围封和防除狼毒对狼毒斑块土壤理化性质和微生物量影响的研究

doi:10.11686/cyxb2019560

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 狼毒是青藏高原高寒退化草地主要滋生的毒害草种类,采用化学除草剂和草地围封方法能有效遏制狼毒种群扩张的现状。然而,针对狼毒形成微斑块对使用除草剂和草地围封措施后植被群落结构、土壤理化性质和土壤微生物量响应变化的研究较少。基于此,狼毒型退化草地采用短期围栏封育(1年),以围封地未防除和除草剂处理的狼毒微斑块为研究对象,比较和分析狼毒斑块内外物种多样性指数、土壤养分和土壤微生物量变化。结果表明:1)围封地未防除狼毒斑块内生物量和多样性指数高于狼毒斑块外,而防除狼毒斑块外生物量高于狼毒斑块内。2)围封地未防除狼毒斑块内表层土壤的全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、有机质和土壤含水量高于狼毒斑块外,而防除狼毒斑块外表层土壤的有机质和全钾含量高于狼毒斑块内;围封地未防除狼毒斑块内深层土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量高于斑块外,防除狼毒斑块外深层土壤速效磷、铵态氮和有机质含量高于斑块内。3)防除狼毒和围封地未防除狼毒斑块外土壤微生物量碳高于狼毒斑块内,防除狼毒斑块外土壤微生物量氮增加而微生物量磷却快速降低。由此可见,狼毒型退化草地治理需采用“狼毒净”化学除草剂快速降低狼毒种群并辅以长期围封(禁牧)措施,可提高禾本科等优良牧草比例、调节草地群落结构趋于稳定和加速土壤养分循环,并最终实现狼毒型退化草地生态修复的目标。

关键词: 狼毒, 围封, 防除, 微斑块, 多样性指数, 土壤养分, 土壤微生物量

Abstract: Stellera chamaejasme is a toxic plant, largely distributed in degraded grassland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, where it can dominate other vegetation. Grazing exclosure and herbicides are considered the effective methods to control S. chamaejasme and restore degraded grassland where S. chamaejasme has become the dominant species. However, effects of grazing exclosure and herbicides on plant community structure, soil physical-chemical properties and soil microbial biomass within or between patches of S. chamaejasme are unclear. Therefore, plant diversity indexes, soil nutrient status, and soil microbial biomass were determined within and between S. chamaejasme patches after one year of grazing exclosure and herbicide application. It was found that aboveground biomass and plant diversity indexes within natural patches of S. chamaejasme were higher than between patches; however, aboveground biomass within herbicide application patches was lower than between them. In the surface soil (0-10 cm), Stellera increased soil moisture content, total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate and organic matter. By contrast, herbicide decreased the organic matter and total potassium within patches. At greater soil depth (10-20 cm), Stellera increased ammonium and nitrate content; in contrast, herbicide decreased available phosphorus, ammonium and organic matter. Herbicide and grazing exclosure increased microbial carbon biomass within patches compared with between patches. Furthermore, herbicide increased soil microbial nitrogen biomass but decreased microbial phosphorus within patches. Combing herbicide and grazing exclosure decreased the S. chamaejasme population, improved grass biomass, regulated plant community structure and accelerated nutrient cycling, and resulted in restoration of the degraded grassland in which S. chamaejasme had become the dominant species.

Key words: Stellera chamaejasme, enclosure, removal, patch, diversity indexes, soil nutrient, soil microbial biomass

鲍根生, 宋梅玲, 王玉琴, 尹亚丽, 王宏生. 围封和防除狼毒对狼毒斑块土壤理化性质和微生物量影响的研究[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(9): 63-72.

BAO Gen-sheng, SONG Mei-ling, WANG Yu-qin, YIN Ya-li, WANG Hong-sheng. Effects of grazing exclosure and herbicide on soil physical-chemical properties and microbial biomass of Stellera chamaejasme patches in degraded grassland[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(9): 63-72.

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