蒙古国Mongolia | 中国内蒙古Inner Mongolia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
产量 Yield (?104 t) | 占肉类总量比重 Proportion of meat production (%) | 人均产量 Per capita output (kg) | 产量 Yield (?104 t) | 占肉类总量比重 Proportion of meat production (%) | 人均产量 Per capita output (kg) | |
肉类Meat | 54.50 | 100.00 | 165.32 | 264.56 | 100.00 | 123.34 |
牛肉Beef | 11.94 | 21.91 | 36.22 | 63.78 | 24.11 | 26.41 |
羊肉Mutton | 26.48 | 48.58 | 80.32 | 109.79 | 41.50 | 45.46 |
马肉Horsemeat | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.21 | - | - | - |
骆驼肉Camel meat | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.30 | - | - | - |
其他肉类Other meat | 15.91 | 29.20 | 48.27 | 90.99 | 34.40 | 14.24 |
牛奶Milk | 107.42 | - | 325.83 | 611.48 | - | 253.20 |
羊毛Wool | 0.34 | - | 10.22 | 18.80 | - | 4.23 |
羊绒Cashmere | 1.09 | - | 3.32 | 0.67 | - | 1.37 |
区域Region | 项目Item | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蒙古国Mongolia | 总人口Total population | 258.3 | 266.6 | 276.1 | 286.8 | 299.6 | 312.0 | 323.8 | 335.8 |
城市Urban | 162.2 | 171.3 | 191.1 | 192.7 | 199.0 | 213.2 | 219.8 | 231.6 | |
农村Rural | 96.2 | 95.3 | 85.0 | 94.1 | 100.6 | 98.8 | 104.1 | 104.1 | |
中国内蒙古Inner Mongolia | 总人口Total population | 2415 | 2444 | 2472 | 2464 | 2449 | 2436 | 2422 | 2403 |
城市Urban | 1175 | 1264 | 1372 | 1439 | 1493 | 1544 | 1587 | 1622 | |
农村Rural | 1240 | 1180 | 1100 | 1025 | 956 | 892 | 835 | 781 |
表9 2000-2020年蒙古国、中国内蒙古人口变化情况
Table 9 The population of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, from 2000 to 2020 (?104 people)
区域Region | 项目Item | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蒙古国Mongolia | 总人口Total population | 258.3 | 266.6 | 276.1 | 286.8 | 299.6 | 312.0 | 323.8 | 335.8 |
城市Urban | 162.2 | 171.3 | 191.1 | 192.7 | 199.0 | 213.2 | 219.8 | 231.6 | |
农村Rural | 96.2 | 95.3 | 85.0 | 94.1 | 100.6 | 98.8 | 104.1 | 104.1 | |
中国内蒙古Inner Mongolia | 总人口Total population | 2415 | 2444 | 2472 | 2464 | 2449 | 2436 | 2422 | 2403 |
城市Urban | 1175 | 1264 | 1372 | 1439 | 1493 | 1544 | 1587 | 1622 | |
农村Rural | 1240 | 1180 | 1100 | 1025 | 956 | 892 | 835 | 781 |
图4 1990-2020年蒙古国和中国内蒙古城市与农村人口变化情况数据来源:蒙古国统计局《蒙古国统计年鉴2020》、中国国家统计局。Data source: Mongolian Statistics Bureau “Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2020”, China National Bureau of Statistics.
Fig. 4 The urban and rural population of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, from 1990 to 2020
区域Region | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
西部区域Western region | 7.92 | 7.71 | 7.84 | 7.92 | 8.22 | 7.92 | 7.24 | 7.05 | 7.37 |
杭爱区域Khangai region | 11.95 | 11.76 | 12.11 | 12.31 | 12.77 | 12.47 | 12.04 | 11.92 | 12.44 |
中央区域Central region | 5.51 | 5.53 | 5.73 | 5.88 | 6.17 | 6.03 | 5.83 | 5.79 | 6.07 |
东部区域Eastern region | 3.29 | 3.29 | 3.37 | 3.45 | 3.65 | 3.64 | 3.45 | 3.43 | 3.63 |
乌兰巴托Ulaanbaatar | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.38 |
总计Total | 28.96 | 28.57 | 29.36 | 29.78 | 31.14 | 30.36 | 28.87 | 28.55 | 29.88 |
表10 蒙古国畜牧业劳动力状况
Table 10 Labor force of livestock husbandry in Mongolia, from 2012 to 2020 (?104 people)
区域Region | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
西部区域Western region | 7.92 | 7.71 | 7.84 | 7.92 | 8.22 | 7.92 | 7.24 | 7.05 | 7.37 |
杭爱区域Khangai region | 11.95 | 11.76 | 12.11 | 12.31 | 12.77 | 12.47 | 12.04 | 11.92 | 12.44 |
中央区域Central region | 5.51 | 5.53 | 5.73 | 5.88 | 6.17 | 6.03 | 5.83 | 5.79 | 6.07 |
东部区域Eastern region | 3.29 | 3.29 | 3.37 | 3.45 | 3.65 | 3.64 | 3.45 | 3.43 | 3.63 |
乌兰巴托Ulaanbaatar | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.38 |
总计Total | 28.96 | 28.57 | 29.36 | 29.78 | 31.14 | 30.36 | 28.87 | 28.55 | 29.88 |
区域Region | 产业Industry | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蒙古国Mongolia | 第一产业Primary industry | 20.0 | 17.7 | 19.2 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 13.3 | 12.5 | 11.2 | 12.8 |
第二产业Secondary industry | 31.0 | 41.1 | 33.6 | 36.1 | 34.5 | 34.7 | 35.8 | 41.0 | 40.2 | |
第三产业Tertiary industry | 48.9 | 41.2 | 47.2 | 52.4 | 54.2 | 52.0 | 51.7 | 47.8 | 47.0 | |
内蒙古Inner Mongolia | 第一产业Primary industry | 17.8 | 15.3 | 14.5 | 13.4 | 13.9 | 13.5 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 11.8 |
第二产业Secondary industry | 35.4 | 41.4 | 40.9 | 41.7 | 43.5 | 42.1 | 40.5 | 39.3 | 40.0 | |
第三产业Tertiary industry | 46.8 | 43.4 | 44.6 | 44.9 | 42.6 | 44.5 | 47.6 | 49.9 | 48.2 |
表11 2004-2020年蒙古国和中国内蒙古三大产业在GDP中的占比
Table 11 The share of output value of three main industries in the GDP of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, from 2004 to 2020 (%)
区域Region | 产业Industry | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蒙古国Mongolia | 第一产业Primary industry | 20.0 | 17.7 | 19.2 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 13.3 | 12.5 | 11.2 | 12.8 |
第二产业Secondary industry | 31.0 | 41.1 | 33.6 | 36.1 | 34.5 | 34.7 | 35.8 | 41.0 | 40.2 | |
第三产业Tertiary industry | 48.9 | 41.2 | 47.2 | 52.4 | 54.2 | 52.0 | 51.7 | 47.8 | 47.0 | |
内蒙古Inner Mongolia | 第一产业Primary industry | 17.8 | 15.3 | 14.5 | 13.4 | 13.9 | 13.5 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 11.8 |
第二产业Secondary industry | 35.4 | 41.4 | 40.9 | 41.7 | 43.5 | 42.1 | 40.5 | 39.3 | 40.0 | |
第三产业Tertiary industry | 46.8 | 43.4 | 44.6 | 44.9 | 42.6 | 44.5 | 47.6 | 49.9 | 48.2 |
项目Item | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
农林渔猎Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting | 5420 | 6412 | 6696 | 7167 | 7659 | 8210 | 8623 |
制造业Manufacturing | 7590 | 8592 | 9245 | 9632 | 10391 | 11477 | 12522 |
食品Food | 1945 | 2310 | 2556 | 2826 | 3147 | 3564 | 3935 |
皮革制品Leather | 236 | 271 | 285 | 302 | 328 | 390 | 444 |
合计Total | 101578 | 116939 | 129948 | 145092 | 158782 | 174974 | 190830 |
表12 2014-2020年蒙古国登记商业实体和组织数量
Table 12 Number of registered business entities and organizations of Mongolia, from 2014 to 2020
项目Item | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
农林渔猎Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting | 5420 | 6412 | 6696 | 7167 | 7659 | 8210 | 8623 |
制造业Manufacturing | 7590 | 8592 | 9245 | 9632 | 10391 | 11477 | 12522 |
食品Food | 1945 | 2310 | 2556 | 2826 | 3147 | 3564 | 3935 |
皮革制品Leather | 236 | 271 | 285 | 302 | 328 | 390 | 444 |
合计Total | 101578 | 116939 | 129948 | 145092 | 158782 | 174974 | 190830 |
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