草业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (11): 188-198.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023003
• 综合评述 • 上一篇
陶雅1,3(), 徐丽君2, 李峰1, 李文龙1, 孙启忠1, 徐畅1, 林克剑1()
收稿日期:
2023-01-04
修回日期:
2023-03-20
出版日期:
2023-11-20
发布日期:
2023-09-27
通讯作者:
林克剑
作者简介:
E-mail: linkejian@caas.cn基金资助:
Ya TAO1,3(), Li-jun XU2, Feng LI1, Wen-long LI1, Qi-zhong SUN1, Chang XU1, Ke-jian LIN1()
Received:
2023-01-04
Revised:
2023-03-20
Online:
2023-11-20
Published:
2023-09-27
Contact:
Ke-jian LIN
摘要:
羊草为我国著名的禾本科饲草,在我国已有70多年的栽培史,其在生态建设和畜牧业生产中都发挥着重要的作用。21世纪初,羊草在我国现代奶业发展中曾发挥过重要的作用。然而,进入新的发展时期,当苜蓿、燕麦产业得到蓬勃发展时,羊草产业发展则处于低迷状态,而在我国苜蓿和燕麦产业面临诸多困难与挑战(如用地、用水难)的当下,用新理念、新视角、新技术审视振兴羊草产业的新优势与新意义就显得尤为重要与紧迫。与燕麦相比,羊草在抗逆生态生物学、栽培生物学等方面具有明显的优势,然而由于羊草产业受政策扶持有限,导致其发展落后于苜蓿、燕麦。今后应加大羊草产业的政策支持力度,强化羊草科技创新,在羊草“三低”问题和种子产量提升上取得重大突破,在羊草规模化种植、智能化管理、节水化灌溉、机械化作业、标准化加工、专业化生产和节约化经营等全产业链关键核心技术上取得更大进步;在扩大羊草种植面积、提高质量、增加产量和实现生态经济双赢等方面取得显著效果。充分发挥羊草生态生物学优势和栽培生物学特性,利用边际土地大力发展羊草种植,突破资源约束,培育羊草龙头企业,建立数字交易平台,打通羊草产品的销售渠道,打造羊草知名产品和品牌。
陶雅, 徐丽君, 李峰, 李文龙, 孙启忠, 徐畅, 林克剑. 我国羊草产业亟待振兴[J]. 草业学报, 2023, 32(11): 188-198.
Ya TAO, Li-jun XU, Feng LI, Wen-long LI, Qi-zhong SUN, Chang XU, Ke-jian LIN. The Leymus chinensis industry in China needs to be urgently revitalized[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(11): 188-198.
年份 Year | 总饲草保留面积 Total forage area | 多年生饲草保留面积 Perennial forage area | 一年生饲草种植面积Annual grass area |
---|---|---|---|
2016 | 1196.34 | 761.43 | 434.91 |
2017 | 1209.77 | 763.14 | 446.63 |
2018 | 1091.93 | 637.37 | 454.61 |
2019 | 889.56 | 491.05 | 405.18 |
2020 | 894.77 | 491.88 | 402.89 |
表1 2016-2022年全国饲草种植面积
Table 1 Cultivation area of forage in 2016-2022 (×104 hm2)
年份 Year | 总饲草保留面积 Total forage area | 多年生饲草保留面积 Perennial forage area | 一年生饲草种植面积Annual grass area |
---|---|---|---|
2016 | 1196.34 | 761.43 | 434.91 |
2017 | 1209.77 | 763.14 | 446.63 |
2018 | 1091.93 | 637.37 | 454.61 |
2019 | 889.56 | 491.05 | 405.18 |
2020 | 894.77 | 491.88 | 402.89 |
年份 Year | 保留面积 Total forage area (×104 hm2) | 干草总产量 Total hay output (×104 t) | 青贮量 Silage (×104 t) |
---|---|---|---|
2016 | 437.47 | 3025.7 | 162.9 |
2017 | 415.01 | 2933.6 | 163.4 |
2018 | 307.73 | 2251.0 | 159.7 |
2019 | 231.48 | 1694.0 | 405.2 |
2020 | 220.67 | 1665.3 | 178.1 |
表2 2016-2020年全国苜蓿生产情况
Table 2 Alfalfa production in 2016-2020
年份 Year | 保留面积 Total forage area (×104 hm2) | 干草总产量 Total hay output (×104 t) | 青贮量 Silage (×104 t) |
---|---|---|---|
2016 | 437.47 | 3025.7 | 162.9 |
2017 | 415.01 | 2933.6 | 163.4 |
2018 | 307.73 | 2251.0 | 159.7 |
2019 | 231.48 | 1694.0 | 405.2 |
2020 | 220.67 | 1665.3 | 178.1 |
年份 Year | 饲草 Forage | 苜蓿 Alfalfa | 燕麦 Oat |
---|---|---|---|
2014 | 100.49 | 88.40 | 12.10 |
2015 | 136.50 | 121.00 | 15.15 |
2016 | 168.60 | 138.78 | 22.30 |
2017 | 181.83 | 140.00 | 31.00 |
2018 | 171.00 | 138.37 | 29.36 |
2019 | 159.74 | 135.60 | 24.09 |
2020 | 172.22 | 135.00 | 33.47 |
2021 | 199.25 | 178.03 | 21.22 |
表3 全国饲草进口量
Table 3 Forage import volume (×104 t)
年份 Year | 饲草 Forage | 苜蓿 Alfalfa | 燕麦 Oat |
---|---|---|---|
2014 | 100.49 | 88.40 | 12.10 |
2015 | 136.50 | 121.00 | 15.15 |
2016 | 168.60 | 138.78 | 22.30 |
2017 | 181.83 | 140.00 | 31.00 |
2018 | 171.00 | 138.37 | 29.36 |
2019 | 159.74 | 135.60 | 24.09 |
2020 | 172.22 | 135.00 | 33.47 |
2021 | 199.25 | 178.03 | 21.22 |
年份 Year | 饲草生产 Forage production (×104 hm2) | 种子生产Seed production | |
---|---|---|---|
面积Area (×104 hm2) | 产量 Production (t) | ||
2012[ | 36.2 | 0.289 | 418.8 |
2013[ | 25.7 | 0.208 | 339.4 |
2014[ | 28.0 | 0.236 | 757.9 |
2015[ | 25.4 | 0.405 | 718.0 |
2016[ | 15.5 | 0.406 | 748.0 |
2017[ | 9.0 | 0.276 | 478.2 |
2018[ | 8.4 | 0.063 | 212.0 |
2019[ | 11.0 | 0.221 | 386.0 |
2020[ | 18.7 | 0.205 | 370.2 |
表4 2012-2020年我国羊草生产情况
Table 4 L. chinensis production in 2012-2020
年份 Year | 饲草生产 Forage production (×104 hm2) | 种子生产Seed production | |
---|---|---|---|
面积Area (×104 hm2) | 产量 Production (t) | ||
2012[ | 36.2 | 0.289 | 418.8 |
2013[ | 25.7 | 0.208 | 339.4 |
2014[ | 28.0 | 0.236 | 757.9 |
2015[ | 25.4 | 0.405 | 718.0 |
2016[ | 15.5 | 0.406 | 748.0 |
2017[ | 9.0 | 0.276 | 478.2 |
2018[ | 8.4 | 0.063 | 212.0 |
2019[ | 11.0 | 0.221 | 386.0 |
2020[ | 18.7 | 0.205 | 370.2 |
品种 Variety | 物候期 Phonological stage | 干物质 Dry matter | 粗蛋白 Crude protein | 粗脂肪 Ether extract | 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber | 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber | 灰分 Ash | 磷 Phosphorus |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
农牧1号羊草 L. chinensis cv. Nongmu No.1 | 孕穗期Booting stage | 88.96 | 13.56 | 3.20 | 65.38 | 33.66 | 8.01 | 0.54 |
抽穗期Heading stage | 91.20 | 9.36 | 2.23 | 66.77 | 34.69 | 6.96 | 0.67 | |
开花期Flowering stage | 92.01 | 7.58 | 2.37 | 62.05 | 32.82 | 7.28 | 0.55 |
表5 羊草不同刈割时间营养成分[20]
Table 5 Nutritional components of L. chinensis at different cutting times (%)[20]
品种 Variety | 物候期 Phonological stage | 干物质 Dry matter | 粗蛋白 Crude protein | 粗脂肪 Ether extract | 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber | 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber | 灰分 Ash | 磷 Phosphorus |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
农牧1号羊草 L. chinensis cv. Nongmu No.1 | 孕穗期Booting stage | 88.96 | 13.56 | 3.20 | 65.38 | 33.66 | 8.01 | 0.54 |
抽穗期Heading stage | 91.20 | 9.36 | 2.23 | 66.77 | 34.69 | 6.96 | 0.67 | |
开花期Flowering stage | 92.01 | 7.58 | 2.37 | 62.05 | 32.82 | 7.28 | 0.55 |
品种 Variety | 粗蛋白 Crude protein | 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber | 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber | 灰分 Ash |
---|---|---|---|---|
燕王Forage plus | 9.35 | 59.00 | 34.33 | 8.40 |
牧王Haymaker | 8.63 | 57.73 | 32.60 | 7.90 |
枪手Gunners | 9.21 | 57.20 | 33.87 | 8.00 |
太阳神Helios | 8.89 | 59.90 | 35.83 | 8.00 |
爱沃256 Everleaf No.256 | 9.47 | 56.73 | 34.70 | 9.50 |
贝勒2 Baler No.2 | 8.38 | 56.17 | 32.43 | 8.63 |
表6 燕麦品种营养成分比较[21]
Table 6 Comparison of the nutritional composition of the forage oat varieties[21] (%)
品种 Variety | 粗蛋白 Crude protein | 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber | 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber | 灰分 Ash |
---|---|---|---|---|
燕王Forage plus | 9.35 | 59.00 | 34.33 | 8.40 |
牧王Haymaker | 8.63 | 57.73 | 32.60 | 7.90 |
枪手Gunners | 9.21 | 57.20 | 33.87 | 8.00 |
太阳神Helios | 8.89 | 59.90 | 35.83 | 8.00 |
爱沃256 Everleaf No.256 | 9.47 | 56.73 | 34.70 | 9.50 |
贝勒2 Baler No.2 | 8.38 | 56.17 | 32.43 | 8.63 |
特性 Characteristic | 性状表现 Performance | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|
生长Growth | 多年生,可长期生长利用。Perennial, capable of long-term growth and utilization. | [ |
分布Distribution | 广域性旱中生牧草,东北、内蒙古、华北及西北各地皆有分布。Xeric-mesophytic forage, widely distributed in Inner Mongolia, northeast, north and northwest China. | [ |
生态型Ecotype | 深绿色:抽穗率高,茎叶比低。Dark green: High heading rate, low stem-leaf ratio. | [ |
黄绿色:分蘖强,抽穗率、茎叶比居中。Yellow-green: Strong tillering, middle heading rate and stem-leaf ratio. | [ | |
灰绿色:抽穗率低,茎叶比高,具有较强的耐盐碱性。Grey green: Low heading rate, high stem-leaf ratio, and strong salt and alkaline tolerance. | [ | |
繁殖Reproduction | 以无性繁殖为主,有性繁殖为辅。Asexual reproduction is predominant and sexual reproduction is supplemented. | [ |
根茎Rhizome | 既有垂直根,又具地下横向根茎。It has both vertical roots and underground rhizomes. | [ |
侵占性Aggressiveness | 根茎强韧伸长,繁殖力也强,根冠硬质,能穿透极硬质的黏土及沙壤土,向四面八方蜿蜒引伸(伸长),所以竞争力强。The rhizome is strong and elongated, with strong fertility. The root crown is hard and can penetrate very hard clay and sandy loam, and stretches in all directions, resulting in strong competitiveness. | [ |
再生性Reproducibility | 再生性较好,在一般管理条件下,一年可刈割2~3次。Reproducibility is good, can cut 2-3 times a year under general management conditions. | [ |
耐寒Cold- resistance | 耐寒性强,根茎外被纤维叶鞘所包裹增加了耐寒性,在冬季-42 ℃无雪覆盖条件下可安全越冬,幼苗可耐-5~-6 ℃的低温。Cold resistance is strong, which is enhanced by the wrapping of fibrous leaf sheaths outside the rhizomes. It can safely overwinter under the conditions of -42 ℃ with no snow cover in winter, and the seedlings can withstand low temperature of -5--6 ℃. | [ |
耐旱Drought- resistance | 耐旱性强,在年降水量300 mm的干旱地区生长良好,降水量500~600 mm地区生长最好。由于根茎发达,能从土壤深处吸收水分和养分,所以抗旱性极强。Drought resistance is strong. It grows well in arid areas with an annual precipitation of 300 mm, and grows best in areas with precipitation of 500-600 mm. Due to with well-developed rhizomes, it can absorb water and nutrients from deep in the soil, making it highly resistant to drought. | [ |
耐盐碱Salt and alkali resistance | 羊草耐生于碱地,因而得名碱草,为碱草草地的优势种或建群种,适宜的土壤pH为5.5~8.5,其中以pH 7.0~8.0最适宜。L. chinensis is known as alkaline grass, because it is tolerant to alkaline soil. It is the dominant species or constructive species of alkaline grassland. The suitable soil pH is 5.5-8.5, among which pH 7.0-8.0 is the most suitable. | [ |
耐瘠薄Barren- resistance | 无论平川山坡,凡高燥瘠薄的沙壤土中,都能适应生长。No matter the plain or hillside, where the dry and barren sandy loam, can adapt to growth. | [ |
抗风沙Wind and sand resistance | 由于根茎深埋于地下,植株固定性好,不易被风刮走或刮死,更不怕沙埋。Due to the deep burial of the rhizomes underground, the plants have good fixation and are not easily blown away or killed by the wind, and are not afraid of sand burial. | [ |
耐践踏Trampling-resistance | 根茎芽深埋地下不易被破坏,植株坚韧耐践踏。The rhizome buds buried deep underground are not easy to be destroyed, and the plants are tough and durable. | [ |
表7 羊草生态生物学特性
Table 7 Ecological and biological characteristics of L.chinensis
特性 Characteristic | 性状表现 Performance | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|
生长Growth | 多年生,可长期生长利用。Perennial, capable of long-term growth and utilization. | [ |
分布Distribution | 广域性旱中生牧草,东北、内蒙古、华北及西北各地皆有分布。Xeric-mesophytic forage, widely distributed in Inner Mongolia, northeast, north and northwest China. | [ |
生态型Ecotype | 深绿色:抽穗率高,茎叶比低。Dark green: High heading rate, low stem-leaf ratio. | [ |
黄绿色:分蘖强,抽穗率、茎叶比居中。Yellow-green: Strong tillering, middle heading rate and stem-leaf ratio. | [ | |
灰绿色:抽穗率低,茎叶比高,具有较强的耐盐碱性。Grey green: Low heading rate, high stem-leaf ratio, and strong salt and alkaline tolerance. | [ | |
繁殖Reproduction | 以无性繁殖为主,有性繁殖为辅。Asexual reproduction is predominant and sexual reproduction is supplemented. | [ |
根茎Rhizome | 既有垂直根,又具地下横向根茎。It has both vertical roots and underground rhizomes. | [ |
侵占性Aggressiveness | 根茎强韧伸长,繁殖力也强,根冠硬质,能穿透极硬质的黏土及沙壤土,向四面八方蜿蜒引伸(伸长),所以竞争力强。The rhizome is strong and elongated, with strong fertility. The root crown is hard and can penetrate very hard clay and sandy loam, and stretches in all directions, resulting in strong competitiveness. | [ |
再生性Reproducibility | 再生性较好,在一般管理条件下,一年可刈割2~3次。Reproducibility is good, can cut 2-3 times a year under general management conditions. | [ |
耐寒Cold- resistance | 耐寒性强,根茎外被纤维叶鞘所包裹增加了耐寒性,在冬季-42 ℃无雪覆盖条件下可安全越冬,幼苗可耐-5~-6 ℃的低温。Cold resistance is strong, which is enhanced by the wrapping of fibrous leaf sheaths outside the rhizomes. It can safely overwinter under the conditions of -42 ℃ with no snow cover in winter, and the seedlings can withstand low temperature of -5--6 ℃. | [ |
耐旱Drought- resistance | 耐旱性强,在年降水量300 mm的干旱地区生长良好,降水量500~600 mm地区生长最好。由于根茎发达,能从土壤深处吸收水分和养分,所以抗旱性极强。Drought resistance is strong. It grows well in arid areas with an annual precipitation of 300 mm, and grows best in areas with precipitation of 500-600 mm. Due to with well-developed rhizomes, it can absorb water and nutrients from deep in the soil, making it highly resistant to drought. | [ |
耐盐碱Salt and alkali resistance | 羊草耐生于碱地,因而得名碱草,为碱草草地的优势种或建群种,适宜的土壤pH为5.5~8.5,其中以pH 7.0~8.0最适宜。L. chinensis is known as alkaline grass, because it is tolerant to alkaline soil. It is the dominant species or constructive species of alkaline grassland. The suitable soil pH is 5.5-8.5, among which pH 7.0-8.0 is the most suitable. | [ |
耐瘠薄Barren- resistance | 无论平川山坡,凡高燥瘠薄的沙壤土中,都能适应生长。No matter the plain or hillside, where the dry and barren sandy loam, can adapt to growth. | [ |
抗风沙Wind and sand resistance | 由于根茎深埋于地下,植株固定性好,不易被风刮走或刮死,更不怕沙埋。Due to the deep burial of the rhizomes underground, the plants have good fixation and are not easily blown away or killed by the wind, and are not afraid of sand burial. | [ |
耐践踏Trampling-resistance | 根茎芽深埋地下不易被破坏,植株坚韧耐践踏。The rhizome buds buried deep underground are not easy to be destroyed, and the plants are tough and durable. | [ |
项目 Item | 特性 Characteristics | 性状表现 Performance | 参考文献References |
---|---|---|---|
适宜栽培区域Suitable cultivation area | 旱作羊草:降水量≥350 mm 半干旱、半湿润及湿润区。Dry farming L. chinensis: Precipitation ≥350 mm semi-arid, semi-humid and humid areas. 北方具有灌溉条件的地区均可种植。Northern areas with irrigation conditions can be planted. | [ | |
适宜地型Suitable land type | 撂荒地、盐碱地、沙地、退耕地、坡耕地、下湿地。Abandoned land, saline-alkali land, sandy land, farming-withdrawn land, sloping land and soaking land. | [ | |
分蘖性Tillering | 根茎形成Rhizome formation | 5片叶后形成根茎,约出苗生长30 d。 After five leaves form rhizome, which grow for about 30 days after emergence. | [ |
分蘖期Tillering stage | 出苗生长55~65 d进入分蘖期。Seedling emergence and growth for 55-65 days enter the tillering stage. | [ | |
根茎分布Rhizome distribution | 地表下5~20 cm。5-20 cm below the surface. | [ | |
侵占性Aggressiveness | 扩展性Extensibility | 根茎扩展性极强,生长第二年成片几乎不见行。Rhizome expansibility is very strong, the second year of growth into pieces almost invisible line. | [ |
竞争性Competitiveness | 由于强大的根茎繁殖力,具有很强的竞争性,能使群落相对单一。Due to strong rhizomes reproduction, it has strong competitiveness and can keep the community relatively homogeneous. | [ | |
刈割性Mowing | 播种当年The sowing year | 早春播种,有灌溉时可刈割1~2次。Sowing in early spring, mowing 1-2 times when irrigation is available. | [ |
第二年后The second year and later | 有灌溉刈割2~3次。Mowing 2-3 times when irrigation is available. | [ | |
繁殖性Reproduction | 无性繁殖Asexual reproduction | 无性繁殖强,有性繁殖弱,无性繁殖成活率达90%。Asexual reproduction is strong, sexual reproduction is weak, and the survival rate of asexual reproduction reaches 90%. | [ |
开花期Flowering stage | 5月下旬至7月底,开花不集中。Flowering is not concentrated from late May to late July. | [ | |
结实率Seed setting rate | 45%~70% | [ | |
产籽性Seediness | 农牧1号羊草在呼和浩特为825~900 kg·hm-2,在蓝旗为525~600 kg·hm-2。The yield of Nongmu No. 1 L. chinensis is 825-900 kg·ha-1 in Hohhot, and 525-600 kg·ha-1 in Lanqi. | [ |
表8 羊草栽培生物学特性
Table 8 Cultural biological characteristics of L. chinensis
项目 Item | 特性 Characteristics | 性状表现 Performance | 参考文献References |
---|---|---|---|
适宜栽培区域Suitable cultivation area | 旱作羊草:降水量≥350 mm 半干旱、半湿润及湿润区。Dry farming L. chinensis: Precipitation ≥350 mm semi-arid, semi-humid and humid areas. 北方具有灌溉条件的地区均可种植。Northern areas with irrigation conditions can be planted. | [ | |
适宜地型Suitable land type | 撂荒地、盐碱地、沙地、退耕地、坡耕地、下湿地。Abandoned land, saline-alkali land, sandy land, farming-withdrawn land, sloping land and soaking land. | [ | |
分蘖性Tillering | 根茎形成Rhizome formation | 5片叶后形成根茎,约出苗生长30 d。 After five leaves form rhizome, which grow for about 30 days after emergence. | [ |
分蘖期Tillering stage | 出苗生长55~65 d进入分蘖期。Seedling emergence and growth for 55-65 days enter the tillering stage. | [ | |
根茎分布Rhizome distribution | 地表下5~20 cm。5-20 cm below the surface. | [ | |
侵占性Aggressiveness | 扩展性Extensibility | 根茎扩展性极强,生长第二年成片几乎不见行。Rhizome expansibility is very strong, the second year of growth into pieces almost invisible line. | [ |
竞争性Competitiveness | 由于强大的根茎繁殖力,具有很强的竞争性,能使群落相对单一。Due to strong rhizomes reproduction, it has strong competitiveness and can keep the community relatively homogeneous. | [ | |
刈割性Mowing | 播种当年The sowing year | 早春播种,有灌溉时可刈割1~2次。Sowing in early spring, mowing 1-2 times when irrigation is available. | [ |
第二年后The second year and later | 有灌溉刈割2~3次。Mowing 2-3 times when irrigation is available. | [ | |
繁殖性Reproduction | 无性繁殖Asexual reproduction | 无性繁殖强,有性繁殖弱,无性繁殖成活率达90%。Asexual reproduction is strong, sexual reproduction is weak, and the survival rate of asexual reproduction reaches 90%. | [ |
开花期Flowering stage | 5月下旬至7月底,开花不集中。Flowering is not concentrated from late May to late July. | [ | |
结实率Seed setting rate | 45%~70% | [ | |
产籽性Seediness | 农牧1号羊草在呼和浩特为825~900 kg·hm-2,在蓝旗为525~600 kg·hm-2。The yield of Nongmu No. 1 L. chinensis is 825-900 kg·ha-1 in Hohhot, and 525-600 kg·ha-1 in Lanqi. | [ |
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