Research progress on fermented total mixed ration and its application to ruminant feeding

doi:10.11686/cyxb2025369

Abstract

Abstract:

With the rapid development of China’s livestock industry， conventional feed resources can no longer meet the industry demand for animal feeds. Faced with the challenges of feed shortages and low self-sufficiency rates for high-quality forage， the full development and utilization of forage resources and novel feed materials have become urgent priorities. Therefore， the development of novel feed formulations has become a significant research focus. Fermented total mixed ration （FTMR） is a diet suitable for ruminants. It is produced by fermenting a total mixed ration （TMR） based on the animal’s nutritional requirements and blending roughage with concentrate feed under anaerobic conditions. Compared with traditional TMR， FTMR offers extended shelf life， higher nutritional value， and easier transportation. It is also more palatable and enhances animal production performance. This review describes the current state of FTMR technology and factors influencing fermentation quality. It then focuses on the mechanisms by which dry matter， temperature， storage duration， dietary ingredients， and additives affect FTMR fermentation quality. Finally， it explores the applications of FTMR in ruminants and investigates its impact on ruminant in vitro digestibility， production performance， rumen fermentation， and meat quality. This review aims to provide scientific guidance for the practical application of FTMR in animal husbandry.

Key words: fermented total mixed ration, fermentation quality, ruminants, in vitro digestibility, production performance, rumen fermentation, meat quality

Kai-yue PANG, Yan-long FENG, He-yun LIU, Shao-feng SU, Jia-hua DU, Jia-hai WU, Bing ZENG. Research progress on fermented total mixed ration and its application to ruminant feeding[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(9): 211-235.

Figures/Tables 18

References 126

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项目 Item	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
干物质含量Dry matter content （400， 450， 500 g·kg^-1）	营养成分（粗蛋白、水溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维和体外干物质消化率）没有发生变化，但所有FTMR开袋后均能在有氧条件下保持稳定超过21 d。Nutritional components （crude protein， water-soluble carbohydrates， neutral detergent fiber， and in vitro dry matter digestibility） remained unchanged， but all FTMR samples maintained stability under aerobic conditions for over 21 days after feeding.	［20］
干物质含量Dry matter content （500， 650 g·kg^-1）	潮湿青贮饲料中的干物质回收率较低，水分含量并没有影响FTMR的体外干物质消化率。The dry matter recovery rate in moist silage is relatively low， and moisture content did not affect the in vitro dry matter digestibility of FTMR.	［21］
水分含量Moisture content （40%， 45%， 50%， 55%）	全株玉米（Zea mays）FTMR的适宜含水率为45%和50%。The optimal moisture content for whole-plant corn FMTR is 45% and 50%.	［22］
干物质含量Dry matter content （375， 432， 483 g·kg^-1）	水分含量越大，乳酸含量越高，483 g·kg^-1的水分含量具有较高的乳酸含量，更有利于乳酸菌的生长。The higher moisture content， the greater lactic acid content. A moisture content of 483 g·kg^-1， which exhibits higher lactic acid content， is more conducive to the growth of lactic acid bacteria.	［23］
干物质含量Dry matter content （375， 432， 483 g·kg^-1）	不同水分条件FTMR半纤维素含量的损失情况与含水率有关，其中全混合日粮含水率越高，其半纤维素含量降低幅度越大。The loss of hemicellulose content in FTMR at different moisture levels correlates with moisture content， with higher total mixed ration （TMR） moisture leading to greater reductions in hemicellulose content.	［24］
水分含量Moisture content （45%， 55%， 65%）	含水率越高，饲料中产生的酸性物质越多，更有利于抑制发酵过程中的好氧菌和有害微生物生长，促进乳酸菌等有益发酵菌种的繁殖。The higher moisture content， the greater production of acidic substances in the feed， which more effectively suppresses the growth of aerobic bacteria and harmful microorganisms during fermentation while promoting the proliferation of beneficial fermenting bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria.	［25］
水分含量Moisture content （40%， 50%， 60%）	水分含量高的处理，pH值显著低于水分含量低的处理，水分含量越高，NH₃-N生成量越大。The treatment with high moisture content exhibited a significantly lower pH value than the treatment with low moisture content. The higher moisture content， the greater the amount of NH₃-N produced.	［26］

项目 Item	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
干物质含量Dry matter content （400， 450， 500 g·kg^-1）	营养成分（粗蛋白、水溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维和体外干物质消化率）没有发生变化，但所有FTMR开袋后均能在有氧条件下保持稳定超过21 d。Nutritional components （crude protein， water-soluble carbohydrates， neutral detergent fiber， and in vitro dry matter digestibility） remained unchanged， but all FTMR samples maintained stability under aerobic conditions for over 21 days after feeding.	［20］
干物质含量Dry matter content （500， 650 g·kg^-1）	潮湿青贮饲料中的干物质回收率较低，水分含量并没有影响FTMR的体外干物质消化率。The dry matter recovery rate in moist silage is relatively low， and moisture content did not affect the in vitro dry matter digestibility of FTMR.	［21］
水分含量Moisture content （40%， 45%， 50%， 55%）	全株玉米（Zea mays）FTMR的适宜含水率为45%和50%。The optimal moisture content for whole-plant corn FMTR is 45% and 50%.	［22］
干物质含量Dry matter content （375， 432， 483 g·kg^-1）	水分含量越大，乳酸含量越高，483 g·kg^-1的水分含量具有较高的乳酸含量，更有利于乳酸菌的生长。The higher moisture content， the greater lactic acid content. A moisture content of 483 g·kg^-1， which exhibits higher lactic acid content， is more conducive to the growth of lactic acid bacteria.	［23］
干物质含量Dry matter content （375， 432， 483 g·kg^-1）	不同水分条件FTMR半纤维素含量的损失情况与含水率有关，其中全混合日粮含水率越高，其半纤维素含量降低幅度越大。The loss of hemicellulose content in FTMR at different moisture levels correlates with moisture content， with higher total mixed ration （TMR） moisture leading to greater reductions in hemicellulose content.	［24］
水分含量Moisture content （45%， 55%， 65%）	含水率越高，饲料中产生的酸性物质越多，更有利于抑制发酵过程中的好氧菌和有害微生物生长，促进乳酸菌等有益发酵菌种的繁殖。The higher moisture content， the greater production of acidic substances in the feed， which more effectively suppresses the growth of aerobic bacteria and harmful microorganisms during fermentation while promoting the proliferation of beneficial fermenting bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria.	［25］
水分含量Moisture content （40%， 50%， 60%）	水分含量高的处理，pH值显著低于水分含量低的处理，水分含量越高，NH₃-N生成量越大。The treatment with high moisture content exhibited a significantly lower pH value than the treatment with low moisture content. The higher moisture content， the greater the amount of NH₃-N produced.	［26］

项目 Item	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
15， 30 ℃	与15 ℃的青贮相比，30 ℃青贮饲料的可溶性蛋白质含量更高。NH₃-N随着温度和储存时间的延长而增加。Compared to silage stored at 15 ℃， silage stored at 30 ℃ exhibits higher soluble protein content. NH₃-N increases with rising temperature and extended storage duration.	［29］
10， 20， 30， 40 ℃	随着贮藏温度的上升，各处理样本的日粮pH显著降低，同时乙酸和丙酸的含量显著增加。As storage temperature increased， the pH of the diets in each treatment sample decreased significantly， while the levels of acetic acid and propionic acid also increased significantly.	［30］
春季、夏季、秋季、冬季Spring， summer， autumn， winter	春季、秋季和冬季的FTMR发酵质量普遍较差，且pH均在4.7以上。经过60 d的存放，仍然检测出有害微生物，如大肠杆菌、酵母菌和霉菌等。FTMR fermentation quality was generally poor during spring， autumn， and winter， with pH levels consistently above 4.7. After 60 days of storage， harmful microorganisms such as Escherichia coli， yeast， and mold were still detected.	［31］
25， 29， 33， 37 ℃	发酵温度为33 ℃时玉米芯型FTMR中粗蛋白含量高于其他发酵温度。At a fermentation temperature of 33 ℃， the crude protein content in corn cob-type FTMR was higher than at other fermentation temperatures.	［32］

项目 Item	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
15， 30 ℃	与15 ℃的青贮相比，30 ℃青贮饲料的可溶性蛋白质含量更高。NH₃-N随着温度和储存时间的延长而增加。Compared to silage stored at 15 ℃， silage stored at 30 ℃ exhibits higher soluble protein content. NH₃-N increases with rising temperature and extended storage duration.	［29］
10， 20， 30， 40 ℃	随着贮藏温度的上升，各处理样本的日粮pH显著降低，同时乙酸和丙酸的含量显著增加。As storage temperature increased， the pH of the diets in each treatment sample decreased significantly， while the levels of acetic acid and propionic acid also increased significantly.	［30］
春季、夏季、秋季、冬季Spring， summer， autumn， winter	春季、秋季和冬季的FTMR发酵质量普遍较差，且pH均在4.7以上。经过60 d的存放，仍然检测出有害微生物，如大肠杆菌、酵母菌和霉菌等。FTMR fermentation quality was generally poor during spring， autumn， and winter， with pH levels consistently above 4.7. After 60 days of storage， harmful microorganisms such as Escherichia coli， yeast， and mold were still detected.	［31］
25， 29， 33， 37 ℃	发酵温度为33 ℃时玉米芯型FTMR中粗蛋白含量高于其他发酵温度。At a fermentation temperature of 33 ℃， the crude protein content in corn cob-type FTMR was higher than at other fermentation temperatures.	［32］

添加剂 Additives	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
布氏乳杆菌、复合纤维素酶Lactobacillus buchneri， complex cellulase	显著改善其发酵品质，并显著提高FTMR中结构性水溶性碳水化合物的降解率，同时有效减少黄曲霉毒素B1的含量，提高了FTMR的乙酸含量和有氧稳定性，抑制霉菌生长。Significantly improves fermentation quality and markedly increases the degradation rate of structural water soluble carbohydrate （WSC） in FTMR. Concurrently， it effectively reduces aflatoxin B1 content， enhances acetic acid content and aerobic stability in FTMR， and inhibits mold growth.	［36］
布氏乳杆菌 L. buchneri	添加布氏乳杆菌，可以显著提升青藏高原FTMR的有氧稳定性。The addition of L. buchneri significantly enhances the aerobic stability of FTMR on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.	［37］
植物乳杆菌、纤维素酶Lactobacillus plantarum， cellulase	能够有效改善其发酵品质，增强其有氧稳定性。It can effectively improve fermentation quality and enhance aerobic stability.	［38］
植物乳杆菌、糖蜜L. plantarum， molasses	当全混合日粮中提供充足的底物供乳酸发酵时，植物乳杆菌在改善FTMR发酵质量方面的表现优于糖蜜。When sufficient substrates for lactic acid fermentation are provided in total mixed ration （TMR）， L. plantarum outperforms molasses in improving the fermentation quality of FTMR.	［39］
布氏乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌L. buchneri， L. plantarum	植物乳杆菌的应用可能会导致FTMR的干物质损失。The application of L. plantarum may result in dry matter loss in FTMR.	［40］
维生素A、酶Vitamin A， enzyme	发酵过程会导致维生素A含量降低，而添加蛋白酶补充剂还会加剧这一现象，直接向FTMR中添加营养元素可能会破坏或流失发酵过程中的这些营养成分。The fermentation process leads to a reduction in vitamin A content， and the addition of protease supplements further exacerbates this phenomenon. Directly adding nutrients to FTMR may cause damage or loss of these nutrients during fermentation.	［41］
植物乳杆菌、丙酸、丙酸+乳酸菌L. plantarum， propanoic acid， propanoic acid+lactic acid bacteria	丙酸与乳酸菌接种剂一起使用时，减少了TMR饲料的乳酸产量，提高了有氧稳定性和体外营养物质消化率。When propionic acid is used in combination with lactic acid bacteria inoculants， it reduces lactic acid production in TMR， enhances the aerobic stability and improves in vitro nutrient digestibility.	［42］
糖蜜、植物乳杆菌、丙酸、糖蜜+丙酸、植物乳杆菌+丙酸Molasses， L. plantarum， propanoic acid， molasses+propanoic acid， L. plantarum+propanoic acid	丙酸与乳酸菌接种剂一起使用时，对燕麦-野豌豆间作制备的TMR饲料的发酵、好氧稳定性和体外消化率影响较小。When propionic acid is used in combination with lactic acid bacteria inoculants， it has a minimal effect on the fermentation， aerobic stability， and in vitro digestibility of TMR feed prepared from Avena sativa-Vicia tetrasperma intercropping.	［43］
布氏乳杆菌L. buchneri	布氏乳杆菌可有效生产出更高质量的马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum）粕青贮饲料，发酵性、好氧稳定性、羔羊生长性能和消化率均得到改善。L. buchneri effectively produces higher-quality potato hash silage feed， with improvements in fermentability， aerobic stability， lamb growth performance， and digestibility.	［44］
干酪乳杆菌、布氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus casei， L. buchneri	无论是否接种乳酸菌，FTMR均可保持显著稳定性。该特性与装料时的酵母菌数量及青贮料的酒精发酵、乳酸发酵等特性无关。FTMR maintains remarkable stability regardless of whether lactic acid bacteria are inoculated. This characteristic is independent of the yeast count at ensiling and the silage’s alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation properties.	［45］
外源纤维素酶Exogenous cellulose	添加外源纤维素酶会加速FTMR中纤维类物质的降解、提升有机酸的积累和自身纤维类物质的酶活力，抑制羧基肽酶和酸性蛋白酶活力，减少蛋白质的损失。Adding exogenous cellulase accelerates the degradation of fibrous materials in FTMR， enhances organic acid accumulation and the enzymatic activity of endogenous fibrous substances， inhibits carboxypeptidase and acid protease activity， and reduces protein loss.	［46］
布氏乳杆菌、双乙酸钠L. buchneri， sodium diacetate	双乙酸钠与布氏乳杆菌的添加均显著抑制了FTMR啤酒糟中霉菌及酵母菌的繁殖，有效提升了其有氧条件下的稳定性。相较于布氏乳杆菌，双乙酸钠对微生物的抑制作用更为明显，改善了发酵饲料品质。The addition of sodium diacetate and L. buchneri significantly inhibited the proliferation of mold and yeast in FTMR brewers’ grains， effectively enhancing its stability under aerobic conditions. Compared to L. buchneri， sodium diacetate exhibited a more pronounced inhibitory effect on microorganisms， thereby improving the quality of fermented feed.	［47］
枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、酵母菌Bacillus subtilis， lactic acid bacteria， Bacillus cereus， yeast	添加复合益生菌发酵有利于延长TMR贮存时间，增强TMR有氧稳定性，同时减少部分营养成分的流失。Adding composite probiotic fermentation helps extend TMR storage time， enhance the aerobic stability of TMR， and reduce the loss of certain nutrients.	［48］
双乙酸钠Sodium diacetate	双乙酸钠的添加使NH₃-N与总氮比值及霉菌毒素含量明显下降，其中添加0.2%双乙酸钠的pH达到最低，同时该组的粗蛋白质与中性洗涤纤维含量较高。The addition of sodium diacetate significantly reduced the ratio of NH₃-N to total nitrogen and mycotoxin content. The pH level reached its lowest value in the group supplemented with 0.2% sodium diacetate， which also exhibited higher crude protein and neutral detergent fiber content.	［49］