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草业学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (8): 155-174.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2017450

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

我国古代苜蓿物种考述

孙启忠1, 柳茜2, 李峰1, 陶雅1, *, 徐丽君3   

  1. 1.中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010;
    2.四川省凉山彝族自治州畜牧兽医研究所,四川 西昌 615042;
    3.呼伦贝尔国家野外站,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081
  • 收稿日期:2017-10-25 修回日期:2018-01-11 出版日期:2018-08-20 发布日期:2018-08-20
  • 通讯作者: E-mail: taoya2001@126.com
  • 作者简介:孙启忠(1959-),男,内蒙古五原人,研究员。E-mail: sunqz@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    中国农业科学院创新工程牧草栽培与加工利用(CAAS-ASTIP-IGR 2015-02)和国家牧草产业体系(GRS-35)资助

Alfalfa species in ancient China

SUN Qi-zhong1, LIU Qian2, LI Feng1, TAO Ya1, *, XU Li-jun3   

  1. 1.Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hohhot 010010, China;
    2.Institute of Animal and Veterinary Sciences of Liangshan Prefecture, Xichang 615042, China;
    3.Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2017-10-25 Revised:2018-01-11 Online:2018-08-20 Published:2018-08-20

摘要: 由于最早记载苜蓿的典籍没有明示其是紫花还是黄花,导致对我国古代苜蓿物种认识上存在分歧,目前大致有5种观点:一是古代苜蓿专指紫花苜蓿;二是南苜蓿;三是紫苜蓿与南苜蓿的合称;四是黄花苜蓿;五是不确定。本研究应用植物考据学原理,通过收集整理记载苜蓿植物生物学的典籍,结合近现代研究成果,考证苜蓿物种。研究表明,汉代从大宛国传入我国的苜蓿与紫花苜蓿的起源地相一致,并且唐代韩鄂《四时纂要》明确记载了苜蓿开紫花,主要分布在黄河流域,这与我国汉代苜蓿最初引种地相一致,在之后也有不少典籍同样记述了苜蓿开紫花,乃至苜蓿的生态生物学特性。可以确定,我国汉代引入的苜蓿应该是开紫花的苜蓿,即紫花苜蓿。宋梅尧臣和明李时珍记述的开黄花的苜蓿,至少说明在宋代和明代开黄花的苜蓿就在我国存在和被利用。据清《植物名实图考》记载,在古代我国有3种苜蓿被利用,即紫花苜蓿、南苜蓿和黄花苜蓿。

关键词: 苜蓿, 物种, 古代, 紫花苜蓿, 黄花苜蓿, 南苜蓿

Abstract: The species of alfalfa that existed in ancient China is unclear, because the color of its flowers was not recorded in any of the ancient texts. At present, there are five theories about the species of alfalfa in ancient China: 1) It was Medicago sativa; 2) it was Medicago hispida; 3) it was both M. sativa and M. hispida; 4) it was Medicago falcata; 5) the species is uncertain. On the basis of a critical evaluation of the alfalfa phytobiology literature and modern research findings, we speculate about the origin of alfalfa species in China. The results showed that alfalfa spread throughout China from Dayuan, consistent with the records of M. sativa introduction. Han E wrote in Sishi Zhuanyao in the Tang dynasty that the origin of the alfalfa species with purple flowers distributed along the yellow river was the same as that of the alfalfa referred to during the Han dynasty. After that, many texts recorded alfalfa with purple flowers and even its ecological and biological characteristics. It can be concluded that the alfalfa species naturalized in the Han dynasty had purple flowers, so it was M. sativa. Mei Yaochen in the Song dynasty and Li Shizhen in the Ming dynasty mentioned alfalfa with yellow flowers, indicating that yellow-flowered alfalfa existed and was utilized in China in the Song and Ming dynasties. According to the records in the Illustrated Catalogue of Plants, three alfalfa species (M. sativa, M. hispida, and M. falcata) were grown in ancient China.

Key words: alfalfa, species, ancient, Medicago sativa, Medicago falcata, Medicago hispida