Table of Content

20 December 2010, Volume 19 Issue 6

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Relationship between biodiversity, productivity, and their dynamics during the succession in abandoned croplands of sub-alpine meadows

SONG Xiao-yu, ZHANG Ren-yi, LI Xin-e, YUAN Jian-li, CHU Cheng-jin, WANG Gang

2010, 19(6):  1-8. 

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As a topic focus in ecology, the relationship between biodiversity and productivity has drawn much attention from ecologists. We established experiment plots in a sub-alpine meadow of Southern Gansu province, China where there were 5, 9, 14, 19, 30-year abandoned lands and climax plant communities. Based on the succession gradient, we surveyed plant abundance and aboveground biomass to analyse a change model of biodiversity and productivity, and to explore the relationships between them. The biodiversity showed a unimodal curve, indicating the number of species increased first but decreased later along the succession gradient. At the early stage of succession, the productivity enhanced rapidly and reached a peak of 183.77 g/m² in the 19-year plots, after which, it remained stable. In the process of succession, the biodiversity was positively related to the productivity, though this relationship disappeared in the climax community. As the succession proceeded, the community pattern gradually changed into a species log-normal distribution from the early niche-preemption.

Influences of longterm water stress on diversity characteristics of typical wetland plant communities

YANG Tao1,2,3, GONG Huili3, HU Jinming4, WANG Li5 

2010, 19(6):  9-17. 

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Studies on vegetation diversity under different water gradients were conducted for wetland conservation and restoration. Based on 2005-2007 year simulation test, diversity dynamics of typical wet meadow （Calamagrostis angustifolia community）, swamp meadow （C. angustifolia-Carex lasiocarpa community） and marsh communities (C. lasiocarpa community) under various water conditions were analyzed in the Sanjiang Plain. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index and species richness of the three communities generally decreased while the Pielou’s evenness increased with the increasing of water level, and the species richness was found to be the most sensitive index; diversity indexes of swamp meadow and marsh communities were more sensitive to water gradients than that of wet meadow community; the community composition and structure were mostly affected by water stress at the beginning, but they were ultimately determined by various environmental and biological factors together.

A study on weed population dynamics and niches in a flax field in the Lanzhou area

ZHAO Li, HU Guan-fang, WANG Li-min, DANG Zhao, ZHAO Wei,
ZHANG Jian-ping, NIU Jun-yi

2010, 19(6):  18-24. 

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Combining field investigation and laboratory measurements, the calculation and analysis of the relative abundance and niches, of a weed community of a flax field in the Lanzhou area were studied. There were 23 species from 11 families in the flax fields. The main families were Gramineae, Compositae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae and Convolvulaceae, and the dominant species were Kochia scoparia, Setaria viridis, Chenopodium album, Sonchus brachyotus, Echinochloa crusgalli and Calystegia hederacea. Weeds appeared in mid-April, and there were two peaks of weeds, one in mid-May and one in-June. K. scoparia occupied the largest integrated niche breadth, being the most harmful to the flax, followed by S. viridis and C. album. K. scoparia and S. viridis shared the largest time niche overlap, and shared the maximum horizontal niche overlap with S. brachyotus, while S. brachyotus and C. album shared the biggest vertical niche overlap. All the above weed species had a similar use of resources. Using relative abundance and niche breadth can determine the dominant weed species, reflecting the degree of weed damage to the crop.

Relationship between plant communities, characters, soil physical and chemical properties, and soil microbiology in alpine meadows

WANG Chang-ting, LONG Rui-jun, WANG Gen-xu, LIU Wei,
WANG Qi-lan, ZHANG Li, WU Peng-fei

2010, 19(6):  25-34. 

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This study examined the relationship between soil physical and chemical properties, soil microbial quantity, soil enzyme activities, and ecosystem function in alpine meadows. There were obvious discrepancies in the soil characteristics of different vegetations. Soil bulk density, soil moisture, soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen and soil available nitrogen were significantly different in the 0-40 cm soil layer in Kobresia tibetica swamp meadow from those in a K. humlis meadow, K. pygmaca meadow, and a Potentilla froticosa shrub. The changes in community composition and plant species diversity resulted from variations in soil properties. Bacterial and fungal quantities showed a positive linear correlation with community biomass in four grasslands (P＜0.05), while actinomycete quantities showed no significant relationship with community biomass. The quantity and composition of soil microbes were influenced by different community biomass in different vegetations. Although aboveground biomasses showed significant correlation with different enzyme activities. These enzymes (urease, protease and phosphatase) were involved in soil carbon and nitrogen cycles. Soil enzyme activities influenced not only community biomass, but also plant species diversity (plant species richness) and community composition.

Soil enzyme activity in the rhizosphere of Humulus lupulus plants of different ages

ZHANG En-he, ZHANG Xin-hui

2010, 19(6):  35-40. 

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The effects of different aged hops (Humulus lupulus) on the activities of catalase, urease, neutral phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase were studied in a field experiment. The activity of catalase, urease and neutral phosphatase of rhizospheric soil was significantly greater than that of non-rhizospheric soil, but the activity of polyphenol oxidase was significantly less. With an increase in hop age, catalase activity decreased markedly, urease activity markedly increased, while the activity of neutral phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase increased initially but then decreased with age. The catalase activity decreased significantly by 14.80%, 24.34%, 23.03%, and 22.04% for the 8, 18, 20, and 22-ages, respectively compared with the 5-age, while the corresponding urease activity increased by 3.96%, 30.35%, 80.99% and 106.33%, even though no significant difference was observed for the 8-age. The yield of hops at 18 and 20 ages was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the content of α-acid at 5 and 8 ages was significantly higher than that of other treatments.

Effects of manual sowing methods of Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis on the distribution and content of soil organic carbon and nitrogen

TAI Ji-cheng, YANG Heng-shan, FAN Fu, ZHANG Qing-guo, SONG Gui-yun, SU Ya-le

2010, 19(6):  41-45. 

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A multi-layer sampling method was used to study the distribution and content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen under two-year old single and mixed sowings of Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis. The soil bulk density was greatest under the singly sown M. sativa and least under the singly seeded B. inermis. SOC content was highest under singly seeded M. sativa, followed by the interlaced mixed methods during the growth of pasture. There was a significant difference of the last two methods compared with the other methods (P＜0.01). The lowest soil total nitrogen content was in the singly seeded B. inermis treatment and there was no significant difference among the other treatments. In the entire 0-40 cm soil profile, the SOC contents in the singly seeded M. sativa (46.98 t/ha) and interlaced mixed pasture (44.77 t/ha) were significantly greater than in the other mixed pasture (38.75 t/ha) and in singly seeded B. inermis (36.37 t/ha) (P＜0.05).

A study on veneer recovery ratio and value of eucalypt clones

REN Shi-qi, LUO Jian-zhong, PENG Yan, XIE Yao-jian,
LU Wan-hong, CAO Jia-guang, JIANG Ying

2010, 19(6):  46-54. 

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The veneer recovery ratio and value of eleven 6-year-old eucalypt clones were investigated using Pilodyn and Fakopp to estimate the density of outside wood and acoustic wave velocity as a non-destructive testing tool. The CIRAD-Forest method was used to measure wood growth stress and the results were combined with measurements of log external characters and veneer quality grade to find the major significant factors influencing veneer recovery ratio and value using ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. There were significant differences in wood density, acoustic wave velocity, growth strain, min-sed, sweep and end splitting between different clones. Knots, especially dead knots, including holes and splitting, were major factors reducing veneer quality grade. There were significant differences between veneer recovery ratio and quality grade. Veneer recovery ratio (%) of clones ranked from high to low was GL₉(48.27), EC₃₄(47.17), LH₁(44.00), DH_32-22(42.00), GL₄(37.56), SH₇(34.88), UC_184-1(34.38), LH₅(31.06), M₁(29.74), DH_201-2(25.41), and SG₁(16.28). The highest recovery ratio was 2.97 times that of the lowest. The single log value (RMB/log) of clones ranked from high to low was C₃₄(13.37), GL₉(13.12), GL₄(12.36), LH₁(12.02), DH_32-22(11.55), LH₅(10.72), SH₇(9.22), UC_184-1(7.95), M₁(7.55), DH_201-2(5.97), and SG₁(4.88), and the highest value was 2.74 times that of the lowest. The unit volume value (RMB/m³) of clones ranked from high to low was C₃₄(856.49), LH₁(794.55), GL₉(788.68), DH_32-22(763.02), GL₄(681.44), SH₇(629.35), UC_184-1(597.66), LH₅(559.08), M₁(538.39), DH_201-2(450.49), and SG₁(294.53), and the highest value was 2.91 times that of the lowest. E. urophylla×E. grandis as plywood lumber showed higher value than the other four variants during this trial. Sweep was the major factor to influence veneer recovery ratio and value, while wood density, small end diameter, acoustic wave velocity and end split index had significant impacts on veneer recovery ratio and value. Pilodyn and Fakopp were able to approximately predict and estimate veneer recovery ratio and unit volume value.

Climate-productivity of grassland and its response to climate change in Ili River Basin, Xinjiang, China

SUN Hui-lan, LI Wei-hong, XU Yuan-jie, AYOUPU Mubareke, CHEN Ya-peng

2010, 19(6):  55-61. 

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Based on precipitation and temperature data between 1961 and 2007, the production potential of grassland climate in the Ili River Basin was calculated by the Miami and Matharnthwaite Memorial models. The grassland climate in the Ili River Basin showed the highest production potential with 4 083.75-8 415.42 kg/(ha·a). The production potential was different in different climatic regions. The plains areas showed the lowest production potential with instability while the hilly regions and mountain basin areas showed relatively high production potential with good stability in mountain basin areas. Precipitation was a more dominant factor than temperature for production potential of grassland climate in the Ili River Basin. In general, the production potential of grassland climate in the Ili River Basin showed an increasing trend, especially after 2000.

The grassland degradation problems of the Minqin oasis, in the lower reaches of the Shiyang River Basin

GUO Cheng-lu, LI Zong-li, CHEN Nian-lai, LIU Lei

2010, 19(6):  62-71. 

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The Shiyang River basin is one of the continental drainage basins in China, where the water utilization degree is very high, the shortage of water resource is serious, the environment is fragile, and the social and economic development is restricted. The Minqin oasis is the hardest ecological areas. The severe degradation natural pasture not only seriously threat the ecological security but also badly affected the economic and social sustainable development. Researching the oasis grassland degradation problems is important, for the maintaining oasis security, promoting oasis sustained social and economic development. We analyzed the water cycle pattern change of the Shiyang River basin and grassland degradation of the Minqin oasis based on the evolution of water system. That: the evolved direction of oasis ecosystem is intensivly decided by the water resource quantity, quality, space-time distribution as well as development and use, and then affected by the humanity survival environment, firsthand leading to the desertification of oasis and “ecological refugee”.

Shortterm response of functional plant groups abundance to simulated climate change in alpine meadow ecosystems

ZHANG Fawei1,2,3, LI Yueqing1, LI Yingnian2,3, LI Yikang2,3, LIN Li2,3, CAO Guangmin2,3,DU Mingyuan4, WANG Qinxue5

2010, 19(6):  72-78. 

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For further understanding the response of alpine plant communities to climate change, we manipulated a reciprocal translocation experiment along the elevation gradients on the south slope of the Qilian Mountains, in the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in May 2007. The translocated vegetation comprised 3 200 m of Kobresia meadow, 3 400 m of shrub meadow, 3 600 m of forbs meadow, and 3 800 m of sparse vegetation. Four functional groups (FG) were classified as sedge, graminoid, legume and forbs. An ANOVA of FG abundance showed that alpine plant communities were sensitive to climate change. Sedge cover correlated negatively and linearly with soil water content. Graminoid and legume abundance were linearly related to soil water content and temperature, respectively. The Quadratic equations between forbs and elevation accounted for 61% of variation. NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) indicated that FG responded specially. There was a weak abundance compensation effect between legumes and forbs, sedges, and graminoids. The comparison between the plant community in Kobresia meadow under simulated cooling and historical survey, confirmed it was stable. 

Effects of water stress on ultrastructure and membrane lipid peroxidation of leaf and root cells of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

LIU Yan, YUE Xin, CHEN Gui-lin

2010, 19(6):  79-86. 

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Using transmission electron microscopy, the changes of cortical and pericycle cells in roots and mesophyll cells in leaves of one-year-old Glycyrrhiza uralensis seedlings were observed. MDA content, the effect of water stress on ultrastructure, and membrane lipid peroxidation were measured and analysed. The organelle structure changed in both root and leaf cells with time under water stress. Cell nuclei of leaf blade and root systems were obviously distorted, and chromatin agglutination and marginalization appeared. The mitochondrion outer membranes were disrupted and collapsed, and the lumen formed a cavity. Chloroplast basal granule laminae of leaf blades gradually blurred and starch degraded. Golgi bodies of roots expanded and decomposed into many small vesicles. The sensitivity to water stress varied among different organizations and organelles. The changes of organelle morphology in cortical cells occurred earlier than those in pericycle and mesophyll cells. Otherwise, nuclear chromatin condensation appeared at the initial stage of water stress and preceded membrane lipid peroxidation damage in both root and leaf cells. As the above characteristics were similar to those of programmed cell death, it was presumed that programmed cell death in leaf and root cells might be one the mechanisms to resist water stress in G. uralensis.

Effect of dietary supplements of Potamogeton crispus on laying rate and color of egg yolk in Ma duck under confinement feeding condition

DING Si, YANG Hong-jian, SA Ren-na, RUI Qiao-yun, ZHANG Hong-fu

2010, 19(6):  87-92. 

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Potamogeton crispus is a carotene-rich Potamogetonaceae aquatic plant that is widely distributed in the Baiyangdian Lake in Hebei province, China. Laying rate, egg yolk color and egg quality of Chinese Ma duck was investigated in response to dietary supplements of P. crispus powder. Fresh P. crispus was harvested on May 12, 2009 and dehydrated with different drying methods. Total carotenoids in dried samples were ranked as freeze-dried powder (846.3 mg/kg DM)>air-dried powder (617.5 mg/kg DM)>sun-dried powder (362.7 mg/kg DM)>oven-dried powder (268.2 mg/kg DM). Nutritive composition of air-dried P. crispus powder was analyzed. Sixty 330-day-old Chinese Ma laying duck (body weight: 1.5±0.1 kg) were randomly arranged into A, B, and C groups (n=20 for each group). All ducks were daily fed on a fixed amount of 165 g corn-soyabean-meal basal ration before the start of this feeding trial. During the 12-d feeding trial period, the ducks in A group (control group) were still fed daily with the basal diet, while the ducks in B group were fed with fresh P. crispus ration (52.6% fresh P. crispus+47.3% basal ration), and the ducks in C group with air-dried P. crispus ration (20% dry basis P. crispus+80% basal ration). In both B and C ration groups the egg laying rate significantly increased by 7.9% and 4.2% respectively compared with that in A group (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences between B and C groups. There were no significant differences for egg shape index and egg weight between the three groups. Eggshell strength and thickness between C and A groups did not differ, but the eggshell strength and thickness of B group were significantly lower than those of A group (P<0.05). Harvey unit of egg in B group was significantly lower than that in A and C group (P<0.05), but there was no difference between the C and A groups. The egg yolk color of B and C groups significantly increased by 76.5% and 67.3%, respectively (P<0.05). Overall, air drying of fresh P. crispus effectively retained total carotenoids content. Dietary supplementation of air-dried P. crispus powder can effectively improve laying rate and significantly increase the color of egg yolk as well as other quality traits. These results may provide a reference guide of a rational use of Baiyangdian P. crispus to achieve a routine production of eggs with a red color in the yolk in laying ducks.

Effects of water supply volume and seed treatments on seedling emergence of Alhagi sparsifolia

LIU Zhen, ZENG Fan-jiang, LIU Bo, AN Gui-xiang,
ZHANG Xiao-lei, LI Xiu-dong

2010, 19(6):  93-99. 

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Alhagi sparsifolia is one of the dominant species in the desert-oasis ecotone of the southern marginal zone of the Taklimakan Desert, a plant for wind protection, sand fixation, and a forage grass. The effects of various combinations of water supply volume (4.4, 8.8, 13.2, 17.7, 26.4 and 35.4 mm/d) and seed treatments (control, seed soaking in water for 24 and 48 h and soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid for 20 min) on ripening current year seeds of A. sparsifolia were investigated. Seed coats of A. sparsifolia inhibited seedling emergence. Soaking in water was a better treatment for current year ripening seeds than for last years, while soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid for 20 min was a better treatment for the latter. The optimal water supply volume was greater for seeds in the control than for those in the other treatments and the control seeds germinated after 2 to 6 d in the different water treatments. Soaking in water at 4.4 and 8.8 mm/d and in concentrated sulfuric acid shortened seed germination to 1 to 4 d. Seeds of A. sparsifolia showed a long and continuous germination and emergence pattern, a behavior that beneficially reduced the risk of all progeny of a plant germinating at the same time and dying before reproducing.

Effects of seedlings with different root diameters on Angelica sinensis early bolting and physiological changes during the medicine formation period

QIU Dai-yu, LIN Hai-ming, FANG Zi-sen, LI Ying-dong

2010, 19(6):  100-105. 

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The changing dynamics of soluble protein, free amino acids and soluble sugar content in the stems, leaves and roots before plant bolting were studied to explore the effects of seedlings with different root diameters on plant bolting and physiological changes with the objective of providing a theoretical basis for Angelica sinensis nutritional control to restrain early bolting. The thicker the root diameter, the higher the soluble protein content in stems, leaves and roots before bolting. The soluble protein content initially increased, then decreased and finally increased in the stems and leaves, but the pattern was the reverse in the roots. Free amino acids in the stems and leaves decreased with an increase in seedling root diameter and in the roots, it increased before bolting plants appeared in the field, then decreased with fluctuations until some bolting plants appeared. Soluble sugar content increased with an increase in root diameter. It increased in both stems and leaves when the thinner root diameter seedlings were transplanted but it decreased rapidly after plant bolting in seedlings with thicker root diameters. During the growing period before bolting, low soluble protein and soluble sugar content, and high free amino acid content in the stems and leaves were not conducive to the occurrence of early bolting in plants with thinner root diameters, but otherwise promoted bolting.

Effect on the growth and photosynthetic traits of four kinds of greenbelt plants cultivated using reclaimed water

WANG Qi, WANG You-guo, SHI Chun-juan, SUN Ji-xiong, TAN Yi-fan

2010, 19(6):  106-113. 

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We studied the effects of reclaimed water on plant growth with the aim of extending the utilization of reclaimed water in Shenzhen. Growth, root development and photosynthetic traits were determined for four kinds of greenbelt plants, Axonopus affonis, Zoysia pacifica, Wedelia trilobata, and Duranta repens, cultured in reclaimed water and in cleaned water (CK). The heights of the greenbelt plants cultivated in reclaimed water for 30 d was lower than those cultivated in cleaned water (CK) but the root length was longer for up to 21 d and shorter after this. Root vigor was also less than those in the CK. However, there was no significant difference(P>0.05)between the plants cultivated in reclaimed water and cleaned water (CK). The chlorophyll content, initial fluorescence (F₀) and maximal fluorescence (F_m) of A. affonis and W. trilobata cultivated in reclaimed water for 30 d were greater than those under CK and F_v/F_m was less. However, the indexes of Z. pacifica showed a reverse change, possibly attributable to its biological traits. There was no significant difference between plants cultivated in reclaimed water and in cleaned water (CK) Although there were some negative effects of reclaimed water on the morphological, physiological modification, and photosynthetic traits of these plants.

A primary study on allelopathy of Artemisia vulgaris

LI Mei, GAO Xing-xiang, GAO Zong-jun, WANG Qing

2010, 19(6):  114-119. 

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Allelopathy is the positive or negative effects of chemicals released by one plant on the growth or reproduction of others. Chemicals extracted from plant roots or shoots directly inhibit or stimulate the germination, growth, and development of other plants. Allelochemicals also indirectly affect the other plants through the inhibition of microorganisms. Allelopathy exists widely in nature and plays a vital role in crop production systems and pest (insects, nematodes, pathogens and weeds) management. The allelopathic effects of Artemisia vulgaris on the seed germination and growth of crops Triticum aestivum (wheat), Sorghum vulgare (sorghum), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Brassica campestris (rape) and Raphanus sativus (radish) were studied, and its effects on MDA content were also studied to determine the allelopathic mechanism. The allelopathy of aqueous extract from A. vulgaris was tested in petri dishes. It strongly inhibited the germination, germination speed and seedling growth of tested crops. Rape and radish were more sensitive than other species. The synthesis effects of rape, radish, cucumber, wheat and sorghum were 100%, 87.26%, 69.88%, 61.11% and 52.77% respectively at a concentration of 0.012 5 g/mL. The MDA contents of cucumber and radish increased markedly after treatment. The results indicated that the allelopathic effect of A. vulgaris could break cell membranes by promoting MDA.

Effects of combinations of microorganisms on lactic acid production using fermentation straw

XU Juan-juan, GE Chun-mei, SUN Qin-ying, ZHANG-Jie, FAN Mei-zhen, PAN ren-rui

2010, 19(6):  120-125. 

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This study investigated the production of ligninase and L-lactic acid from mixed fermentation with Trichoderma reesei, Coprinus comatus, and Rhizopus oryzae. Under optimal conditions with an inoculation proportion of C. comatus to T. reesei of 5∶2, a time interval of 12 h, shake rotation speed of 150 r/min, after inocubation for 3 d at 26℃, the laccase activity reached 3 267.1 U/mL, an increase of 106% compared to single cultures. The agricultural wastes were treated for 84 h with crude enzymes extracted from the mixed fermentation of T. reesei and C.comatus at pH 5.0, 50℃ with a shaking speed 120 r/min: A 55.2% hydrolysis rate was obtained. The hydrolysed sugar was transformed into L-lactic acid by R. oryzae. Under optimal conditions, 3.36 g/L L-lactic acid was produced and the sugar conversion rate reached 67.40%.

Callus polyploidy induction and identification of Russian wild ryegrass

YUN Lan, YUN Jin-feng, LI Jun-qin, ZHENG Li-na, ZHAO Wei, QI Li-na

2010, 19(6):  126-131. 

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Chromosome doubling of Russian wild rye was induced with colchicine and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in suspension culture media, and embryogenic calli were induced from immature embryos. Chromosome ploidy of root tip cells was identified after induction. Treatment with 100 mg/L colchicine and 1.5% DMSO for 72 h on callus was the best for polyploidy induction. The percentage of tetraploid cells was 53.58%. Morphological comparisons showed that the length and width of leaves from tetraploid plant was increased. The length of stomatal guard cells of the tetraploids increased by 13.52% more than the diploids and the distance between stomata increased significantly. The stomatal characteristics of mixedploid plants were intermediate between the two.

A study on cell suspension culture and flavonoids accumulation of Stellera chamaejasme

WANG Wen-xing, AN Qi, WANG Ying, WANG Meng, CAO Cheng-you

2010, 19(6):  132-139. 

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A cell suspension culture system was established using cultures of loose calli of Stellera chamaejasme to investigate the effects of different plant growth regulators on callus induction rate and growth state from explants such as buds, leaves and stem segments of S. chamaejasme, and to study the effects of carbon species and plant growth regulators on cell growth and flavonoids accumulation using orthogonal tests. The loose calli suitable for suspension culture can be induced from stem segments on MS with 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L, and the induction rate can reach 90%. The effects of factors in the orthogonal test on cell growth and flavonoids content are consistent and in the order 2,4-D＞carbon source＞NAA＞6-BA. Higher concentrations of 2,4-D, NAA or 6-BA are more conducive to cell growth and flavonoids accumulation. Sucrose is most conducive to cell growth and flavonoids accumulation, followed by glucose and fructose. The optimum medium for cell growth and flavonoids accumulation is MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+NAA 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+surcrose 30 g/L. There is a significant positive correlation between cell growth and flavonoids content (R²=0.967, P<0.01), belonging to growth-coupling-type of the secondary metabolism model.

Establishment of a high frequency regeneration system for the succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum

FENG Bo, DUAN Jiao-jiao, WU Guo-qiang, WANG Suo-min

2010, 19(6):  140-146. 

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The effect of compounding proportions of different hormones on explants (cotyledon, stem, eustipes, and hypocotyl) were studied in tissue cultures of the succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, and a stable, high-efficiency plant regeneration system was established. Cotyledons were the best type of explant for callus induction and eustipes were the best for adventitious bud induction. The best callus inducing medium for Z. xanthoxylum was MS containing 0.1 mg/L 6-BA and 1.0 mg/L NAA, in which the callus induction rate for cotyledons was 100% with an induction time of 20 d, shorter than the previously reported 30 d. The best medium to induce adventitious buds was MS containing 1.5 mg/L 6-BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA, in which shoot differentiation of eustipes reached 82.5% and the induction time wais 7-weeks, shorter than the earlier report of 10-weeks. The best medium for rooting was 1/2 MS containing 1.0 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L IBA, in which the frequency of rooting reached 86.7%, 13.4% greater than the previous result of 73.3%. In this medium, adventitious roots began to appear in 13 d (earlier than the reported 20 d) and the transition from callus to regeneration plant was completed in (84±4) d.

Molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNAs of the novel protein Ho-Peritrophin3 from the peritrophic matrix of Holotrichia oblita, a turfgrass pest

ZHOU Hong-xu, LI Chang-you, LI Guo-xun

2010, 19(6):  147-153. 

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Holotrichia oblita is an important turfgrass pest, whose peritrophic matrix is a potential target for biocontrol of pest insects. The peritrophic matrix proteins of H. oblita were studied by screening with a PM protein polyclonal antiserum from Helicoverpa armigera. One positive cDNA clone named Ho-Peritrophin3, with a size of 1 737 bp and a polyadenylation signal of AATAAA upstream of the polyA tail, was screened and sequenced from the library. The longest open reading frame of Ho-Peritrophin3 coded for 528 amino acids, which were mostly similar to Ho-Peritrophin2 of H. oblita, with a similarity of 64.9%. Ho-Peritrophin3, with a little O-linked glycosylation sites, contained five chitin binding domains, all of which consisted of six conserved cysteine residues, while Ho-Peritrophin1 and Ho-Peritrophin2 found in the PM of H. oblita contained only four cysteine residues at the C-terminal. No mucin-like domain was found in the Ho-Peritrophin3 sequence. The cleavage sites of trypsin and chymotrypsin mainly lay inside of CBDs in the Ho-Peritrophin3, and were protected by the intradomain disulfide bonds, so they can resist enzymes and exert a physiological function in the midgut. Compared with Ho-Peritrophin1 and Ho-Peritrophin2, 36.3% of 107 amino acids downstream of the fifth CBD belonged to the cleavage sites of trypsin and chymotrypsin. Further study is necessary to explain why Ho-Peritrophin3 can exist in the midgut in the presence of abundant proteinase.

Cloning and sequence analysis of full-length cDNA of an actin gene from zoysia grass (Zoysia japonica)

WANG Zhou, ZONG Jun-qin, XUAN Ji-ping, GUO Ai-gui, LIU Jian-xiu

2010, 19(6):  154-163. 

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One 1 560 bp full-length cDNA of Actin was cloned from leaves of zoysia grass using RT-PCR and RACE methods. The sequence analysis revealed that it contained an ORF of 1 134 bp encoding a protein composed of 377 amino acids, a 5′-UTR of 157 bp and a 3′-UTR of 495 bp. Homologous alignment showed that it shared over 85% of nucleotide identities and 97% of amino acid identities with actins from other plants in GenBank. The full-length cDNA was designated as ZjACT with its accession number GU290545. The phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of amino acid sequences suggested that the relationship of actins from zoysia grass was most intimate with that from barley and poulard wheat, and they might share the same differential time in evolution. A comparison of the cDNA and its genomic counterpart (GU290546) demonstrated that the gene consisted of 4 exons and 3 introns. These results provided clues for evolutionary studies of the actin gene family, and on its functional and evolutionary diversity, as well as served as references for functional analysis and utilization of Actin gene from turf and forage grasses.

Genetic diversity of Dichondra repens germplasm in southwest China by SRAP

FU Wei, GAN You-min, WU Jia-hai, WANG Xiao-li, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Jian-bo

2010, 19(6):  164-170. 

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The genetic diversity of 21 Dichondra repens, were analyzed using 19 highly polymorphic and stable primer pairs selected from 80 pairs of SRAP primers and the 19 primer pairs produced 212 bands, including 156 polymorphic bands (8.2 bands per primer pair). The average percentage of polymorphic bands was 73.58%. Genetic similarity of D. repens was calculated by Nei’s method and showed that the genetic similarity ranged from 0.444-0.980, and the average Nei’s coefficient was 0.76. It suggested that there was a rich genetic diversity among the resources of D. repens tested. The shape of the SRAP dendrogram showed that the 21 materials could be divided into three groups with 0.78 thresholds, and materials from the same origin frequently clustered into the same group. The research indicated a correlation among the wild resources and their geographical and ecological environments.

Genetic analysis of reproductive characters of zoysiagrass

GUO Hai-lin, ZHENG Yi-qi, LIU Jian-xiu

2010, 19(6):  171-179. 

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The heredity of reproductive characters, including inflorescence density, reproductive branch height, inflorescence length, specule number of each spike, specule length, specule width and specule length/width ratio, in two F₁ populations of Z136×Z039 and Z039×Z136 was analyzed by major gene and polygene mixed genetic models to reveal the genetic mechanism of these characteristics of zoysiagrass. The range of variation of each character in reciprocal progenies was far beyond that of their parents The widest variation was in inflorescence density, followed by the reproductive branch height, specule number of each spike, inflorescence length, specule length, and specule width. Significant differences were observed between two reciprocal crosses for inflorescence density, reproductive branch height, specule length, and specule length/width ratio, which further suggested that there might be maternal genetic phenomenon for these characters in zoysiagrass. There were no significant differences between two reciprocal crosses for inflorescence length, specule number of each spike, and specule width. The inflorescence density from the reciprocal cross Z136 ×Z039 was controlled by a two major gene model. A no major gene model (A-0) was the most suitable model for reproductive branch height, inflorescence length, and specule width of reciprocal crosses, specule number of each spike of negative crosses and the specule length of positive crosses. The specule number of each spike of positive crosses and the specule length of negative crosses of Z136 ×Z039 were controlled by a single major gene model. The most suitable model for the specule length/width ratio of positive crosses was a two additive-dominance-epistasis major genes model (B-1) and the heritability of major genes was 42.72%. A two additive-dominance major genes model (B-2) was the most suitable model for the specule length/width ratio of negative crosses and the heritability of major genes was 98.81%.

RAPD analysis of Puccinia striiformisf. sp tritici in Gansu and SCAR marker establishment for Su11-14

MENG Ya-xiong, ZHONG Jun, MA Xiao-le, LI Bao-chun, LAI Yong, SI Er-jing,
SHANG Xun-wu, WANG Hua-jun

2010, 19(6):  180-186. 

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Present in this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) was used to analyze polymorphisms of eight wheat yellow rust pathotypes from Gansu, and the specific RAPD markers among pathotypes were characterized. Out of 220 random 10 bp length primers were analyzed, 147 primers were giving distinct amplification bands. The genetic variations among pathotypes of wheat yellow rust were abundance. A specific 507 bp length DNA fragment was obtained from CY33 via PCR amplification with primer S301; a specific 183 bp length DNA fragment was obtained from CY32-1 with primer S39; a specific 510 bp length DNA fragment was obtained from Hybrid46-8 with primer S36; a specific 317 bp length DNA fragment was obtained from Su11-4 with primer S2140, respectively. The DNA fragment obtained from Su11-4 with primer S2140 was cloned and sequenced, specific forward and revise primers were designed for Su11-4 and the sequence-characterized amplified region SCAR marker was developed as well. The results indicate that a molecular detection system for Puccinia striiformisf.sp tritici could be established by mean of searching for specific RAPD fragments among pathotypes. The results also suggest that development of SCAR marker would be a important approach to accurately detect pathotype Su11-4 of Puccinia striiformisf. sp tritici.

Comparison of genetic diversity in cultivated and wild orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata) detected by SSR markers

WAN Gang, ZHANG Xin-quan, LIU Wei, XIE Wen-gang, ZHOU He, PENG Yan

2010, 19(6):  187-196. 

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To reveal the genetic diversity in cultivated and wild orchardgrass, 25 SSR primer pairs were used to amplify 23 accessions (including cultivar, tetraploid, diploid etc.). The average number of bands per primer pair was 10.04 and 251 clear bands were obtained of which 100 percent were polymorphic. The average genetic diversity, as measured by the polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.33, and ranged from 0.24 (A01E14) to 0.42 (A01F24, A03B16). The genetic distance of 23 accessions varied from 0.106 5 to 0.606 1, with an average of 0.387 0. The mean genetic distance among 6 cultivars was 0.308 8, lower than the average of all accessions. Clustering analysis showed that 23 accessions could be divided into different groups according to the geographic distributions, ploidy, and cultivar. Principal component analysis was consistent with clustering analysis. The analysis of molecular variance indicated that the genetic variation was higher within groups than between groups. The result of comparison of genetic diversity among different groups showed that there was no significant difference between the group of wild and cultivated orchardgrass, but the genetic diversity of the tetraploid group was much richer than that of the diploid group.

Analysis of differential expression of proteins in replanting disease of Pseudostellaria heterophylla

LIN Mao-zi, ZHANG Zhi-xing, LIN Zheng-chun, YOU Chui-huai,
ZENG Ling-jie, LIN Wen-xiong

2010, 19(6):  197-207. 

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The differential proteomics method was used to analyze the differential expression of proteins in Pseudostellaria heterophylla leaves to reveal the molecular mechanism of P. heterophylla replanting disease in a P. heterophylla-Oryza sativa-P. heterophylla crop rotation or in P. heterophylla continuous cropping. There were 27 differential protein spots in the 2-D gelatin from the P. heterophylla leaves in both the crop rotation and the continuous cropping systems. Bioinformatics searches successfully identified 24 of the 27 protein spots. Senescence-associated similar proteins, the Ras-related protein, the senescence-related receptor-like kinases, the PR-proteins and the Ras-related protein RHN1 were all up-regulated. All of these proteins are related to plant senescence or disease. The phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, plant-type serine-threonine protein kinase, calcium-dependent protein kinase, chalcone synthase, and thioredoxin-related proteins were all up-regulated, while the cell wall glycine-rich protein, the homologue to SKP1, the zinc finger protein, and the maturase K were all down-regulated. These proteins are related to plant resistance. Both the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit and the cytochrome b₆ were down-regulated, and the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain c and the cytochrome b₆/f complex subunit VI were up-regulated. These proteins are related to photosynthesis. The sucrose-UDP glucosyltransferase and the NF-YB5 were down-regulated, and the proteasome subunit beta type 1, the synthase beta subunit, the cytokinin histidine phosphotransfer protein 4 and the NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were all up-regulated. These proteins are related to plant metabolism of energy or cell division. It suggested that in P. heterophylla replanting disease, up-regulated expression of proteins associated with senescence or disease results in disturbed expressions of proteins related to plant resistance or to energy metabolism or cell division. The continuous planting of P. heterophylla resulted in down-regulated expression of the important photosynthesis related proteins, explaining the molecular basis for the declining photosynthesis rate in replanted P. heterophylla.

Genetic diversity analysis of Chinese natural tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) germplasms by RAPD

LI Hui-ying, LOU Yan-hong, HU Tao, FU Jin-min

2010, 19(6):  208-214. 

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Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a cool season turfgrass widely used in China. The genetic variation of wild tall fescue germplams was investigated. Twenty six tall fescue ecotypes collected from Yunnan, Guizhou, Qinghai and Hubei provinces were assessed for genetic diversity analysis by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Twenty of the 41 arbitrary primers totally amplified 179 DNA bands, an average of 8.95 DNA bands per primer. The polymorphic bands (177) accounted for 98.88% of total DNA bands. Jaccard’s genetic similarity coefficient of these tall fescue ecotypes ranged from 0.419 to 0.966, suggesting a significant variation among these ecotypes. An UPGMA dendrogram was established for 26 tall fescue ecotypes based on the genetic similarity matrix. The 26 ecotypes could be divided into three categories based on cluster analysis. The tall fescue ecotypes collected from Yunnan province located in one group. However, tall fescues that came from the other three provinces were not always closely related to their ecological environment.

Spatial variation of ergot alkaloids in drunken horse grass infected by Neotyphodium gansuense

DAI Le-ying, HUANG Xi, LI Chun-jie, NAN Zhi-biao

2010, 19(6):  215-221. 

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Ergot alkaloids were detrected in drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians)-Neotyphodium gansuense endophyte symbionts taken from 5 different geographical sites: Hami in Xinjiang (HM), Tiebujia in Qinghai (TBJ), Sunan (SN), Tianzhu (TZ) and Xiahe (XH) in Gansu in September 2007. Different ergine and ergonovine contents were found in different organs of drunken horse grass and the ergonovine contents were significantly greater than those of ergine (P<0.05). The ergine, ergonovine and total alkaloid contents (53.656, 117.784 and 160.816 mg/kg dry matter, respectively) were highest in plants from HM except in the leaf sheaths. Correlation analyses indicated that ergine, ergonovine and total alkaloid contents of leaf blades, stems and heads of plants were positively related to the annual average temperature.

Prediction of the potential survival area of Xanthium italicum in China

WANG Rui, WAN Fang-hao

2010, 19(6):  222-230. 

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Xanthium italicum is one of the harmful quarantine weeds in China and it has spread rapidly in China since it invaded in the 1990s. In order to monitor and control X. italicum effectively, it is necessary to predict potential survival areas in China. Its ecological niches were modeled through application of the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP) on the basis of its native region (North America). The model’s accuracy was evaluated by Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve based on invaded areas in Europe, Asia, and South America. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.91, which indicated that all models had a highly predictive ability. The ecological models developed on the basis of the native occurrences were projected on the landscape of China. With the exception of Qinghai, Tibet, southern parts of Xinjiang, and northern parts of Inner Mongolia, most areas in China were potential survival areas for X. italicum. Because of X. italicum’s high dispersal ability, and diverse dispersal routes, the potential distribution areas in China are huge and it may invade more areas and spread faster in the future. To prevent further invasion and spread, an early eradication program should be adopted in the newly invaded areas. Meanwhile, the monitoring programs should be applied in potential survival areas, especially in coastal harbors, airports, and tourism areas which are highly vulnerable for X. italicum invasion.

Grassland investigation in Sunan Yuguor autonomous county

ZHAO Zhong,HE Yi,LI Qing,JIA Sheng-fu, YANG Peng-yi,JIN Ci-fu,YANG Xue-lan,
SUN Xiao-yun, LI Ju, GU Zi-lin, QU Yong,ZHANG Wei-jun,
QIAO Yun-song, WANG Jun, YANG Sheng-lu

2010, 19(6):  231-247. 

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Grassland resource investigation by the combination of 3S technique, fixed-sampling site and route survey was carried out in Sunan county. The grassland type, area, distribution and species composition were determined; and the plant coverage, height and field were measured. 1) The grassland in Sunan county was divided into 9 classes embracing 18 subclasses, the 29 types of 24 forms; the total area of grassland was 1 778 729 ha in Sunan county. 2)Sunan county did not have the 1,2,3 and 4 grade grassland, alpine steppe was the 5 grade grassland with an area of 424 614 ha, which accounted for 23.87% of the total area of grassland in Sunan county, the average fresh grass yield was 3 685 kg/ha; alpine meadow, temperate steppe, temperate steppe-desert, temperate meadow-steppe and alpine steppe was the 6 grade grassland with an area of 883 145 ha, which accounted for 49.65% of the total area of the grassland, the average fresh grass yield was 2 577, 2 565, 2 508, 1 880 and 1 820 kg/ha respectively; temperate desert, temperate desert-steppe and lowland meadow was the 7 grade grassland with an area of 470 966 ha, which accounted for 26.47% of the total area of the grassland, the average fresh yield was 900, 1 167 and 1 137 kg/ha respectively. 3) The total fresh grass yield in Sunan was 4 260.544 3 million kg, which converted into 1 460.616 1 million kg wind-dried grass, the theoretic grazing capacity in the natural grassland should be 1.064 1 million sheep-units; at present, the livestock in Sunan was 102 million sheep-units converted, which basically was in the saturation. 4) The Qilianshan Mountains have abundant and rare animal and plant resources, it is identified that among the 749 species of 986 pieces of plant samples collected during the investigation, 16% of the plants were from Compocitae, 14% plants from Poaceae, 8% of plants from Liguminosae, 6% of plants from Cyperaceae, 6% of plants form Raunuculaceae, 5% of plants from Rosaceae, 3% of plants from Cruciferae, 3%of plants from Chenopodiaceae, 3% of plants from Liliaceae; the plants from other families accounted for 35%. The Qilianshan Mountains have 286 species of wild animal, which belonged to 63 families of 28 orders, among which class Pisces had 4 species of 2 families from 1 order, class Reptilia had 5 species of 3 families from 2 orders, class Amphibia had 2 species of 2 families from 1 order, class Aves had 206 species of 39 families from 17 orders, class Mammalia had 69 species of 17 families from 7 orders. Out of the wild animals, 9 species were the first class national protected animals; 39 species were the second class national protected animals.

Application of genetic engineering in forage plants breeding

MA Jiang-tao, WANG Zong-li, HUANG Dong-guang, WU Yan-min

2010, 19(6):  248-262. 

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With the development of biological sciences, genetic engineering has permeated in various fields, such as botany, zoology, microbiology, and so on. The new improved varieties of forages are demanded urgently because of the increasingly worsened environment and frequently happened extreme weather. And those also accelerate the application and popularizing of genetic engineering in the breeding of forage. This review summarizes the progresses of forage genetic engineering on genetic transformation, quality improvement, disease and pest resistance, herbicide resistance, abiotic stress as well as the development of the edible transgenic plant vaccine involving nearly 30 species of grasses in the past 20 years. Finally, we analyze the problems in forage genetic engineering research, and make a prospect on the development trends of genetic engineering in this field.

Progress in research on plant ferritin

CHEN Li-ping, ZHANG Li-jing, FU Hua

2010, 19(6):  263-271. 

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Ferritins (iron-binding protein) are ubiquitous iron storage proteins in plants, animals, and microorganisms. They are highly conserved, multi-functional and multi-subunit proteins. Plant ferritin, as a special iron storage protein, is the source of iron for plant biochemical reactions such as photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. It can regulate iron content and plant biological functions, is an important stress response protein, and plays a key role in plant development and anti-oxidation. This paper summarizes research progress and the applications of ferritin in plant molecular biology in terms of its structure, function, gene cloning, expression and genetic transformation.

Physiological response of Sonchus brachyotus to salt stress

SHI Li-ran, NIU Yu-lu, LI Ming-zhe

2010, 19(6):  272-275. 

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Seedlings of Sonchus brachyotus were treated with NaCl at different concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 g/kg), the physiological response was observed, and the physiological indexes measured. With an increase in NaCl concentration, plasma membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and the proline and soluble sugar contents also increased with NaCl stress intensification. Soluble protein contents increased under low NaCl concentrations but tended to slowly decline with an increase in NaCl concentration. In conclusion, S. branchyotus showed a great adaptability to salt stress.

Research on biological nitrogen fixation of grass-legume mixtures in a semiarid area of China

WANG Ping1, ZHOU Daowei2，JIANG Shicheng3

2010, 19(6):  276-280. 

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Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), nitrogen transfer and the contribution of nitrogen derived from air to nitrogen yield were investigated in a semiarid area of China using four grasslegume mixtures: Leymus chinensis-Astragalus adsurgens, L. chinensis-Lespedeza daurica, L. chinensis-Medicago ruthenica, and L. chinensis-M. sativa cv. Aohan. The nitrogen yield of the L. chinensis-Astragalus adsurgens and of the L. chinensis-M. sativa cv. Aohan were significantly greater than that of L. chinensis monoculture and they had an improved grassland quality. The BNF of the four legumes was 35%-40%, suggesting that it was an important nitrogen resource for the growth of legumes. The amount of nitrogen transferred from legume to L. chinensis was 2-12 kg N/(ha·year), about 5%-24% of the nitrogen yield of L. chinensis. Legume BNF promoted the nitrogen resources of grassland ecosystems, contributing 20.30%, 17.78%, 11.29% and 31.77% to total nitrogen yield for A. adsurgens, L. daurica, M. ruthenica, and M. sativa cv. Aohan, respectively.

Karyotype analysis of three different genotypes of Poeae

CHEN Zhi-yong, HU Zhong-hong, JIANG Jian-xiong, YI Zi-li

2010, 19(6):  281-285. 

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Karyotype analysis of three genotypes from two species of Poeae (Agrostis stolonifera and Lolium perenne) is reported. All the chromosomes were median and submedian centromeric, with satellites (SAT). The number of chromosomes in A. stolonifera (Putter) was 30 (2n), and in L. perenne (Premier, Focus) was 14 (2n). The karyotype formula was 2n=30=22m (2SAT)+2sm for Putter and the asymmetry index was 55.2%, (“2C” type), for Premier, was 2n=14=12m (2SAT)+2st and the asymmetry index 58.0%, (“2C” type), and for Focus, was 2n=6m (2SAT)+8sm, the asymmetry index 63.05%, (“2B” type).