冬小麦套种草木樨土壤中根瘤菌分布与土壤理化性质的相关性分析

doi:10.11686/cyxb2017219

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 对新疆阿克苏地区冬小麦套种草木樨地土壤中根瘤菌数量动态规律与土壤理化性质的相关性进行了研究。采用平板稀释法对根瘤菌进行计数,测定土壤理化性质包括水分、pH、容重、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾。结果表明:1)从冬小麦返青也是草木樨播种时期(4月)到刈割期(9月),根瘤菌数量分布为10~20 cm>0~10 cm>20~40 cm土层,0~20 cm土层根瘤菌数量7月达到最大值,为6.89 lg cfu·g^-1,20~40 cm土层根瘤菌数量8月达到最大值,为6.46 lg cfu·g^-1;非共生期根瘤菌比共生期增加7.33%~10.63%。2)4-9月土壤pH下降0.23%~1.40%,全盐下降3.45%~37.69%;0~40 cm土层4-8月有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷呈下降趋势,但在9月草木樨刈割时较8月有所增加,其中0~40 cm土层的有机质增加7.65%~26.98%,全氮增加16.67%~44.12%;0~20 cm土层碱解氮增加20.27%~160.68%;10~20 cm土层有效磷增加167.74%;0~20 cm土层的有效钾含量提高10%。3)根瘤菌数量与土壤理化性质的线性回归分析,0~40 cm土层全盐与根瘤菌数量相关性最高(R=-0.81,P<0.05)。此外,0~20 cm土层水分还与根瘤菌数量相关性高(-0.81≤R≤-0.73,P<0.05),20~40 cm土层全氮的相关性高(R=-0.88,P<0.05);通径分析中,土壤全氮、全盐、有机质与根瘤菌数量相关性最高,其中与有机质呈正相关(P₅=0.56),与全氮、全盐呈负相关(P₆=-0.50,P₄=-0.64),有机质是促进根瘤菌的主要因子,全氮、全盐是制约主要因子。因此,在栽培过程中应该增加有机肥,适当减少氮肥施量,降低土壤盐分,促进根瘤菌增殖,提高固氮量。

关键词: 冬小麦, 草木樨, 套种, 根瘤菌, 土壤理化性质

Abstract: The correlation between rhizobia distribution and the physical/chemical properties in soil of winter wheat intercropped with sweet clover in the Aksu region of Xinjiang was determined. Rhizobia numbers were counted by dilution plate method. Soil physical and chemical properties including pH, soil bulk density, total salt, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were also measured. The results showed that the number of rhizobia was highest at 10-20 cm soil depth compared with 0-10 cm and 20-40 cm from sowing to cutting of sweet clover. The number of rhizobia was highest at 0-20 cm depth (6.89 lg cfu·g^-1) in July and at 20-40 cm soil depth in August (6.46 lg cfu·g^-1). Soil pH and total salt decreased 0.23%-1.40% and 3.45%-37.69% between September and April, respectively. At 0-40 cm soil depth, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus decreased from April to August. However, compared with September (sweet clover harvest) organic matter and total nitrogen in August was increased 7.65%-26.98% and 16.67%-44.12%, respectively. Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen at 0-20 cm was increased by 20.27%-160.68%, available phosphorus by 167.74% at 10-20 cm and available potassium by 10% at 0-20 cm soil depth. The correlation between total salt and the number of rhizobia at 0-40 cm soil depth was strong and negative (r=-0.81, P<0.05. The correlations between moisture content and rhizobia numbers at 0-20 cm soil depth were also strong and negative (-0.81≤r≤-0.73, P<0.05). There was also a strong negative correlation between total nitrogen content and rhizobia numbers at 20-40 cm soil depth(r=-0.88, P<0.05). Path coefficients for total salt, organic matter and total nitrogen were generally strongly correlated with rhizobia numbers, and organic matter was positively correlated (P₅=0.56) but total nitrogen and total salt negatively correlated (P₆=-0.50, P₄=-0.64). Organic matter had the greatest positive influence on rhizobia, whereas total nitrogen and total salt reduced rhizobia.

Key words: winter wheat, sweet clover, intercropping, rhizobia, soil physical&chemical properties;

赵涛,马春晖,王栋,景永元,席琳乔. 冬小麦套种草木樨土壤中根瘤菌分布与土壤理化性质的相关性分析[J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(4): 45-55.

ZHAO Tao, MA Chun-hui, WANG Dong, JING Yong-yuan, XI Lin-qiao. Correlation between rhizobia distribution and the physical/chemical properties in soil of winter wheat intercropped with sweet clover[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(4): 45-55.

参考文献

[1] Zhang H Y.Effect of increasing yield and cultivation techniques of intercropped. Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and Technology, 1977, (5): 30-35.
张亨业. 麦田套种草木樨的增产改土效果及其栽培技术. 内蒙古农业科技,1977, (5): 30-35.
[2] Gbanguba A U, Ismaila U, Kolo M G M, et al. Effect of cassava/legumes intercrop before rice on weed dynamics and rice grain yield at Badeggi, Nigeria. African Journal of Plant Science, 2011, 5(4): 264-267.
[3] Liu H, Jing C M, Xi L Q, et al. The effect of winter wheat interplanting sweet clover on soil physical and chemical properties. Journal of Tarim University, 2013, 25(4): 1-6.
刘慧, 景春梅, 席琳乔, 等. 冬小麦套种草木樨对土壤理化性质的影响. 塔里木大学学报, 2013, 25(4): 1-6.
[4] Li Z J, Tang G M, Sun X, et al. Effect of planting years on soil nutrient changes in southern Xinjiang orchard. Tianjin Agricultural Sciences, 2016, (5): 15-20.
李志军, 唐光木, 孙霞, 等. 种植年限对新疆南部果园土壤养分变化的影响. 天津农业科学, 2016, (5): 15-20.
[5] Gao P Y, Huang L D, Guo T J, et al. A study of difficulties in developing herbivorous livestock in Xinjiang. Finance & Economics of Xinjiang, 2015, (1): 47-52.
高培元, 黄玲娣, 郭同军, 等. 新疆草食畜牧业发展难点问题研究. 新疆财经, 2015, (1): 47-52.
[6] Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences to study the suitable area of green manure planting mode. Xinjiang Party Network, 2012. (2016-12) [2012-06-24]. . Xinjiang Party Network, 2012. (2016-12) [2012-06-24]. http://www.xjkunlun.cn/kjxxw/kjxxyw/2012/2462462.htm.
新疆农科院研究出适宜我区的绿肥种植模式. 新疆党建网, 2012. (2016-12) [2012-06-24]. . 新疆党建网, 2012. (2016-12) [2012-06-24]. http://www.xjkunlun.cn/kjxxw/kjxxyw/2012/2462462.htm.
[7] Guo S L, Zhou Y D, Zhang W J.Effects of long-term application of chemical fertilizer on food production and soil quality attributes. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2003, 10(1): 16-22.
郭胜利, 周印东, 张文菊. 长期施用化肥对粮食生产和土壤质量性状的影响. 水土保持研究, 2003, 10(1): 16-22.
[8] Holford I C R, Crocker G J. A comparison of chickpeas and pasture legumes for sustaining yields and nitrogen status of sub-sequent wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1997, 48: 305-315.
[9] Liu X Y, Lindelnann W C, Whitford W G, et al. Microbial Diversit and activity of disturbed soil in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Biolog and Fertilizer of Soil, 2000, 32(3): 243-249.
[10] Yong T W, Chen X R, Yang W Y, et al. Root exudates and nitrogen uptake of wheat in wheat/maize/soybean relay cropping system. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2010, 36(3): 477-485.
雍太文, 陈小容, 杨文钰, 等. 小麦/玉米/大豆三熟套作体系中小麦根系分泌特性及氮素吸收研究. 作物学报, 2010, 36(3): 477-485.
[11] Zhang G G, Yang Z B, Dong S T.An evaluation of forage potential of an alfalfa+maize intercropping system. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(2): 117-126.
张桂国, 杨在宾, 董树亭. 苜蓿+玉米间作系统饲料生产潜力的评定. 草业学报, 2011, 20(2): 117-126.
[12] Zhang Y X.Orchard intercropping sweet clover cultivation techniques. Rural Science & Technology, 2016, (5): 65-66.
张永霞. 果园小麦套种草木樨栽培技术. 农村科技, 2016, (5): 65-66.
[13] Tian Y S, Wu Q L, Li H Q.A study on the yield advantage of intercropping sunflower witch sweet clover(Melilotus albus Desr.) in Irrigation Area of Hetao. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 1989, (2): 63-73.
田玉山, 吴渠来, 李汉青. 河套灌区向日葵间作白花草木樨产量优势研究. 华北农学报, 1989, (2): 63-73.
[14] Zhu T C, Li Z J, Zhang W Z, et al. A preliminary report on the cereal-forage rotation system in the plain of Northeast China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2003, 12(3): 34-43.
祝廷成, 李志坚, 张为政, 等. 东北平原引草入田、粮草轮作的初步研究. 草业学报, 2003, 12(3): 34-43.
[15] Li Y P, Xu W X, Chen B, et al. Effect of different planting patterns of green manures on soil fertility and cotton yield. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 2010, (9): 149-153.
李银平, 徐文修, 陈冰, 等. 绿肥种植模式对连作棉田土壤肥力及棉花产量的影响. 西北农业学报, 2010, (9): 149-153.
[16] Zhang X X, Ma X T, Cao Y H, et al. Impacts of rhizobial inoculation on plant growth and yield traits of green bean (Vigna radiata). Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2012, (6): 70-73.
张晓霞, 马晓彤, 曹艳华, 等. 接种根瘤菌对不同品种绿豆生长及产量的影响. 中国土壤与肥料, 2012, (6): 70-73.
[17] Zhou X J, Liang Y, Shen S H, et al. Effects of rhizobial inoculation and shading on nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis of soybean. Cientia Agricultura Sinica, 2007, (3): 478-484.
周相娟, 梁宇, 沈世华, 等. 接种根瘤菌和遮光对大豆固氮和光合作用的影响. 中国农业科学, 2007, (3): 478-484.
[18] Liu J, Zhang J, Qin W J, et al. Effects of nitrogen application and rhizobia inoculation on peanut growth and nitrogen accumulation in red soil upland. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, 2016, (12): 2441-2450.
刘佳, 张杰, 秦文婧, 等. 施氮和接种根瘤菌对红壤旱地花生生长及氮素累积的影响. 核农学报, 2016, (12): 2441-2450.
[19] Yu Y C, Wen D L, Luo X P, et al. Effects of inoculating rhizobium on nitrogen fixation of leguminous green manure. Yunnan Agricultural Science and Technology, 2006, (2): 21-22.
俞艳春, 文定良, 罗心平, 等. 接种根瘤菌对豆科绿肥的固氮效果研究. 云南农业科技, 2006, (2): 21-22.
[20] Liu E K, Zhao B Q, Li X Y, et al. Biological properties and enzymatic activity of arable soil affected by long-term different fertilization systems. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(1): 176-182.
刘恩科, 赵秉强, 李秀英, 等. 长期施肥对土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性的影响. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(1): 176-182.
[21] Doran J W, Sarrantonio M, Liebig M A.Soil health and sus-tainability. Advances in Agronomy, 1996, 56: 1-54.
[22] Zhang E H, Li L L, Huang G B, et al. Regulation of fertilizer application on yield and root growth of spring wheat-faba bean intercropping system. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2002, 13(8): 939-942.
张恩和, 李玲玲, 黄高宝, 等.供肥对小麦间作蚕豆群体产量及根系的调控. 应用生态学报, 2002, 13(8): 939-942.
[23] Zeng Z H, Chen D M, Hu Y G, et al. Distribution status of indigenous rhizobium meliloti in the soil of typical crop fields in different ecological areas. Pratacultural Science, 2003, 20(10): 26-28.
曾昭海, 陈丹明, 胡跃高, 等.不同生态区若干典型作物土壤中紫花苜蓿土著根瘤菌分布状况. 草业科学, 2003, 20(10): 26-28.
[24] Jing C M, Wang W X, Hang H H, et al. Effects of planting different sweet-scented osmanthus on soil. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2016, (8): 16-19.
景春梅, 王文兴, 杨浩宏, 等. 种植不同草木樨对土壤的影响. 中国水土保持, 2016, (8): 16-19.
[25] Baicheng County to promote a large area of green grass green fertilizer, to ensure high and stable yield of winter wheat. Xinjiang Agricultural Information Network. (2016-12) [2012-04-25]. . Xinjiang Agricultural Information Network. (2016-12) [2012-04-25]. http://www.xj-agri.gov.cn/Html/2012-04-25/2-2311-2012-04-25-20947.html.
拜城县大面积推广草木樨绿肥, 确保冬小麦高产稳产. 新疆农业信息网. (2016-12) [2012-04-25]. . 新疆农业信息网. (2016-12) [2012-04-25]. http://www.xj-agri.gov.cn/Html/2012-04-25/2-2311-2012-04-25-20947.html.
[26] Xu T S, Jiu S D, Ge T Z.Increased yield of tillage of maize and mulberry. Xinjiang Farmland Reclamation Science & Technology, 1986, (4): 11-12.
徐体森, 昝世德, 葛檀芝. 麦田套种草木樨培肥改土粮增产. 新疆农垦科技, 1986, (4): 11-12.
[27] Liu K X.Study on early maturing varieties of winter wheat intercropping. Xinjiang Farmland Reclamation Science & Technology, 1988, (6): 10.
刘凯旋. 早熟品种冬麦套种草木樨研究. 新疆农垦科技, 1988, (6): 10.
[28] Guo X Y.Studies on the species diversity and distribution of rhizobia isolated from the soil gown Mimosa spp. Baoding: Hebei University, 2012.
郭晓叶. 含羞草(Mimosa spp.)根围土壤根瘤菌物种多样性及分布研究. 保定: 河北大学, 2012.
[29] Zhou Z B, Li P J.Ecological distribution of soil microorgansim in artificial greenbelt in hinterland of Takilimakan Desert and their relations with soil factors. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, 14(8): 1246-1250.
周智彬, 李培军. 塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工绿地土壤中微生物的生态分布及其与土壤因子间的关系. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14(8): 1246-1250.
[30] Zhang G L.Soil Survey Laboratory Methods. Beijing: Science Press, 2012.
张甘霖. 土壤调查实验室分析方法. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012.
[31] Wang H X, Wang Y H, Lan J, et al. Distribution of Ningxia alfalfa indigenous rhizobium. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 2012, (1): 44-46.
王海霞, 王永华, 兰剑, 等. 宁夏紫花苜蓿土著根瘤菌的分布状况研究. 宁夏农林科技, 2012, (1): 44-46.
[32] Shi S L.Effectiveness investigation and influencing factors analysis of alfalfa Rhizobia. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2005, 27(5): 63-68.
师尚礼. 苜蓿根瘤菌固氮研究进展及浅评. 中国草地, 2005, 27(5): 63-68.
[33] Zhang B L, Liu Y B.Effects of Melilotus maxim on soil moisture. Chinese Steppe, 1987, (3): 28-30, 23.
张保烈, 柳云波. 草木樨对土壤水分的影响. 中国草原, 1987, (3): 28-30, 23.
[34] Jia Z Y, Zhang J H, Ding S Y, et al. Spatial variation of soil phosphorus in flooded area of the Yellow River based on GIS and geo-statistical methods: A case study in Zhoukou City, Henan, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(4): 1211-1220.
贾振宇, 张俊华, 丁圣彦, 等. 基于GIS和地统计学的黄泛区土壤磷空间变异——以周口为例. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(4): 1211-1220.
[35] Gong G Y, Zhang S F, Li G Z.Study on root effect of Melilotus officinalis. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 1981, (2): 8-10.
龚光炎, 张素菲, 李恭志. 草木樨的根系及其效应的研究. 土壤通报, 1981, (2): 8-10.
[36] Mahler R L, Wollum A G.Seasonal variation of Rhizobium melilotus alfalfa hay and cultivated fields in North Carolina. Agronomy Journal, 1982, (74): 428-431.
[37] Yan X N.Different rhizobia in soil profile of genetic diversity and phylogenetic studies. Yangling: Northwest A & F University, 2015.
闫晓宁. 杨凌土壤剖面中根瘤菌的分布和遗传多样性研究. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2015.
[38] Lü X H.Study on the relationship between soil microorganism and soil physical and chemical properties in different habitats of Leymus chinensis steppe in northeast China. Changchun: Northeast Normal University, 2003.
吕秀华. 东北羊草草原不同生境土壤微生物与土壤理化性质关系研究. 长春: 东北师范大学, 2003.
[39] Xie K Y.Effect of nitrogen addition on interspecific relationship and nitrogen balance of alfalfa and smooth bromegrass. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2015.
谢开云. 氮素添加对紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦种间关系及氮素平衡的影响. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2015.
[40] Luo D D, Tan D N, Wang Y H, et al. Study on the nitrogen fixation effect of wheat intercropping with wheat in Pingchuan irrigation area of Wuwei County. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 1984, (S2): 44-54.
骆大德, 谭东南, 王月华, 等. 武威县平川灌区小麦套种草木樨固氮作用的研究. 甘肃农业大学学报, 1984, (S2): 44-54.
[41] Zhao Y L, Xue Z W, Guo H B, et al. Effects of tillage and straw returning on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, (17): 3359-3371.
赵亚丽, 薛志伟, 郭海斌, 等. 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响. 中国农业科学, 2014, (17): 3359-3371.
[42] Kang J Z.Study on chemical constituents of the Tibetan herbs. Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities (Natural Science Edition), 2009, 30(3): 40-41.
康菊珍. 藏药草木樨的化学成分研究. 西北民族大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 30(3): 40-41.
[43] Bi J T, He D H.Research advances in effects of plant on soil microbial diversity. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2009, 25(9): 244-250.
毕江涛, 贺达汉. 植物对土壤微生物多样性的影响研究进展. 中国农学通报, 2009, 25(9): 244-250.
[44] Niu H B, Liu W X, Wang F H.Invasive effects of Ageratina adenophora Sprengel (Asteraceae) on soil microbial community and physical and chemical properties. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(7): 3051-3060.
牛红榜, 刘万学, 万方浩. 紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)入侵对土壤微生物群落和理化性质的影响. 生态学报, 2007, 27(7): 3051-3060.
[45] Peng G C, Zhang H Y.Cultivation techniques of Melilotus officinalis in Baicheng County. Rural Science & Technology, 2016, (3): 63-64.
彭冠初, 张汉英. 拜城县草木樨栽培技术要点. 农村科技, 2016, (3): 63-64.
[46] Li N, Li H X, Zhu F J, et al. Relationships between soil microbial ecological characteristics and physical-chemical properties of vegetable garden soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(2): 285-290.
黎宁, 李华兴, 朱凤娇, 等. 菜园土壤微生物生态特征与土壤理化性质的关系. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17(2): 285-290.
[47] Peixoto R S, Coutinho H L C, Madari B, et al. Soil aggregation and bacterial community structure as affected by tillage and cover cropping in the Brazilian Cerrados. Soil & Tillage Research, 2006, 90(1/2): 16-28.
[48] Crecchio C, Curci M, Pellegrino A, et al. Soil microbial dynamics and genetic diversity in soil under monoculture wheat grown in different long-term management systems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2007, 39(6): 1391-1400.
[49] Li F X, Guo Y Z, Wang X Q, et al. Effect of different soil improvement measures on microbial diversity and alfalfa biomass in saline-alkali soil in Ningxia. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2012, 28(30): 49-55.
李凤霞, 郭永忠, 王学琴, 等. 不同改良措施对宁夏盐碱地土壤微生物及苜蓿生物量的影响. 中国农学通报, 2012, 28(30): 49-55.
[50] Tate K R, Yin R L.Biotransformation of phosphorus in soil. Advances in Soil Science, 1987, (2): 43-47.
Tate K R, 尹瑞龄. 土壤中磷素的生物转化作用. 土壤学进展, 1987, (2): 43-47.