坡地打结垄沟集雨种植对泥沙、养分流失和紫花苜蓿草产量的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2020004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为寻求控制水土流失适宜坡耕地利用方式,开展如下试验:1) 采用完全随机设计,研究不同坡度(0°、5°和10°)集雨垄的径流效率和临界产流降水量;2) 采用裂区设计,坡度(5°和10°)为主区,耕作模式(传统平作、开敞垄和打结垄)为副区,研究坡地打结垄沟集雨种植对土壤水分、径流、泥沙损失、养分损失、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:0°、5°和10°集雨垄的临界产流降水量分别为1.55、1.33和1.00 mm,径流效率分别为88.2%、91.1%和92.7%;与传统平作相比,开敞垄和打结垄的小区径流量分别减少62.3%~67.9%和76.4%~79.9%,小区径流效率分别减少51.0%~54.5%和67.8%~68.2%;泥沙流失量分别减少95.6%~96.4%和98.4%,全氮流失量分别减少95.3%~96.2%和98.1%~98.2%,全磷流失量分别减少95.3%~96.1%和98.2%,有机质流失量分别减少94.1%~95.6%和97.8%~97.9%;开敞垄和打结垄明显增加浅层(0~60 cm)土壤剖面含水量;开敞垄和打结垄紫花苜蓿全年干草产量分别提高40.3%~50.4%和16.0%~18.7%,水分利用效率分别提高4.4~11.5 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1和2.0~5.3 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。坡度10°的径流量、径流效率、小区泥沙流失量、全氮流失量、全磷流失量和有机质流失量分别是坡度5°的1.44、1.40、2.34、2.24、2.39和1.97倍;坡度5°的紫花苜蓿全生育期根系层(0~200 cm)土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿全年干草产量和水分利用效率分别是坡度10°的1.05、1.28和1.41倍。开敞垄增加紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率效果最为明显,打结垄减少径流、泥沙流失和养分损失效果最为明显。

关键词: 打结垄沟集雨, 径流, 泥沙, 养分, 种植模式

Abstract: In this research two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of slope and cultivation system on soil erosion control. In Experiment 1, a completely random design was used to study the runoff efficiency and the rainfall threshold to produce runoff for ridges along different slopes (0°, 5° and 10°). In Experiment 2, a split-plot design with slope (5° and 10°) as the main plot factor and tillage method (traditional planting, open ridging and tied-ridging) as the split-plot treatment was adopted to study the effect of tied-ridging rainwater harvesting on soil moisture, runoff, sediment yield, nutrient loss, alfalfa fodder yield and water use efficiency (WUE). The mean runoff efficiencies for ridges along slopes of 0°, 5° and 10° were 88.2%, 91.1% and 92.7%, respectively. The threshold precipitation to produce runoff for the respective treatments was 1.55, 1.33 and 1.00 mm, respectively. Compared with traditional planting, the decreases in runoff, runoff efficiency, sediment yield, total nitrogen loss, total phosphorus loss and organic matter loss for open ridging were 62.3%-67.9%, 51.0%-54.5%, 95.6%-96.4%, 95.3%-96.2%, 95.3%-96.1% and 94.1%-95.6%, respectively, whereas the corresponding decreases for tied-ridging were 76.4%-79.9%, 67.8%-68.2%, 98.4%, 98.1%-98.2%, 98.2% and 97.8%-97.9%, respectively. The open ridging and tied-ridging increased shallow-layer (0-60 cm) soil moisture. The increase in alfalfa forage yield and WUE for open ridging were 40.3%-50.4% and 4.4-11.5 kg·ha^-1·mm^-1, respectively. The corresponding increases for tied-ridging were 16.0%-18.7% and 2.0-5.3 kg·ha^-1·mm^-1. The runoff, runoff efficiency, sediment yield, total nitrogen loss, total phosphorus loss and organic matter loss for the 10° slope were 1.44, 1.40, 2.34, 2.24, 2.39 and 1.97 times greater than those for the 5° slope. Lastly, average soil water storage, alfalfa fodder yield and WUE for the 5° slope were 1.05, 1.28, and 1.41 times greater than those for the 10° slope. Tied-ridging rainwater harvesting was particularly beneficial for reducing runoff, sediment yield and nutrient loss. Open-ridging was offered particular effects on increase of alfalfa fodder yield and WUE.

Key words: tied-ridging rainwater harvesting, runoff, sediment yield, nutrient, production pattern

赵晓乐, 王琦, 张登奎, 周旭姣, 王小赟, 赵武成, 陈瑾, 雷俊. 坡地打结垄沟集雨种植对泥沙、养分流失和紫花苜蓿草产量的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(11): 102-117.

ZHAO Xiao-le, WANG Qi, ZHANG Deng-kui, ZHOU Xu-jiao, WANG Xiao-yun, ZHAO Wu-cheng, CHEN Jin, LEI Jun. Effects of tied-ridging rainwater harvesting on sediment yield, nutrient loss and alfalfa fodder yield on sloping land[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(11): 102-117.

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