不同降雨下旱地油菜节水节肥技术对土壤养分及酶活性的调控效应

doi:10.11686/cyxb2019508

草业学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (4): 51-62.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2019508

不同降雨下旱地油菜节水节肥技术对土壤养分及酶活性的调控效应

冯军^1,2, 石超¹, 门胜男¹, Hafiz Athar Hussain^1,3, 柯剑鸿⁴, Linna Cholidah¹, 陈锦芬¹, 郭欣¹, 武海燕⁵, 冉泰霖⁵, 向信华⁵, 王龙昌^1,*

1.西南大学农学与生物科技学院,南方山地农业教育部工程研究中心,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400715;
2.四川省农业科学院水稻高粱研究所,四川德阳 618000;
3.中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,农业部农业环境重点实验室,北京 100081;
4.重庆市农业科学院,重庆 400064;
5.云阳县农业委员会,重庆 404500

收稿日期:2019-11-21 修回日期:2019-12-16 出版日期:2020-04-20 发布日期:2020-04-20
通讯作者: E-mail: wanglc2003@163.com
作者简介:冯军(1982-),女,重庆人,在读博士。E-mail: 2565566364@qq.com
基金资助:
公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503127)和国家自然科学基金项目(31271673,31700364,31871583)资助

Effects of water and fertilizer saving techniques on soil nutrient levels and enzyme activities under two different seasons with contrasting rainfall patterns

FENG Jun^1,2, SHI Chao¹, MEN Sheng-nan¹, Hafiz Athar Hussain^1,3, KE Jian-hong⁴, Linna Cholidah¹, CHEN Jin-fen¹, GUO Xin¹, WU Hai-yan⁵, RAN Tai-lin⁵, XIANG Xin-hua⁵, WANG Long-chang^1,*

1.College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China;
2.Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang 618000, China;
3.Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China;
4.Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400064, China;
5.Agricultural Committee of Yunyang County, Chongqing 404500, China

Received:2019-11-21 Revised:2019-12-16 Online:2020-04-20 Published:2020-04-20
Contact: E-mail: wanglc2003@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探讨沟垄集雨、秸秆覆盖和减量缓释肥节水节肥技术对油菜生产土壤养分及酶活性的调控效应,在大田定位试验条件下,设置农民习惯栽培(平作+常规肥)、节水栽培Ⅰ(秸秆覆盖+常规肥)、节水栽培Ⅱ(沟垄集雨+常规肥)、节肥栽培(平作+减量缓释肥)、双节栽培Ⅰ(秸秆覆盖+减量缓释肥)和双节栽培Ⅱ(沟垄集雨+减量缓释肥)6种水肥措施,比较分析2016-2017 年(多雨年份)和2017-2018 年(季节性干旱年份)2种不同降水年型下油菜节水节肥技术对土壤养分及酶活性的影响。结果表明:降水异常偏多对油菜生长的影响大于季节性干旱;双节技术在多雨年型下较习惯栽培增产效应显著,在季节性干旱年型下亦能稳产;在不同降水年型下,双节技术较习惯栽培能提高土壤pH和有机质含量,减少了土壤氮素淋溶损失,保持速效养分稳定释放,同时,能延迟脲酶释放,增加土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶活性,提高作物肥料利用效率及保持土壤肥力,更利于环境保护。综上,单一的节水或节肥技术无法满足西南旱地油菜生产需要。通过秸秆覆盖和沟垄集雨与缓释肥集成的双节技术,能适应不同降水年型下的油菜生产并兼顾环境效应,实现增产与环保的双赢目标。

关键词: 降水, 油菜, 节水节肥, 秸秆覆盖, 沟垄集雨, 土壤养分, 土壤酶活性

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of water and fertilizer saving technologies on soil nutrient and enzyme activities in a rapeseed crop. Six cultivation treatments including local cultivation (CK), water-saving cultivation Ⅰ (straw mulching), water-saving cultivation Ⅱ (furrow and ridge rainwater harvesting), fertilizer-saving cultivation (slow release fertilizer), and water and fertilizer-saving cultivation Ⅰ (straw mulching+slow release fertilizer), and water and fertilizer-saving cultivation Ⅱ (furrow and ridge rainwater harvesting+slow release fertilizer) were included in the present study. The effects of water and fertilizer saving technologies on soil nutrients and enzyme activities of rapeseed in different growing seasons with contrasting precipitation patterns (2016-2017, a rainy year; and 2017-2018, a dry season) were compared and analyzed. It was found that the influence of raininess on rapeseed growth was greater than that of seasonal drought. Water and fertilizer-saving cultivation increased yield significantly in the wet growing season and didn’t reduce yield in the dry year. In both wet and dry growing seasons, water and fertilizer-saving cultivation improved soil pH and organic matter content, reduced soil nitrogen leaching loss, and maintained a steady release of available nutrients. Additional benefits were delayed urease release, increased soil alkaline phosphatase, sucrase and cellulase activities, improved fertilizer utilization efficiency and soil fertility retention, all of which are conducive to environmental protection. Water-saving or fertilizer-saving technology alone could not fully support rapeseed production in this experiment. In summary, the combined use of straw mulching, furrow and ridge rainwater harvesting and slow-release fertilizer technologies benefited rapeseed production both in wet and dry years, and reduced negative environmental effects of cropping, so as to achieve the win-win outcome of simultaneously increasing crop yield and environmental protection.

Key words: precipitation, rapeseed, water and fertilizer saving, straw mulch, ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting, soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity

冯军, 石超, 门胜男, Hafiz Athar Hussain, 柯剑鸿, Linna Cholidah, 陈锦芬, 郭欣, 武海燕, 冉泰霖, 向信华, 王龙昌. 不同降雨下旱地油菜节水节肥技术对土壤养分及酶活性的调控效应[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(4): 51-62.

FENG Jun, SHI Chao, MEN Sheng-nan, Hafiz Athar Hussain, KE Jian-hong, Linna Cholidah, CHEN Jin-fen, GUO Xin, WU Hai-yan, RAN Tai-lin, XIANG Xin-hua, WANG Long-chang. Effects of water and fertilizer saving techniques on soil nutrient levels and enzyme activities under two different seasons with contrasting rainfall patterns[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(4): 51-62.

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不同降雨下旱地油菜节水节肥技术对土壤养分及酶活性的调控效应

Effects of water and fertilizer saving techniques on soil nutrient levels and enzyme activities under two different seasons with contrasting rainfall patterns

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