Table of Content

20 February 2014, Volume 23 Issue 1

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Orignal Article

Research on the spread strategy of Artemisia frigida populations during the desertification recovery process in Horqin sandy land

SUN Ying-jie,LI Yan-qing,ZHAO Ai-fen,HUANG Yu-qing,ZHOU Ai-ping,LUO Ai-ying,XU Guang-ping,YAO Yue-feng

2014, 23(1):  3-9.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140102

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The erect and the creeping types of Artemisia frigida are the two different phenotypes of A. frigida populations in Horqin sandy land. The morphological and reproductive characteristics of above and below ground parts of A. frigida individuals were analyzed. Also,the similarities and differences of the two phenotypes were compared in order to study their strategies for spread. There were significant differences in the number of branches,twigs differentiation,inflorescence and root morphology between the two phenotypes. The average above ground biomasses of the erect type A. frigida was larger than that of the creeping ones which were mainly located at ten centimeters near the individual bases. Studying the cloning capability of creeping type A. frigida,we found that a single plant produced fewer than 10 ramets after being buried by sand and the spread of most of the ramets was 10-20 cm. There was a strong relationship between rooting number and seasonal rainfall after sand burial of branches of A. frigida. Moreover,roots produced after the branches were buried played an important role in the spread of A. frigida populations. The erect type A. frigida mainly reproduced by seeds,and spread was related to the local wind directions.

Analysis of clonal growth patterns and branching architecture of Nitraria tangutorum clonal ramet in the Southern margin area of the Tengger Desert

ZHOU Zi-hang, LI Zhen, JIAO Jian, LI Yi, LIN Fan

2014, 23(1):  12-21.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140103

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Based on the declining rainfall gradient in Gansu province, China, Jingtai Baidunzi (JBDZ), Gulang Malutan (GMLT), Minqin Qinfeng (MQQF) and Lanzhou Nanshan (LZNS) were used to compare ramet population characteristics and clonal branching architecture of Nitraria tangutorum. N. tangutorum had obvious morphological plasticity and considerable differences existed in ramet population characteristics in different regions. The ramet spacing gradually increased with a decline in moisture. Most indexes of ramet population in Lanzhou were higher than those in the three desert plots. Clonal growth patterns presented a phalanx in Lanzhou, but were irregular in Minqin. Clone integration made the clone branching architecture of N. tangutorum complex. All branch angles were smallest in LZNS, and biggest in MQQF. The ratios of branch diameter fluctuated; most of the branch diameter ratios were largest in Lanzhou, but the expression was the opposite in Minqin. The general bifurcation ratios and the gradual bifurcation ratios in Lanzhou were higher than in Minqin, but there were no substantial differences between Lanzhou and Jingtai, Gulang. Branching intensity and fractal dimensions were similar, and all were highest in Lanzhou. The fractal dimensions declined and branching space structure tended to be simple as the moisture declined in the three desert plots. In habitats with poor water conditions, the main strategies to increase resources of N. tangutorumt were: increased ramet spacing and branch angle, weakened branching intensity, and the irregular type clonal growth pattern which are conducive to ramets to escape adversity in order to obtain moisture.

Analysis of the distribution pattern of wild vascular plant diversity in Gansu Province, China

ZHANG Zhi-da,YU Ying-wen,HUA Li-min,PU Xun,WANG Hu-cheng,LIANG Tian-gang

2014, 23(1):  22-30.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140104

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Based on data from previous literature,plant specimens and field investigations,the database of wild vascular plants in Gansu Province has been established. The name of each county was the primary key,the data of plant species and the vector of every county of Gansu were combined,and the richness,range size of species,flora differentiations,and similarity index of plant species between two inter-counties are shown on an ArcGIS Desktop 9.3 geographic information platform. The total wild vascular plants species,genera and families in Gansu Province were 5207,1216 and 219,respectively. The differences in plant species richness between different counties were big,and the ranking was Longnan area,Tianshui and Gannan area>Hexi area>Longdong area>Central region in Gansu. Wenxian and Wudu counties were hot-spots of vascular plant distribution in Gansu. Flora differentiations of genera and families were positively significantly correlated with species diversity (R=0.702 and 0.781,respectively),the distribution pattern of plant range size and its richness were inversely related. Based on species similarity indices of each two inter-counties,the plant distribution in Gansu Province was regionalized into nine areas: Longdong loess plateau,Longzhong loess plateau,Gannan plateau,Gannan-Longnan ecotone,Longnan mountainous area,Tianshui Qinling,North Qinling Mountain,Hexi area and Baiyin desert area. The U-type line fault zone (north latitude 35 degree) located in central Gansu from east to west is a dividing line of wild vascular plant distribution; south of this line are 4488 species,accounting for 86% of the total species of Gansu Province.The region of sudden change of wild vascular plants in Gansu Province is in Kongtong country and Yuzhong country.

The distribution features of two widespread legumes and their relationships with soil factors in Songnen grassland

LI Qiang,ZHOU Dao-wei,SONG Yan-tao

2014, 23(1):  31-40.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140105

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Through field investigations,distribution features of aboveground biomass of Lathyrus quinqueneruius and Viciaam cracca,and their relationships with soil factors were studied in Songnen grassland. The maximum aboveground biomass of L. quinqueneruius was 286.25 g/m²,and the minimum was 51.73 g/m²,while the values for V.cracca were 494.77 and 61.19 g/m² respectively. Population aggregation levels of the two legumes were primarily 100-200 g/m² and 100-300 g/m² respectively. There were significant positive correlations between aboveground biomass of the two legumes with community height,community aboveground biomass,species richness index,diversity index,evenness index,and significant negative correlation relationships with community density. There were significant positive correlation relationships between aboveground biomass of the two legumes with soil organic carbon content,total nitrogen content,and significant negative correlation relationships with soil pH and electrical conductivity,but no significant correlation relationship with soil total phosphorus content. Under low legume aboveground biomass,the change of community characteristics and soil factors with an increase of legume biomass was large but it became weaker with an increase of legume biomass. Compared with V.cracca,the change rates of community characteristics and soil factors with an increase of L. quinqueneruius aboveground biomass were larger (51.73 and 61.19 g/m² respectively) and were the minimum aboveground biomass in unit area to maintain population existence for L. quinqueneruius and V.cracca,respectively. The ecological traits of the two legumes may have facilitation effects on community structure and function,and the effects from unit mass of L. quinqueneruius rather than V.cracca may be greater. Degree of soil salinization alone did not limit the distribution of the two legumes. Soil phosphorus may be a limited factor for distribution of these two legumes. This study provides important references for protection and development of these two legumes in this region.

A study on variations in leaf trait of 35 plants in the arid region of middle Ningxia, China

CHEN Lin,YANG Xin-guo,SONG Nai-ping,YANG Ming-xiu,XIAO Xu-pei,WANG Xing

2014, 23(1):  41-49.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140106

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The variations,associations,relationships of different family groups and functional class groups of nine leaf traits from 35 plants of Ningxia,Northwest China were studied,to assess the adaptation of the 35 plants to their environment and to provide a scientific basis for discussion of restoration and reconstruction of arid region ecosystems. There were differences of leaf traits between the species,and according to the coefficient of variation,the nine leaf traits can be divided into three categories: high coefficient of variation (leaf thickness and leaf water uptake content),moderate coefficient of variation (percentage increase in leaf water content,leaf density,leaf succulence and specific leaf area),low coefficient of variation (chlorophyll content,leaf dry matter content and leaf water saturation deficit). The averages of leaf density,chlorophyll content and leaf dry matter content in annuals were highly significantly (P<0.01) lower than those in perennials,but the averages of specific leaf area in annuals was highly significantly (P<0.01) more than that in perennials. There were highly significant (P<0.01) differences in leaf density,leaf thickness,leaf succulence,leaf dry matter content and leaf water uptake content among the different family groups but there were no significant differences in specific leaf area,water saturation deficit,chlorophyll content and leaf water content. Leaf density,leaf thickness,leaf succulence,leaf dry matter content and leaf water uptake content could be the better traits for studying leaves in the different family groups.

Screening in Southwest China of drought-resistant varieties of maize at the seedling stage

TIAN Shan-jun,YANG Shi-min,KONG Fan-lei,YUAN Ji-chao

2014, 23(1):  50-57.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140107

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To screen for drought-resistant varieties of maize (Zea mays),thirty hybrid maize varieties in large-scale cultivation in Southwest China were treated with PEG to simulate drought stress in pot cultures and hydroponics. The strongly drought resistant varieties were selected by fuzzy membership function. Drought-resistant indexes were screened and evaluated by a drought variability index. Eight varieties such as Yayu No.10 and Zhenghong 311 were classified as drought-resistant. Leaf area,root/shoot ratio,root traits (root volume,the number of root branches,and root length),relative conductivity,water loss rate of cutting leaves,proline,chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F_v/F_m,F_q'/F_m',F_v'/F_m',F_q'/F_v') were sensitive to drought stress,and could be used in evaluation indexes of drought resistance at the maize seedling stage.

Persistence of 35 Medicago sativa varieties at the 10th year after establishment

YUE Yan-hong,QI Xiao,WANG Yan-rong,PENG Lan-qing,YU Ling

2014, 23(1):  58-64.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140108

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Persistence and forage yield are two important indexes in the introduction of new varieties. To select suitable varieties,35 Medicago sativa varieties which were planted in Zhangye Experimental Station of Lanzhou University in 2001 were investigated in 2011. The characteristics studied included persistence,hay yield,growth rate,and plant height. Gaps and branches were also measured. 1) The varieties with highest persistence were Prime,Weinan,Gongnong No.1,and Gannong No.2; 2) The varieties with best yields were Xinjiang daye,Gongnong No.1,Bear No.1,Rambler,YL-3 and Gongnong No.2; 3) The varieties with both high yield and persistence were Gongnong No.1,Xinjiang daye,Rambler,Gongnong No.2,Prime and Weinan. These varieties have good adaptability in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu province and are suitable for cultivation in this region.

A study on the harvest time of different rice (Oryza sativa) varieties for grain-straw dual use

DONG Chen-fei, DING Cheng-long, XU Neng-xiang, CHENG Yun-hui,
SHEN Yi-xin, GU Hong-ru

2014, 23(1):  65-72.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140109

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Investigation of the optimal harvest time to obtain high feeding quality rice (Oryza sativa) straw would be useful to increase the utility of rice straw as roughage. Four rice varieties Liangyoupeijiu (late maturing medium indica), Wuyujing No.3 (late maturing medium japonica), Nanjing44 (early maturing late japonica), and Nanjing46 (medium maturing late japonica) were used. The effects of five harvest times: 6 days before the theoretical whole growth period (TWP), 3 days before TWP, TWP, 3 days after TWP, 6 days after TWP, on the grain and straw yield, the rice straw feeding quality related traits such as nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and the fermentation quality of straw silage were investigated. The grain yields increased with a delay of harvest time; NSC content in the rice straw of Liangyoupeijiu 6 days before TWP, Nanjing44 3 days before TWP, Wuyujing No.3 3 days after TWP and Nanjing46 6 days after TWP were the highest of the 5 harvest times. CP content in rice straw decreased with a delay of harvest time. The change trends of straw yielding, IVDMD and the fermentation quality were consistent with that of NSC content. In order to get high quality rice straw feed, but not to significantly decrease grain yields, the optimal harvest time of Liangyoupeijiu was 6 days before TWP, Nanjing44 and Wuyujing No.3 were 3 days after TWP, and Nanjing46 was 6 days after TWP.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and yield in wheat/maize/soybean intercropping systems

CHEN Yuan-xue,CHEN Xiao-hui,TANG Yi-qin,ZHANG Fu-suo,CHEN Xin-ping,ZHANG Chao-chun,LIU Jing,XU Kai-wei

2014, 23(1):  73-83.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140110

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The effects of nitrogen fertilizer (on wheat 0,60,120,180,240 kg N/hm²,marked as WN₁,WN₂,WN₃,WN₄,WN₅; on maize 0,97.5,195,292.5,390 kg N/hm²,marked as MN₁,MN₂,MN₃,MN₄,MN₅; on soybean as SN₁,SN₂,SN₃,SN₄,SN₅) on dry matter accumulation (DMA) and grain yield (GY) of three crops in the wheat/maize/soybean relay-cropping system were studied by field experiment in 2011 and 2012. Ⅰ) DMA and GY of the three crops increased significantly with N application (P<0.01). Ⅱ) Wheat DMA and GY at the tillering stage (TS),jointing stage (JS),flowering stage (FS) and maturity stage (MS) increased with increasing rates of N. DMA at MS was the highest in treatment WN₄ (20610 kg/hm²) and GY at MS was the highest in treatment WN₅ (8176 kg/hm²) but there was no significant difference between WN₃,WN₄,and WN₅ treatments; Ⅲ) Maize DMA at the jointing stage (JS),flare opening stage (FS) and silking stage (SS) increased initially,then decreased with increasing rates of N,and was highest in MN₃. Maize DMA and GY at MS increased with increasing rates of N and they were both highest in treatment MN₅ with 13143 and 6976 kg/hm²,respectively,while there was no significant difference between WN₄ and WN₅. Ⅳ) Soybean DMA at FS and MS and GY initially decreased then increased with increasing rates of N,and its DMA and GY were the highest in SN₄ (5457 and 1977 kg/hm²,respectively),while there was no significant difference between WN₄ and WN₅. Ⅴ) Total GY and economic output (TEO) of the wheat/maize/soybean annual relay-cropping system rose with increasing rates of N and were the highest in the N₅ treatment with 11959 kg/hm² and 27288 yuan/hm²,respectively. The economic benefit of TEO and N input was highest in N₄ treatment with 25196 yuan/hm² and there was no significant difference between N₃,N₄,and N₅ treatments. The ratio of wheat,maize and soybean economic output to TEO of the system was 32%,55%,13%,respectively. So in the wheat/maize/soybean annual relay-cropping system maize is the top crop with wheat second and soybean third. Suitable N rates are 120 kg/hm² for wheat,195-292.5 kg/hm² for maize,255-382.5 kg/hm² for the annual system with proper N top application or with no application for soybean according to the growth.

Research on the hyperspectral remote sensing estimation models for the fresh yield of alfalfa grassland

LV Xiao-dong,WANG Jian-guang,SUN Qi-zhong,YAO Gui-ping,GAO Feng-qin

2014, 23(1):  84-91.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140111

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In the field,hyperspectral data and fresh yields in different growth periods of 10 alfalfa (Medicago sativa) varieties were collected and then the reflectance,first derivative spectrum and spectral absorption feature parameters were used as independent variables,to build univariate regression models for estimating the fresh yield of alfalfa. The nonlinear regression equation models,such as quadratic,cubic,compound,power and exponential were better than linear models. Among the spectral parameters of the same type,the parameters which had high coefficient of determinations of the linear model,always had higher coefficients of determination of quadratic,cubic,compound,power and exponential models. Among these estimation models,the compound and exponential estimation models based on the first derivative value at wavelength 747 nm was the most accurate for estimating the fresh yield of alfalfa; The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.852,the root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.466 kg/m²,and the relative error (RE) was 21.14%. The models can be used to estimate the fresh yield of the 10 alfalfa varieties.

Evaluation of the nutritive value of 42 kinds of forage in Guizhou Province by grey relational grade analysis

TIAN Bing,RAN Xue-qin,XUE Hong,XIE Jian,CHEN Bing,WU Yu-xiang,WANG Jia-fu,WANG Xiao

2014, 23(1):  92-103.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140112

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Forty-two species of forage in Guizhou Province were collected and identified. The contents of dry matter,crude protein,crude fiber,ether extract,ash,content of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P),were measured by conventional analysis methods. Although some indices were different,most of nutrient components were close to each other. Using grey relational grade analysis,the nutritive values of 42 wild forages were evaluated. The nutritive values of 5 species were highest: Compositae plants Siegesbec-kia orientalis,Conyza canadensis,Sonchus oleraceus,Chenopodiaceae plant Chenopodium album,and Amaranthaceae plant Amaranthus retroflexus. Fourteen species were much more nutritious than the others: Compositae plants Artemisia sieversiana,Artemisia annua,Bidens pilosa,Ixeris chinensis,Senecio scandens,Gramineae plants Setaira viridis,Imperata cylindrica,Paspalum distichum,Cynodon dactylon,Polygonaceae plants Polygonum lapathifolium,Fagopyrum cymosum,Moraceae plant Broussonetia papyrifera,Cruciferae plant Capsella bursa-pastoris,Papilionaceae plant Robinia pseudoacacia. Fourteen species were at a mid-level: Compositae plant Kalimeris indica,Gramineae plants Dactylis glomerata,Lolium perenne,Coix lacryma-jobi,Bromus catharticus,Polygonaceae plants Polygonum perfoliatum,Polygonum flaccidum,Amaranthaceae plant Alternanthera philoxeroides,Moraceae plant Humulus scandens,Leguminosae plants Sophora davidii,Trifolium repens,Caprifoliaceae plants Viburnum utile,Lonicera japonica,Convolvulaceae plant Calystegia hederacea,Rosaceae plant Rubus innominatus,Verbenaceae plant Vitex negundo var. heterophylla. The nutrient values of 7 species were relatively lower than the others: Compositae plant Erigeron annuus,Leguminosae plant Piptanthus nepalensis,Caryophyllaceae plant Myosoton aquaticum,Rosaceae plant Rosa roxburghii,Cyperaceae plant Cyperus rotundus,Portulacaceae plant Portulaca oleracea,Rutaceae plant Zanthoxylum simulans. It is suggested that thirty-five species are worth utilizating in future evaluations on the seven indices.

The methane oxidation potential of soils in tidal marshes of the Yellow River Estuary and its responses to import of organic matter

SUN Wan-long,SUN Zhi-gao,SUN Wen-guang,WENG Hong,LV Ying-chun,JIANG Huan-huan,WANG Ling-ling

2014, 23(1):  104-112.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140113

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Topsoil samples in four typical ecosystems [high tidal marsh (HM),middle tidal marsh (MM),low tidal marsh (LM) and the bare flat (BF)] of the Yellow river estuary were collected in November 2010. The methane oxidation potential and its response to organic matter import were studied after incubating in an aerobic environment for six days. The methane oxidation potential of different soils differed (P>0.05). Similar changes of oxidation potential of different soils were observed during the experimental period of 12-60 h when the oxidation potential initially increased but then decreased. The values then increased rapidly and reached a maximum at the end of the incubation period. The order of oxidation potential of different soils was BF>LM>MM>HM,and the average values were 2.37,2.29,1.70 and 1.47 μg/(g·d),respectively. The import of methanol inhibited the methane oxidation potential of marsh soils to some extent,in the order BF>MM>LM>HM. The average oxidation potentials of the different marsh soils were 1.27,0.49,0.67 and 0.38 μg/(g·d),which decreased 13.56%,70.98%,70.65% and 83.83% respectively,compared with the controls. Comparatively,the import of yeast extract promoted the methane oxidation potential of BF,MM and HM (values of 2.89,2.41 and 2.96 μg/g·d,respectively),which increased 69.38%,64.01% and 24.76% compared with the controls. The import of yeast extract inhibited the methane oxidation potential of LM,and the value was 2.14 μg/(g·d) which decreased 6.67% compared with the controls. When estimating the list of greenhouse gases emissions in the intertidal zone,more attention should be paid to the CH₄ sink/source functions of tidal marsh as exogenous organic matters are the main pollutant for this area.

A study on the dynamics of phosphorus adsorption and desorption characteristics of paddy soil with long-term fertilization

ZHAO Qing-lei,WU Xiu,YUAN Shou-jiang,WANG Kai-rong,GAO Jie,CHEN Feng,ZHANG Shi-yong,SUN Gong-chen,XIE Xiao-li,MA Jia-qing

2014, 23(1):  113-122.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140114

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The dynamics of phosphorus adsorption and desorption with different patterns of long-term fertilizer application were studied in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers of a reddish paddy rice field using field sampling combined with indoor cultivation. Soil phosphorus in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers showed different adsorption and desorption dynamics with incubation time under the conditions of different patterns of long-term application. Soil phosphorus adsorption capacity at 0-20 cm increased rapidly in the initial stage and then tended towards stability with incubation time,while soil phosphorus adsorption capacity at the 20-40 cm depth increased rapidly in the initial stage and then increased more slowly with incubation time. Organic nutrient recycling combined with fertilizer application at the 0-20 cm layer notably reduced soil phosphorus adsorption capacity,and reduced soil phosphorus adsorption capacity by 20.1% more than NPK fertilizer application at the 0-20 cm layer followed by organic nutrient recycling alone,and by the NPK fertilizer application alone which had no obvious effect. The influences of different fertilizer application patterns on soil phosphorus adsorption capacity at the 20-40 cm depth were not obvious. The soil phosphorus desorption capacity was mainly concentrated in the first few times of digestion,and decreased with an increase of digestion times. Long-term organic nutrient cyclic utilization promoted phosphorus desorption in the 0-20 cm soil layer,and the effects of organic nutrient recycling combined with fertilizer application were better since they enhanced soil phosphorus cumulative desorption rates by 72.2% compared with NPK fertilizer application. NPK fertilizer application inhibited soil phosphorus desorption to a certain extent. Long-term organic nutrient cyclic utilization had no obvious effect on soil phosphorus desorption characteristics at the 20-40 cm depth. Soil phosphorus desorption capacity and cumulative desorption rates were all lower at 0-20 cm than at 20-40 cm depth. Organic nutrient recycling combined with fertilizer application promoted soil phosphorus activation and improved the phosphorus fertility levels.

Comparison on soil microenvironment modification of two cushion species

LIU Xiao-juan,CHEN Nian-lai,TIAN Qing

2014, 23(1):  123-130.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140115

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In the alpine area with altitude of 3762 m,two cushion species,compact type cushion Thylacospermum caespitosum (Primulaceae) and loose type cushion Ceratoides compacta (Chenopodiaceae) were chosen as target species,the changes of soil microenvironment under two cushion species were studied. Nine individuals with 50 cm diameter of each cushion species were chosen,at the same time,nine open areas in same diameter without cushion growth were also chosen as controls,and sampled in their centers. The nutrients,physical structure,water content and temperature of soil under each selected cushions were determined,and were compared with those of open area without cushions. The results showed that both cushions improved the soil nutrients under their canopies,organic matter,total nitrogen,available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium content in the soil beneath T. caespitosum was increased 27.91%(P>0.05),12.02%(P>0.05),107.38%(P<0.01),63.74%(P<0.01) and 22.36%(P<0.01),especially,compared with control. The available phosphorus,total phosphorus,available nitrogen,available potassium and total potassium content in the soil beneath C. compacta was increased 12.24%(P>0.05),3.68%(P>0.05),55.42%(P<0.05),4.6%(P<0.05) and 2.89%(P<0.05),especially,compared with control. Meanwhile,both cushions changed the physical structure of soil under their canopies,compared with open areas,soil bulk density under T. caespitosum and C. compacta was decreased 15.34% and 7.45% respectively,and noncapillary porosity,capillary porosity,total porosity and aeration porosity were increased 87.73% and 60.04%,29.79% and 15.40%,34.04% and 20.37%,80.55% and 54.80%,respectively. In addition,both cushions improved the water condition of soil beneath them,pondage was improved most,which was improved 87.73% by T. caespitosum and 60.04% by C. compacta. Soil water content was not increased much,which was increased 14.76% by T. caespitosum and 3.66% by C. compacta. Moreover,two cushion species maintained relatively constant temperature environments under their canopies,they increased the extreme low temperature and decreased the extreme high temperature of soil beneath them,and made the soil temperature under their canopies not to change much during a day. Comparison studied showed that the modification effects on soil microenvironment of the compact type cushion was much better than that of loose type cushion,this indicated that the compact canopy was more beneficial to the modification effects.

Study on the special-temporal dynamics of winter wheat water use efficiency and evapotranspiration under bunch planting and plastic film mulching with soil on flat field during the whole growth season

HE Chun-yu,DU Jiu-yuan,LIU Guang-cai,CHAI Qiang,ZHANG Li-jun,SHEN San-bao,LU Qing-lin,HUANG Gao-bao

2014, 23(1):  131-141.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140116

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In order to make clear the dynamic character of soil moisture and evapotranspiration under bunch planting and plastic film mulching with soil on flat field (M) during the whole growth season,we did field experiments of studying different soil moisture and water use efficiency (WUE) of 0-100 cm depth from 2008 to 2010 year which were aiming to get the water consuming and supplying character. The experiments were designed of M and CK (bare cultivation),a randomized complete block with 3 replications,267.75 kg/ha seeds and 10 seeds per hole. The results shows that M is able to significantly affect soil moisture (SM) of 30-40 cm and 40-50 cm during whole growth and 30-50 cm at the stage of earing and grain filling comparing with CK. At the middle and end of grain filling,M could transfer SM from the layer of 50-60 cm to 0-30 cm and significantly move SM from 60-70 cm to upper layer. The SM in 70-90 cm had also been used as important water supplication in key growth stage. Under M condition,the SM in 0-90 cm could be used efficiently and is the most important water supply area. Analyzing the dynamic character of WUE and ET in 90-100 cm soil,we could infer that M can significantly affect SM below 100 cm soil. But the traditional cultivation (CK) couldn’t get the effect whenever and wherever. CK could use SM in 50-70 cm efficiently at the middle and end stage of grain filling,which led to quick and much water shortness. The SM of 0-70 cm is the main supplier of CK at the stage of grain filling instead of SM in 0-90 cm as M. During the whole growth stage,the general SM of M in 0-40 cm was higher than CK. M could significantly improve soil moisture from the middle and deeper soil layer to the upper as important water supplier at the key growth stage. M could highly improve yield by high WUE and efficient ET,which could enhance drought tolerant ability of winter wheat in rain-fed areas and save much water.

Changes of soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities among restoration stages of Langshan Forest Park, Hunan Province

YANG Xian-jun,WANG Ye-she,DUAN Lin-dong,CHEN Li-jun,YAN Xue-qing

2014, 23(1):  142-148.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140117

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The study on soil microbial biomass and the enzyme activities including urease,acidic phosphatase,catalase,protease,amylase and sucrase was carried out in shrub,shrub-tree and tree of plant communities in Langshan Forest Park in Hunan,China. In each forest,the tested soil was fetched back from different depths,0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. The results indicated that the content of organic matter (OM),total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were decreased with soil depth increasing. The content of soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC),microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN),microbial biomass phosphorus (SMBP),and the contribution rate between SMBC/OM,SMBN/TN,and SMBP/TP in the 0-20 cm soil were higher than that in 20-40 cm. Among the stages of A,B and C,the content of SMBC and SMBP in stage of tree were the highest. The trend of the content of SMBP in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm was C>A>B. When we came to the enzyme activities in the stage of A,B and C of the Langshan Forest Park plant communities,the activity of urease,acidic phosphatase,catalase,protease,amylase and sucrase in soil layer 0-20 were higher than that in soil layers 20-40 cm. The activity of sucrase in soil layer 0-20 cm was 15.14%-35.69%,higher than that in soil layer 20-40 cm. The trend of the activity of urease in soil layer 0-20 cm was C>B>A and it shown significant difference in this layer. The activity of protease in the stage of bush was 1.244 and 1.442 fold and 1.680 and 1.713 fold in that of stage of shrub-tree and tree respectively. The activity of neutral phosphatase is highest in the stage of shrub-tree while the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the stage of shrub was highest. The activity of catalase shown no significant difference among different recovery stage of A,B and C in soil layer 0-20 cm.

The effect of defloration on dry matter and sugar accumulation and their distribution profiles in Jerusalem artichoke

LI Hui,XU Huan-huan,ZHAO Geng-mao,LIANG Ming-xiang

2014, 23(1):  149-157.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140118

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The effects of flower removal on biomass change and distribution profiles of sugar in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus ‘Qingyu No.2’) were studied to provide theoretical support for the utilization of Jerusalem artichoke and further gene regulation in flowering. Leaves mainly accumulated reducing sugar while tubers and stems mainly accumulated non-reducing sugar. Total biomass of Qingyu No.2 in the flowering period reached a maximum and then the aboveground biomass started to decrease while the underground biomass continued to increase. Production of tubers and sugar content were significantly affected by defloration of Qingyu No.2,especially number and size of tubers,which increased 39.67% and 59.46%,respectively. Defloration resulted in higher yields (22.53% more compared with the control). Defloration was observed to reduce the total soluble sugar content but played less of a role in reducing tuber sugar content. The content of 1-Kestose was raised 32.47% but other sugar ingredients were not changed.

Effect of different phosphorus levels on phosphorus nutrient uptake, transformation and phosphorus utilization efficiency of oil flax

XIE Ya-ping, LI Ai-rong, YAN Zhi-li, NIU Jun-yi, SUN Fang-xia, YAN Bin, ZHANG He

2014, 23(1):  158-166.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140119

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The effects of phosphorus fertilization level on the phosphorus nutrient uptake, transformation, distribution and phosphorus utilization efficiency of oil flax (Baxuan No.3) during two growing seasons (2011 and 2012) were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four levels of phosphorus fertilization were: none, low (35 kg/ha), medium (70 kg/ha), and high (105 kg/ha). Different phosphorus application rates affected phosphorus nutrient uptake, transformation and accumulation at different growth stages, and the changes were very similar. At the seedling stage, phosphorus accumulation increased daily and following phosphorus application it accumulated in stems, leaves, non-grains and grains in oil flax, but with increasing daily differences in different organs in contrast to treatment without phosphorus fertilizer application. The phosphorus transferred from leaf to grain in oil flax was an increase of 54.93%-73.83% and 8.19%-10.00% (P＜0.05) with medium phosphorus application compared with low and high phosphorus applications, respectively. The 20.46%-35.93% of phosphorus accumulation in grains were transferred from leaves. The phosphorus accumulation was mainly focused on reproduction development stages and the proportion was 79.02%-92.17% at all growth stages in oil flax plants. With a 70 kg/ha phosphorus (P₂O₅) application rate, the maximum phosphorus fertilizer recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency were 20.22%-20.53% and 7.30-7.44 kg/kg, respectively. The grain yield improved with increased phosphorus application and ranged from 28.96% to 31.46%. Based on synthesized grain yield, phosphorus fertilizer recovery efficiency, phosphorus agronomic efficiency and environmental pollution, the recommendation of phosphorus fertilizer for oil flax is 70 kg/ha (P₂O₅) under the climatic conditions of the experimental area.

Effects of drought stress and re-watering on growth and photosynthesis of Hosta

ZHANG Jin-zheng,ZHANG Qi-yuan,SUN Guo-feng,HE Qing,LI Xiao-dong,LIU Hong-zhang

2014, 23(1):  167-176.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140120

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The effects of drought stress and re-watering on dry weights,some morphological indicators,chlorophyll content,gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Hosta were studied using H. clausa var. ensata and H. ventricosa as examples. With time and an increase of drought stress,the effect of drought stress on dry weights,some morphological indicators and chlorophyll content of the two Hostas gradually increased. In addition,the net photosynthetic rate (P_n),stomatal conductance (G_s),and transpiration rate (T_r) decreased or significantly decreased,internal CO₂ concentration (C_i) decreased or increased,and the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m),the PSII maximum efficiency within light-adapted material(F_v'/F_m'),actual efficiency of photochemical energy conversion in PSII under light (Φ_PSII),photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) all decreased or significantly decreased,but the nonphotochemical Chl fluorescence quenching (NPQ) of the two Hosta species significantly increased. After drought stress for 15 days or 30 days and re-watering for 15 days,the indicators recovered to differing extents. There was no irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus after drought stress for 30 d. The comparative analysis of related physiological indexes showed that the drought resistance of H. clausa var. ensata was stronger than that of H. ventricosa.

Effect of photoperiod on phytochromes and endogenous hormones of alfalfa with different fall-dormancies

FAN Wen-na,SUN Xiao-ge,NI Jun-xia,DU Hong-qi,SHI Ying-hua,YAN Xue-bing,WANG Cheng-zhang

2014, 23(1):  177-184.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140121

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To explore the effects of photoperiod on phytochromes and endogenous hormones of different fall-dormancy alfalfas (Medicago sativa),and to reveal the regulatory mechanisms,the expressions of PHYA (phytochrome A) and PHYB (phytochrome B) were observed by the FQ-PCR SYBR-Green I method after 35 days in three standard varieties: the fall-dormant variety Norseman(FD₁),the semi-dormant variety Dupuils (FD₅) and the non-dormant variety CUF101 (FD₉),under different photoperiods (7,10,13 and 16 h/d). Their endogenous hormone contents (GA₃,ZR,IAA and ABA) were measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expressions of PHYA and PHYB in the three alfalfa varieties increased gradually with a shortening photoperiod,especially in the fall-dormant variety Norseman. The ratios of GA₃/ABA,ZR/ABA and IAA/ABA decreased with increased photoperiod and those of the Norseman variety were the lowest: it had the slowest growth,the highest ABA level and the lowest GA₃ level. It is possible that PHYA and PHYB directly or indirectly influenced the synthesis of GA₃,ZR,IAA,ABA and further regulated fall dormancy.

Effects of sand burial on growth of two shrub species and their differences in physiological responses

ZHAO Ha-lin,QU Hao,ZHOU Rui-lian,YUN Jian-ying,LI Jin,WANG Jin

2014, 23(1):  185-191.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140122

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Artemisia halodendron is a psammophytic half shrub while Caragana microphylla is an un-psammophytic shrub. They are both widely distributed shrub species in sand land of eastern Inner Mongolia. The changes of survival rate,plant height,osmotic regulation substances,protective enzymes and membrane permeability in different sand burial depths were studied during 2010-2011 in the Horqin Sand Land of Inner Mongolia to compare tolerance to sand burial and differences in physiological responses of the two species. 1) A. halodendron had a stronger ability to resist sand burial compared with C. microphylla. Plants of the former survived sand burial to a depth of twice seedling height,but the latter all died with burial to seedling height. 2) Height growth of the two species were not significantly reduced when the burial depth was 25% seedling height but was inhibited at burial to 50% seedling height. 3) When the depth of sand burial was 25% to 75% seedling height,A. halodendron showed no water stress,there was no obvious change,in membrane permeability but the MDA content decreased. C. microphylla buried to a depth of 50% showed no water stress,MDA content increased,but there was no significant changes in membrane permeability. 4) Sand burial to depths of 75%-100%,significantly enhanced activities of two kinds of enzymes which prevented membrane lipid peroxidation in A. halodendron,but only one enzyme activity was significantly enhanced in C. microphylla; 5) In sand burial stress,proline played an important role in osmotic adjustment for A. halodendron,but proline and soluble sugar did not effectively affect osmotic adjustment in C. microphylla;6) The stronger ability of A. halodendron to withstand sand burial was mainly attributed to significant increases of protective enzyme activity and osmotic regulatory substance contents which effectively relieved cell membrane damage when subjected to sand burial stress.

Responses of the germination on dimorphic seeds of Suaeda aralocaspica to salt stress

SONG Yi-gang,LI Li,ZENG Xin-hua,DENG Min,ZHANG Xi-ming

2014, 23(1):  192-198.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140123

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Suaeda aralocaspica is an annual halophyte species which is native to the Central Asian deserts. The dimorphic seeds of the studied species differ in seed color (black and brown). In order to discuss the response of the germination on dimorphic seeds of S. aralocaspica to salt stress,osmotic adjustment substances and the content of embryo Na⁺ and K⁺ under salt stress of dimorphic seeds were analyzed. For the brown seeds,the biomass,content of Na⁺ and K⁺ of the radicle and germ after germinated under different concentration of NaCl were tested. The osmotic adjustment substances and the degree of toxicity by saline ions of brown seeds were remarkable higher than that in black seeds. The Na⁺ content in radicle and germ of brown seeds were significantly increased with increasing of NaCl concentration,however,its increment in radicle is marked larger than germ. Salt stress had no effect on K⁺ content. The elongation speed and water content of radicle were significantly higher than germ in brown seeds,however the biomass of radicle and germ was on the contrary. In conclusion,dimorphic seeds of S. aralocaspica have different physiology and biochemistry response to salt stress. Responding to change in radicle and germ of brown seeds showed their super-strong adaptive capacity which will rapid germinate under high salinity stress.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on root system architecture and sugar contents of white clover

WU Qiang-sheng,YUAN Fang-ying,FEI Yong-jun,LI Li,HUANG Yong-ming,LIU Chun-yan

2014, 23(1):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140124

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The effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Diversispora spurca,Glomus versiforme and Paraglomus occultum) on chlorophyll content,root system architecture,tissue glucose and sucrose contents of potted white clover (Trifolium repens) were studied. The root mycorrhizal colonization of white clover ranged from 66.80% to 82.51% 85 days after inoculation. The three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,especially G. versiforme,significantly increased shoot,root,and total plant dry biomass production. The inoculated treatments also markedly improved traits of root system architecture,including length,projected area,surface area,volume,tips,forkings,and crossings,which are dependent on mycorrhizal fungal species. G. versiforme showed the best effects on root system architecture of the three mycorrhizal fungi. In addition,inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content by 36%-58% and sucrose and glucose contents in leaves and roots,except for the sucrose in roots colonized by G. versiforme. Mycorrhizal colonization significantly positively correlated with glucose in leaves (r=0.852,P<0.01),in roots (r=0.884,P<0.01) and sucrose in leaves (r=0.722,P<0.01). The relationships of arbuscular mycorrhizas,sugar,and root system architecture are discussed.

Genetic diversity of Elymus sibiricus germplasm resources revealed by SRAP markers

GU Xiao-yan,GUO Zhi-hui,ZHANG Xin-quan,ZHOU Yong-hong,BAI Shi-qie,ZHANG Chang-bing,JIANG Zong-rong,LIU Xin,ZHOU Chao-jie,MA Xiao

2014, 23(1):  205-216.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140125

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SRAP markers were used to analyze genetic diversity and genetic relationship among eighty-four Elymus sibiricus accessions from Asia. A set of 23 primer combinations yielded 337 bands,of which 203 were polymorphic (60.24%). Genetic similarity values (GS) among the accessions ranged between 0.783 and 0.965 with a mean of 0.865. On the average,Mongolian and Russian accessions were the most similar while,Mongolian and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau accessions were the most distant ones. Cluster analysis grouped the 84 accessions into two clusters,which has quite a high fit (r=0.88) to the original similarity matrix. Results of cluster analysis which was supported strongly by the principal coordinate analysis. The molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) showed that the proportion of variation explained by within geographic group and between geographic groups diversity was 0.7962 and 0.2038,respectively. Similar results were obtained when genetic diversity was estimated using the Shannon’s index of diversity. Based on pairwise Φ_ST between geographic groups,cluster analysis showed a clear demarcation between accessions from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the others as separate groups. The clustering pattern was probably dependent on geographic origin and ecological adaptability of the accessions. The results of present study can be useful in collecting germplasm and the establishment of core collections of E. sibiricus. The results in this study will provide useful information for the use of E. sibiricus germplasm and variety breeding.

ISSR analysis of genetic diversity of germplasm resources of Bothriochloa ischaemum in Shanxi

LI Yu-ying,DONG Kuan-hu

2014, 23(1):  217-222.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140126

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The genetic diversities of 33 germplasm resources of Bothriochloa ischaemum in Shanxi Province were analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) techniques. The genetic diversity among germplasm resources was relatively stable. Ninety-nine bands,of which 52 (52.23%) were polymorphic,were amplified using 10 pairs of ISSR primers. Analyzes by PopGen32 software showed the number of alleles (Na) was 1.5253±0.5019,the effective number of alleles (Ne) was 1.2941±0.3665,Nei’s gene diversity (H) was 0.1723±0.1983,and Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.2590±0.2841; According to the results of NTSYSpc 1.20c,the genetic similarity coefficient (GS) among 33 germplasm materials ranged from 0.8188 to 0.9801,the genetic distance (GD) ranged from 0.0200 to 0.1988. The population genetic diversity of 33 germplasm materials was low: the possible reason could be that the reproductive strategy of B. ischaemum is apomixic under natural conditions.

SSR analysis of sorghum-sudangrass new strains with low hydrocyanic acid content

YU Zhuo,XIE Rui,YU Xiao-xia,MA Yan-hong,LI Zao-zhe,JI Ming-mei

2014, 23(1):  223-228.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140127

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To identify the difference degree of four new strains of sorghum-sudangrass with low hydrocyanic acid content SLCN-11,SLCN-12,SLCN-13 and SLCN-14,and their parents at a DNA level,we conducted SSR analyses using the variety Mengnong Qingsi No.3 as a control. A total of 12 SSR primer pairs with high polymorphism and good reproducibility were screened from 200 developed sorghum SSR primer pairs. The 10 materials were analyzed using these SSR primers. A total of 509 polymorphic loci were amplified,and the percentage of polymorphic loci was up to 87.30%. Each SSR polymorphic primer pairs could amplify clear and stable bands,which can be used as molecular basis for identifying the four new strains of sorghum-sudangrass. Genetic distance (GD) among 10 materials ranged from 0.3165-0.6692,with an average of using 0.5359; Using the GD value of 0.50 as a threshold,the 10 materials can be clustered into five groups: Mengnong qingsi No.3,loose spike sorghum,SLCN-11,SLCN-12 and SLCN-13; SLCN-14 and brown hull sudangrass; white hull sudangrass; black hull sudangras; red hull sudangrass. This study laid the groundwork for the next step breeding,registration and utilization of new sorghum-sudangrass varieties with low hydrocyanic acid content.

Analysis of genetic diversity in a cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) variety using SCoT markers

JIANG Lin-feng,ZHANG Xin-quan,HUANG Lin-kai,MA Xiao,YAN De-fei,HU Qiang,FU Yu-feng

2014, 23(1):  229-238.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140128

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Start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) was used to analysis 32 cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) varieties (including cultivated and introduced varieties),to reveal the differences of genetic diversity in cultivated and introduced varieties and to provide a theoretical basis for breeding new varieties of cocksfoot. 1) Twenty-two primers were selected from 80 SCoT primers,and a total of 308 bands were amplified,of which 245 (79.55%) were polymorphic: the average was 11.14 per primer. 2) The average genetic distance of cultivated varieties was 0.1242 while that of introduced varieties was 0.1952. The introduced varieties had higher genetic distances than the cultivated ones at the level of polymorphism bands (NPB) and percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB). The gene diversity index (H) and Shannon index (I),indicated that the genetic diversity of cultivated varieties was lower than that of introduced varieties. 3) AMOVA analysis showed that the genetic variance within and between cultivated and introduced varieties was 83.68% and 16.32%,respectively and the main genetic variance was in the internal group. 4) The results of UPGMA clustering and PCoA analysis showed that the 32 cocksfoot varieties could be divided into six groups,the cultivated varieties were in group I while the introduced varieties were in the other five groups.

Cloning and analysis of the cytosolic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) gene from Solanum tuberosum and Arabidopsis thaliana

ZOU Xue,ZHANG Ye,WU Ming-yang,WANG Xi-yao

2014, 23(1):  239-247.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140129

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Cytosolic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) takes part in glycolysis and is a classical housekeeping enzyme in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Increasing evidence indicates that GAPC is involved in various plant abiotic and biotic stress responses such as salt,low phosphate,reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat in phytophthora infestans. The AtGAPC2 gene has been found in responses to low phosphate and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis. Analysis of sequences and protein structure of GAPC could help in studies of the function and mechanisms of GAPC acting in plant stress resistance. The fragments encoding GAPC were obtained from Solanum tuberosum (StGAPC) and Arabidopsis thialiana (AtGAPC2) seedlings by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The CDS lengths of StGAPC and AtGAPC2 were 1017 bp,encoding a protein subunit of 338 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the StGAPC and AtGAPC2 had 84% similarity in nucleotide sequence and 92% similarity in amino acid sequence. Molecular weights of the proteins were 36.65 and 36.91 kDa,the PI (theoretical isoelectric point) were 6.34 and 6.67,and both of them had stable protein structures. The 3D structures of StGAPC and AtGAPC2 were predicted by homology comparative modeling in the Swiss-Model,and showed that the 3D structures were highly similar to Oryza sativa GAPDH C chain (2e5rC). Predicted proteins contained conserved GAPC domains which included an NAD binding domain constructed by βαβαβ Rossmann coil and a catalyzed domain in the saddle super secondary structure composed of seven β foldings. CDS sequences of GAPC showed that the same family of plants has a high homology attributed to the same branch in the evolutionary tree and this evolutionary relationship corresponded to the existing classification system. pBI121 was constructed as a base vector and the gene expression vector in the plant was driven by a CaMV35S promoter. The recombinant vector was introduced into Agrobacterium strain EHA105 and positive clones were determined by PCR. This research is a basis to obtain transgenic materials and for further study on the function of GAPC.

Construction of a plant expression vector of the CryⅢA gene and its genetic transformation in potato

YOU Jia,ZHANG Ning,WEN Yi-kai,WU Jia-he,SI Huai-jun,WANG Di

2014, 23(1):  248-256.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140130

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Using In-Fusion technology,plant expression vectors were constructed from the vector pBI121 for transformation of the CryⅢA gene under the control of the constitutive promoter CaMV 35S or the potato leaf and stem-specific promoter ST-LS1. The recombinant plasmids were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 by the freeze-thaw method. The putative transgenic plants of potato cultivars Longshu No.3 and Gannongshu No.2 were obtained by the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Results from selection of the transformed plants on culture media containing kanamycin and PCR assay showed that the CryⅢA gene was integrated into the genome of 10 potato plants. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the CryⅢA gene driven by the promoter CaMV 35S,was expressed in roots,stems and leaves,with a high expression in leaves of the transgenic plants. The CryⅢA gene driven by the promoter ST-LS1 was expressed only in stems and leaves with the highest expression in leaves of the transgenic potato plants. However,no traces of it were found in roots of the transgenic potato plants.

An analysis of salt tolerance of transgenic alfalfa with the GsGST13/SCMRP gene

WU Jing, CAI Hua, BAI Xi, JI Wei, WEI Zheng-wei, TANG Li-li,
ZHAO Yang, ZHU Yan-ming

2014, 23(1):  257-265.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140131

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The GsGST13 gene was selected based on the Glycine soja gene transcriptome of salt-alkaline stress. The high-sulfur-containing amino acids gene SCMRP was designed using the bioinformatics codes. The plant binary expression vector (pBEOGST13/SCMRP) was designed and transferred into alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv. Nongjing No.1) using the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Many over-expression transgenic alfalfa lines were obtained, and two of them were selected to analyse the salt resistance and sulfur amino acids contents. Transgenic alfalfa lines showed enhanced tolerance to NaCl stress compared with wild-type plants. Under NaCl stress, the growth of wild-type plants was inhibited, the blade gradually became yellow and crimp panama, but there was only a slight effect on the transgenic lines, which had normal growth under stress. The malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents of transgenic lines were significantly lower than those of non-transgenic lines (P<0.05). Moreover, plant height, fresh weight, GST activity and SOD activity of transgenic alfalfa were significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01 respectively) higher than those of non-transgenic lines under salt stress conditions. Further, the sulfur amino acids contents of the G₁₆ and G₅₀ transgenic alfalfa lines were higher than those of wild type plants, by 0.57% and 0.52%, respectively. Over-expression of the GST13 and SCMRP in alfalfa improved the tolerance to salinity stress and increased the content of sulfur amino acids.

Characterization and identification of Weissella species isolated from Kobresia littledalei growing in alpine meadows

YANG Yang,SHI Chao,GUO Xu-sheng

2014, 23(1):  266-275.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140132

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To isolate and screen optimal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in alpine zones,conventional identification methods and 16S rRNA sequence analysis were used to identify isolated lactic acid bacteria attached to Kobresia littledalei in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. A total number of 17 lactic acid bacterial strains were isolated in this study,of which 6 strains were identified as Weissella confusa and 11 strains as Weissella cibaria. The isolated strains grew well at 4℃. From 17 strains,five were able to grow at pH 3. With the exception of one strain,the other W. confusa strains could utilize arabinose for fermentation,and all W. cibaria could ferment galactose. The characteristics of Weissella in alpine zones included low temperature resistance,high acid resistance and utilization of a wide variety of carbon sources during fermentation.

Isolation and identification of Trichordema rossicum, a new record of Trichoderma species in China, and antagonism against pathogens of dry rot and black scurf of potato

CUI Yan,WANG Di,CHAI Zhao-xiang,LI Jin-hua,YU Bin

2014, 23(1):  276-282.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140133

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A Trichoderma strain was obtained via dilution methods from rhizosphere soil of continuously cropped potato in Tiaoshan farm,Jingtai County,Gansu province. Based on morphological characteristics,combined with ITS sequence analysis,this strain was identified as T. rossicum,which is a first record of this Trichoderma species in China. It was not pathogenic to potato tubers after pathogenesis tests via wound inoculations,which showed that it was safe to potato tubers. The antagonism of this strain to target pathogens Fusarium solani,F. sambucinum and Rhizoctonia solani (4 strains in total) was tested via dual-culture,and the inhibition indexes were all above 0.70,showing that there was potential for this strain to be applied as a biocontrol agent.

Effects of different sources and levels of zinc on growth performance and tissue zinc accumulation of the young Elco rabbit

REN Zhan-jun, BAI Yan, LI Fa-di

2014, 23(1):  283-290.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140134

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To study the effects of different zinc sources and levels on growth performance and tissue zinc accumulation of 1.5 months Elco rabbit, 132 head of 1.5-month Elco rabbit were chosen and randomly divided into 11 groups, each of which were as signed to 4 replicates of 3 rabbit each. Control group was fed based on the diet. Experimental group was respectively fed feed grade ZnSO₄, Met-zinc added 70, 105, 140, 175 and 210 mg/kg on the basis of basic diet. Feeding experiment has been run two times, every formal experiment period has 30 days, advanced experiment period has 7 days. Growth performance of rabbit can be increased by zinc added in the diet. The rabbit fed with zinc methionine group significantly higher in average daily gain than in the group fed with zinc sulfate (P＜0.01),while the ratio of feed to gain had carcass a significant downtrend than in the group fed with zinc sulfate (respectively P＜0.01 and P＜0.05). The effects of the two kinds of zinc source on feed intake, organ index and tissue zinc accumulation of the young rabbits had no significant difference (P＞0.05). Diet added zinc levels have significant influence on spleen index of the young rabbit (P＜0.05). The rabbit spleen index significantly respectively below 105 and 140 mg/kg when they fed with zinc levels in 175 and 210 mg/kg. The interaction effect on spleen index of rabbit between the diet zinc form and level have significant difference (P＜0.05), while have extremely significant to liver index, the zinc content of liver or spleen (P<0.01). The zinc added in daily ration can change growth performance of 1.5-month Elco rabbit. The effect of zinc methionine is better than that of zinc sulfate and reduce carcass rate trend is bigger than zinc sulfate. Two kinds of source of zinc in the rabbit body have interaction effect and their metabolism is different. Comprehensive consideration, it is suggested that zinc supplementation is 70-140 mg/kg for 1.5-2.5-month feeding rabbit.

Effect of concentrate-roughage ratio and rapeseed meal supplementation on associated effects of diets in vitro

YUAN Jiu,WAN Xin-jie,ZHANG Jin-ping,YANG Hai-wen

2014, 23(1):  291-299.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140135

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To evaluate the amount and proportion of added energy feed and protein feed,the effects of concentrate-roughage ratio (C∶R) and rapeseed meal supplementation level on associated effects of diets in vitro were studied. Wheat straw (WS) or ammonium bicarbonate treated wheat straw (ABWS) basal diet was supplemented with a mixture of rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn. The ratios of RSM and corn to WS or ABWS tested were 70∶30,60∶40,50∶50,40∶60,and 30∶70,with the proportion of RSM at 6%,12%,18%,24% in the whole diet. Gas production (GP) was recorded at 0,2,4,6,9,12,24,36,48,72,and 96 h. AE was defined as the difference between the observed in vitro GP and the predicted value from individual feed fermented alone. 1) Negative AE was observed under the WS basal diet in 15 groups. When the concentrate-roughage ratio was 70∶30 and the RSM content was 18% and 24%,a positive AE was observed. When the concentrate-roughage ratio was 40∶60 and the RSM content was 6% and 12%,positive AE were observed. The AE of the high C∶R group 70∶30 was significantly higher than that of the low C∶R groups 40∶60 and 30∶70 (P<0.01). 2) A positive AE was observed in ABWS basal diets in all mixtures except one group. The AE of the C∶R group of 30∶70 was significantly higher than that of the C∶R group of 70∶30 (P<0.01). The AE proportion at RSM 24% was significantly greater at RSM 12% (P<0.05). It is concluded that the AE is largest in the group with low C∶R and a high proportion of RSM. ABWS is better than WS in saving concentrated feed.

Price analysis of domestic and international major livestock and forage products

WANG Chun-mei,YANG Lin-jie,CHANG Sheng-hua,HOU Fu-jiang

2014, 23(1):  300-311.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140136

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China now is in the transition period of food structure,accompanied by strong growth in demand for livestock products. The prices of livestock and forage products are generally rising and more easily influenced by other factors. Hence,the change rules,correlation and Granger Causality Test of the price of domestic and international major livestock and forage products from September 2008 to August 2013 are analyzed in this article. 1) The prices of domestic and international livestock and forage products indicate an upward trends with fluctuations,while the prices of domestic and international “herbivorous” livestock products are higher than those of “grain consuming” and the prices of domestic major livestock and forage products are higher than the international ones; 2) Except the prices of domestic pork and beef,prices of domestic livestock products and forage fluctuate more than the international ones; 3) The domestic prices of pork and beef as well as the international prices of “herbivorous” livestock products show higher fluctuations. In addition,results of Granger Causality Test indicate that the changes of domestic soybean grain prices are caused by international soybean grain prices; the changes of domestic soybean grain prices are caused by domestic beef and mutton prices,the changes of domestic soybean meal prices are caused by domestic beef prices and the changes of domestic chicken prices are caused by domestic maize grain prices; the changes of international soybean grain and maize grain prices are caused by international beef prices. Above all,the prices of livestock products are signally affected by agricultural policies,festival and dietary habit. In conclusion,the study suggests that developing grassland agriculture is a way to stabilize the prices of livestock products and ensure the safety of livestock products; the country should increase direct subsidies to farm households and provide policy supports and services for their production.

A quantitative study of a subclass of a comprehensive sequential classification system (CSCS) taking Gansu Province as an example

LI Chun-bin,WU Jing,LIU Xiao-ni,ZHANG De-gang

2014, 23(1):  312-321.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140137

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A comprehensive and sequential classification system of grasslands (CSCS),a well known grassland classification systems proposed in the 1950s in China,represents a theoretical framework and quantitative potentiality for the science of grassland ecosystem study. At the basic level of a quantitative classification study of CSCS,a considerable achievement has been made and an index chart for determining grassland class has been established. However,owing to the limitations of techniques,relevant reports on quantitative subclass study are infrequent. Based on analysis of the classification subclass indexes this dissertation puts forward the quantitative principles and methods of subclass grasslands,and subclasses classified in Gansu Province. 1) The quantitative index system and index chart for grassland subclass are established; 2) The basic geomorphologic types are divided into 20 types in Gansu Province by extracting the slope,attitude,roughness,mountain and plain factors from SRTM-DEM data; 3) Using supervised classification,36 soil subtypes have been obtained in Gansu Province by extracting the slope,aspect,curvature factors from SRTM-DEM data and soil brightness,vegetation index,NDWI,NDSI and NDMI from MODIS data; 4) 568 subclasses of grassland have been obtained by operating the grid algebra on the grassland first class map,the basic geomorphologic types map and the soil subtypes map.

Study on division of forestry development in Gansu Province

LI Xiao-bing,HAN Guang-qing,TAN Ke-ping,QU Wang-long,ZHANG Xiao-qing,CHEN Zhi-ping

2014, 23(1):  322-327.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140138

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Forestry division is the difference according to the natural geographic conditions and social economic conditions,the relationship between forest and environment,the basic conditions and development potential of forestry,and the social and economic development of forestry dominant demand,level by level division of the region,and from the forestry sustainable development,the forestry development direction at all levels division unit,the layout of the function positioning and productivity,for the construction of space layout of modern forestry development. In this paper,according to the actual situation of Gansu Province,in a deep research and analysis on the natural conditions,social economic,forest ecosystem,forestry production conditions,regional characteristics,following the natural and economic laws,the province will be divided into 15 grade three zone,the result is the basis for long-term development,guide the forestry ecological construction,forestry engineering,space layout,also will be the basis for the formulation and implementation of national forest policies.

Mechanisms for plants detecting the optimum time and place to germinate

ZHANG Jia-ning,LIU Kun

2014, 23(1):  328-338.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140139

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Germination is a critical transition (from seed to seedling) for plants adaption,because it determines the context for subsequent development and natural selection. Thus,to determine the optimum germination time and space is especially important,it has great effect on plant survival,competition,and reproduction. Temperature,soil moisture and photoperiod are the most important factors that can affect germination season. These factors can directly regulate seed germination season or regulate seed germination season by affecting seed dormancy status. Light (including quantity and quality of light),diurnal temperature fluctuation,nitrate and fire are the most common factors that can regulate seed germination place. These factors can limit seed germination to vegetation gaps,which is very benefit for seedling emergence and establishment. Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) are the two most common hormones that affect dormancy and germination (ABA,inducing and maintenance of seed dormancy; GA,releasing of dormancy and improving of germination potential). Environmental factors can affect expression of genes that regulate the biosynthesis,catabolism,signaling of ABA and GA,which results in optimum germination time and place: temperature can regulate expression of genes that related to the biosynthesis,catabolism,signaling of ABA and GA,as a result,germination occurs in the optimum time for seedling establishment; light can increase the expression of GA3ox1 (the GA biosynthesis gene),and nitrate can increase the expression of CYP707A2 (A gene of ABA catabolism),thus,light and nitrate can help plant germinate in place where is in favour of seedling establishment.

Changes in antimalarial compounds and antioxidation activities of Artemisia annua in response to fertilization

LUO Shi-qiong,SHI An-dong,YUAN Ling,HUANG Jian-guo

2014, 23(1):  339-345.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140140

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A pot experiment was carried out to study the changes in antimalarial compounds and antioxidation activities of Artemisia annua in response to fertilization to increase yields and to improve quality by rational fertilization. The plants were supplied with chemical fertilizer (CF),manure (M) or a mixture of chemical fertilizer and manure (CFM). The control (no fertilizer) was established in the same way except no fertilizer was added. Artemisic acid,dexyartemisinin,artemisinin,total flavonoids of leaves,stems and roots from A. annua were measured and then DPPH· (1,1-dipheny-l,2-picrylhyrazyl) scavenging rate of ethanol extracts during the bud period was analyzed. Fertilization promoted plant growth and the biomass was increased by 57.4% (CF),91.6% (M),and 92.3% (CFM) compared with the control. The concentration and accumulation of artemisic acid,deoxyartemisinin,artemisinin,and total flavonoids of A. annua changed in the following sequence: leaves>stems>roots,indicating that these compounds were formed and stored mainly in the leaves. Antioxidation activities expressed by the DPPH·scavenging rate,were also higher in leaves than those in roots and stems. There was a significant correlation between total flavonoids and the DPPH·scavenging rate. Fertilization,particularly CFM and M,decreased DPPH·scavenging rates but increased the concentration and accumulation of artemisic acid,dexyartemisinin,and artemisinin,even though total flavonoids changed little after fertilization. Therefore,it is necessary to advocate manure fertilization in the intensive cultivation of A. annua.

Effects of isobutyrate on daily gain, dietary nutrient digestion and methane emissions in Simmental beef cattle

ZHANG Zhen-wei,WANG Cong,LIU Qiang,BAI Yuan-sheng,SHI Zhou-ge,LIU Xiao-ni,GAO Shu-wen

2014, 23(1):  346-352.  DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140141

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Thirty-six Simmental beef cattle (12-month-old) consuming a corn straw diet were randomly divided between four treatments supplemented by four levels of isobutyrate (0,0.02,0.04 and 0.06 g/kg·d) to evaluate the effects of isobutyrate on daily gain,dietary nutrient digestion and methane emissions. Organic matter digestibility of the cattle supplemented with isobutyrate at 0.04 and 0.06 g/(kg·d) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the controls. Crude protein digestibility of the isobutyrate supplemented cattle was significantly higher than that of the controls but nitrogen-free extract digestibility was not affected. Neutral detergent fibre digestibility of the cattle supplemented 0.04 g/(kg·d) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the controls. Acid detergent fiber digestibility of the cattle supplemented 0.04 g/(kg·d) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the controls and other groups. Furthermore,final body weights were affected by isobutyrate supplementation with 0.04 g/(kg·d) (P<0.05),and the average daily gains of cattle supplemented 0.04 and 0.06 g/(kg·d) were increased significantly (P<0.05). Dry matter intake of cattle supplemented 0.04 g/(kg·d) were significantly (P<0.05) lower than in the controls. The feed conversion rates were improved significantly (P<0.05) by the supplementation of isobutyrate at 0.04 and 0.06 g/(kg·d). In addition,the methane emissions were significantly (P<0.05) reduced from cattle supplemented 0.04 and 0.06 g/(kg·d). The results indicated that average daily grain,nutrient digestion and methane emissions of Simmental beef cattle could be improved by supplemental isobutyrate. The optimal dose of isobutyrate supplementation was 0.04 g/(kg·d).