水蓼种植下猪粪处理土壤剖面磷组分与磷酸酶活性变化

doi:10.11686/cyxb2023156

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农业生产中长期施用猪粪导致土壤磷过剩，增加磷流失风险。通过连续3年定位试验，探究水蓼种植下猪粪处理土壤剖面磷组分与磷酸酶活性变化，为防治土壤过剩磷流失以及磷富集植物水蓼高效提取土壤过剩磷提供科学依据。采用野外微小区模拟试验，以水蓼为材料，设1、2和3 kg·m^-2猪粪处理，以不施猪粪为对照，每个处理重复3次，连续处理3年，通过每年采集植株地上部及0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~40 cm土壤，测定植株磷含量和土壤剖面磷饱和度、磷组分、pH和磷酸酶活性，分析水蓼种植下猪粪处理土壤剖面磷组分与磷酸酶活性的变化特征。结果表明：1）连续3年种植水蓼条件下，水蓼地上部生物量和磷积累量均随猪粪施用量的增加而增加，在3 kg·m^-2猪粪处理下，随年份推进，水蓼地上部磷积累量分别可达200.31、195.97和195.24 mg·plant^-1，磷提取能力稳定。2）连续3年种植水蓼条件下，0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤磷饱和度增加速率较为缓慢，除3 kg·m^-2猪粪处理外，土壤磷饱和度均小于土壤磷流失临界值25%。3）随着猪粪施用量增加，0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤各组分磷含量均增大，3年连续施用较高浓度猪粪增强了磷的移动性，0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤pH均逐渐降低，0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤磷酸酶活性均随猪粪施用量增大而升高，在3 kg·m^-2猪粪处理时最高。综上所述，连续施用猪粪增加了0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤各组分磷含量，增强了土壤剖面磷的移动性，且在3 kg·m^-2处理下增幅最大。水蓼具有较强的磷提取能力，可有效提取猪粪处理土壤中过剩的磷。水蓼种植条件下，随着猪粪施用量增加，0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤pH逐渐降低，土壤酸性磷酸单酯酶、碱性磷酸单酯酶、植酸酶和磷酸二酯酶活性升高，种植水蓼促进了土壤剖面磷从低效态组分到高效态组分的转化，有利于水蓼对磷的提取和积累，从而降低土壤磷流失风险。

关键词: 水蓼, 猪粪, 磷提取, 土壤剖面, 土壤磷组分, 土壤磷酸酶活性

Abstract:

The excessive application of swine manure in agricultural production can lead to a phosphorus surplus and increased risk of phosphorus losses from soil. In this study， a 3-year field microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate the changes in phosphorus forms and phosphatase activities in soil treated with swine manure and planted with the phosphorus-enriched plant Polygonum hydropiper. Ultimately， the goal of this research was to provide a scientific basis for preventing soil phosphorus losses and enhancing efficient phosphorus extraction by phosphorus-enriched plants such as P. hydropiper. The field microcosm simulation experiment consisted of P. hydropiper planted in soil with three swine manure treatments （1， 2， and 3 kg·m^-2） and a control without swine manure， each with three replicates. During the 3-year field experiment， the aboveground biomass of P. hydropiper and the amount of phosphorus accumulated in its tissues were measured annually. The aboveground parts of the plant and soil at depths of 0-10 cm， 10-20 cm， 20-30 cm， and 30-40 cm were collected every year， and the phosphorus content of the plant and the phosphorus saturation， phosphorus composition， pH， and phosphatase activity along the soil profile were determined. The changes in phosphorus forms and phosphatase activity in the profile of soil treated with swine manure and planted with P. hydropiper were analyzed. The results showed that： 1） During the 3-year field experiment， the aboveground biomass of P. hydropiper increased with increasing swine manure application， as did the amount of phosphorus accumulated in the tissues. In the 3 kg·m^-2 swine manure treatment， the amount of phosphorus in the aboveground parts of P. hydropiper reached 200.31， 195.97， and 195.24 mg·plant^-1 in the first， second， and third year， respectively， remaining stable over the years. 2） During the 3-year experiment， the rate of increase in the phosphorus content in soil in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers was relatively slow. In the 1 and 2 kg·m^-2 swine manure treatments， the soil phosphorus saturation level was 25% lower than the critical value of soil phosphorus loss. 3） With increasing swine manure application， the phosphorus contents in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers increased， and the application of swine manure at higher concentrations for 3 consecutive years enhanced phosphorus mobility. The pH values of the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers gradually decreased， and the phosphatase activities in these layers increased with increasing swine manure application， reaching the highest levels in the 3 kg·m^-2 swine manure treatment. In conclusion， continuous application of swine manure increased the phosphorus contents in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers and enhanced the mobility of phosphorus in the soil profile， and the increase was the largest in the 3 kg·m^-2 treatment. P. hydropiper demonstrated a strong ability to extract excess phosphorus from swine manure-treated soils. Under P. hydropiper cultivation， increasing swine manure application led to a gradual decrease in pH in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers， accompanied by higher activities of acid phosphomonoesterase， alkaline phosphomonoesterase， phytase， and phosphodiesterase in soil. P. hydropiper extracted and accumulated phosphorus， and promoted the transformation of soil phosphorus from less effective fractions to more effective ones， thereby reducing the risk of phosphorus losses from soil.

Key words: Polygonum hydropiper, swine manure, P extraction, soil profile, soil P fractions, soil phosphatase activity

李秀芳, 魏文静, 蒲勇, 李廷轩, 叶代桦. 水蓼种植下猪粪处理土壤剖面磷组分与磷酸酶活性变化[J]. 草业学报, 2024, 33(3): 61-72.

Xiu-fang LI, Wen-jing WEI, Yong PU, Ting-xuan LI, Dai-hua YE. Changes in phosphorus forms and phosphatase activity in the soil profile after treatment with swine manure and planting with Polygonum hydropiper[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2024, 33(3): 61-72.

图/表 6

图1 猪粪处理对水蓼地上部生物量和磷积累量的影响不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间差异显著（P<0.05）；不同大写字母表示同一处理不同年份间差异显著（P<0.05）。 Different lowercase letters indicate significantly different among different treatments at the same year （P<0.05）. Different capital letters indicate significantly different among different years at the same treatment （P<0.05）.

Fig.1 Effect of swine manure treatments on shoot biomass and P accumulation of P. hydropiper

表1 种植水蓼下猪粪处理土壤剖面磷饱和度及其增加速率变化特征

Table 1 Changes of P saturation and its increasing rate in soil profile treated with swine manure under P. hydropiper planting

猪粪处理 Swine manure treatment （kg·m^-2）	0~20 cm		20~40 cm
猪粪处理 Swine manure treatment （kg·m^-2）	磷饱和度Degree of phosphorus saturation （DPS， %）	磷饱和度增加速率Increase rate of DPS （%·r^-1）	磷饱和度Degree of phosphorus saturation （DPS， %）	磷饱和度增加速率Increase rate of DPS （%·r^-1）
0	17.84±0.71c	-1.33±0.24c	21.12±0.30c	-0.24±0.10c
1	18.47±0.98c	-1.12±0.33c	21.48±0.20bc	-0.11±0.07bc
2	21.94±0.73b	0.04±0.24b	22.54±0.50ab	0.24± 0.17ab
3	26.46±0.84a	1.55±0.28a	23.56±1.14a	0.58±0.38a

图2 种植水蓼下猪粪处理土壤剖面磷组分的变化特征不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间差异显著（P<0.05）；不同大写字母表示同一处理不同土层间差异显著（P<0.05）。下同。Different lowercase letters indicate significantly different among different treatments at the same year （P<0.05）. Different capital letters indicate significantly different among different soil layers at the same treatment （P<0.05）. The same below.

Fig.2 The change characteristics in P fractions in swine manure-amended soil profiles planted with P. hydropiper

图3 种植水蓼下猪粪处理土壤剖面pH的变化特征

Fig.3 The change characteristics of pH in swine manure-amended soil profiles planted with P. hydropiper

图4 种植水蓼下猪粪处理土壤剖面磷酸酶活性的变化特征

Fig.4 The change characteristics of phosphatase activities in swine manure-amended soil profiles planted with P. hydropiper

表2 种植水蓼下猪粪处理土壤剖面化学特性与磷组分的相关性分析

Table 2 Relationships between the chemical properties and P compositions in swine manure-amended soil profiles planted with P. hydropiper

土壤剖面化学特性 Soil profile chemical properties	pH	酸性磷酸单酯酶 Acid phosphomonoesterase	碱性磷酸单酯酶 Alkaline phosphomonoesterase	植酸酶 Phytase	磷酸二酯酶 Phosphodiesterase
H₂O-P_i	-0.333*	0.503**	0.508**	0.528**	0.551**
H₂O-P_o	-0.426**	0.599**	0.591**	0.618**	0.632**
NaHCO₃-P_i	-0.890**	0.966**	0.956**	0.958**	0.970**
NaHCO₃-P_o	-0.690**	0.823**	0.815**	0.822**	0.834**
NaOH-P_i	-0.897**	0.971**	0.963**	0.969**	0.979**
NaOH-P_o	-0.737**	0.849**	0.852**	0.861**	0.871**
HCl-P_i	-0.627**	0.762**	0.764**	0.769**	0.782**
HCl-P_o	-0.817**	0.912**	0.914**	0.916**	0.933**
Resdual-P	-0.868**	0.942**	0.945**	0.945**	0.956**

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