草业学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (2): 178-189.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020120
收稿日期:
2020-03-13
修回日期:
2020-06-01
出版日期:
2021-02-20
发布日期:
2021-01-19
通讯作者:
惠富平
作者简介:
E-mail: hfping@njau.edu.cnReceived:
2020-03-13
Revised:
2020-06-01
Online:
2021-02-20
Published:
2021-01-19
Contact:
Fu-ping HUI
摘要:
基于对中国古籍库与中国方志库中的苜蓿记载的考察,发现苜蓿名实的流变呈现出两种迥然不同的面貌。即古籍记载中苜蓿名实相对单一明了,对苜蓿花色的指向比较明晰;方志中则比较复杂,出现了大量苜蓿异名,常与其他植物相混淆。其名实的流变实际上是苜蓿在中国传播历史进程中的一个缩影。对各地方志中的苜蓿记载次数进行计量分析,可以直观地看到,明清时期的苜蓿主要分布于西北、华北、江淮等地,在长江中下游、东南沿海、西南边疆等地也有一定分布。结合明清时期的社会经济因素分析分布格局的成因:首先,明清卫所的设置与变迁使得苜蓿作为军马草料成为卫所屯田中不可或缺的经营项目,在边疆地区、漕运沿线深入传播;其次,明清灾区社会的形成促发了苜蓿的广植与利用,苜蓿成为贫苦农家的“救荒奇菜”和贫困城邑的“备荒良品”;最后,苜蓿栽培技术的简易与传统蔬类成法的套用,使得苜蓿能够持续、长久、便捷地在中国传播。在清中叶后,采用苜蓿治理盐碱地已经在河北、山东普遍实施,其与其他作物的轮作原理与方法也已经颇为成熟。总之,与苜蓿相关的农艺技术已经形成体系,苜蓿的本土化和农耕化在明清时期进一步加深。
刘爽, 惠富平. 明清时期苜蓿的地域分布及其影响因素[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(2): 178-189.
Shuang LIU, Fu-ping HUI. Distribution of alfalfa in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the underlying driving factors[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(2): 178-189.
名称Name | 记载出处Source | 原文Text |
---|---|---|
马豆Madou | 滇志Dian Chronicles | 别有马豆,蜀之巢菜,北方之苜蓿。Alias madou,chaocai,the north of the alfalfa. |
野豌豆菜Yewandoucai | 普洱府志Pu’er Prefecture record | 苜蓿,俗名野豌豆菜。Alfalfa,the trivial name yewandoucai. |
绢带豆Juandaidou | 瑞安县志Rui’an County | 有紫白两色,一名苜蓿豆。Purple and white,alias alfalfa bean. |
湾豆荚Wandoujia | 辰溪县志Chenxi County | 野生,农家采以肥田,亦有食者。Wild,the farmers picked up fertile field and eated it. |
麦婪豆Mailandou | 古田县志Gutian County | 麦婪豆,即苜蓿。以麦收成后熟,故呼为麦婪。Mailandou is alfalfa,because the wheat harvest mature,so called this name. |
孟菜Mengcai | 嵊县志Sheng County | 苜蓿,所在山谷多有之。簇小白花,俗名孟菜。Alfalfa,valley distribution,cluster of small white flowers,alias mengcai. |
草子Caozi | 鄞县志Yin County | 苜蓿,即今四乡所种草子也。Alfalfa is the caozi planted in the countryside. |
秧草Yangcao | 丹阳县续志Danyang County Continuation | 苜蓿,俗称秧草。春日丛生,便于蔬食。Alfalfa aliased yangcao,spring cluster,convenient for vegetables. |
草芝Caozhi | 定海县志Dinghai County | 苜蓿,豆科,苜蓿属。三叶攒生开黄花,俗呼草芝。Alfalfa,legumes,alfalfa,three leaves were saved and yellow flowers,aliased caozhi. |
磨盘草Mopancao | 慈溪县志Cixi County | 黄花者,越人谓之磨盘草。紫花者,谓之荷花草。Yellow flower,the Yue group called mopancao,purple flower,called hehuacao. |
没心菜Meixincai | 黄州府志Huangzhou Prefecture record | 蔬之属,没心菜,即苜蓿。Belong to the vegetables,meixincai is alfalfa. |
黄花菜Huanghuacai | 丹徒县志Dantu County | 俗呼为三叶菜,沙洲人莳以壅田,谓之秧草。Common call for the three-leaf vegetables, Shazhou people grow with the field. |
金花菜Jinhuacai | 崇明县志Chongming County | 俗名金花菜。生田中能肥田,故又名田草。嫩时可食。Alias jinhuacai,can fertilize the soil,so named tiancao,edible when young. |
羊草Yangcao | 奉天通志Fengtian Chorography | 羊草即为苜蓿。Yangcao is alfalfa. |
表1 明清方志中所见“苜蓿”部分异名
Table 1 Alfalfa in the Ming and Qing Dynasties records of the chorography
名称Name | 记载出处Source | 原文Text |
---|---|---|
马豆Madou | 滇志Dian Chronicles | 别有马豆,蜀之巢菜,北方之苜蓿。Alias madou,chaocai,the north of the alfalfa. |
野豌豆菜Yewandoucai | 普洱府志Pu’er Prefecture record | 苜蓿,俗名野豌豆菜。Alfalfa,the trivial name yewandoucai. |
绢带豆Juandaidou | 瑞安县志Rui’an County | 有紫白两色,一名苜蓿豆。Purple and white,alias alfalfa bean. |
湾豆荚Wandoujia | 辰溪县志Chenxi County | 野生,农家采以肥田,亦有食者。Wild,the farmers picked up fertile field and eated it. |
麦婪豆Mailandou | 古田县志Gutian County | 麦婪豆,即苜蓿。以麦收成后熟,故呼为麦婪。Mailandou is alfalfa,because the wheat harvest mature,so called this name. |
孟菜Mengcai | 嵊县志Sheng County | 苜蓿,所在山谷多有之。簇小白花,俗名孟菜。Alfalfa,valley distribution,cluster of small white flowers,alias mengcai. |
草子Caozi | 鄞县志Yin County | 苜蓿,即今四乡所种草子也。Alfalfa is the caozi planted in the countryside. |
秧草Yangcao | 丹阳县续志Danyang County Continuation | 苜蓿,俗称秧草。春日丛生,便于蔬食。Alfalfa aliased yangcao,spring cluster,convenient for vegetables. |
草芝Caozhi | 定海县志Dinghai County | 苜蓿,豆科,苜蓿属。三叶攒生开黄花,俗呼草芝。Alfalfa,legumes,alfalfa,three leaves were saved and yellow flowers,aliased caozhi. |
磨盘草Mopancao | 慈溪县志Cixi County | 黄花者,越人谓之磨盘草。紫花者,谓之荷花草。Yellow flower,the Yue group called mopancao,purple flower,called hehuacao. |
没心菜Meixincai | 黄州府志Huangzhou Prefecture record | 蔬之属,没心菜,即苜蓿。Belong to the vegetables,meixincai is alfalfa. |
黄花菜Huanghuacai | 丹徒县志Dantu County | 俗呼为三叶菜,沙洲人莳以壅田,谓之秧草。Common call for the three-leaf vegetables, Shazhou people grow with the field. |
金花菜Jinhuacai | 崇明县志Chongming County | 俗名金花菜。生田中能肥田,故又名田草。嫩时可食。Alias jinhuacai,can fertilize the soil,so named tiancao,edible when young. |
羊草Yangcao | 奉天通志Fengtian Chorography | 羊草即为苜蓿。Yangcao is alfalfa. |
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