草业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (5): 144-155.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021372
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
周晓雷1(), 闫月娥2, 张婧3, 周旭姣4, 闫永琴5, 杨富强1, 曹雪萍1, 赵安1, 赵艳丽1, 苏静怡1
收稿日期:
2021-10-09
修回日期:
2021-10-29
出版日期:
2022-05-20
发布日期:
2022-03-30
通讯作者:
周晓雷
作者简介:
Corresponding author.基金资助:
Xiao-lei ZHOU1(), Yue-e YAN2, Jing ZHANG3, Xu-jiao ZHOU4, Yong-qin YAN5, Fu-qiang YANG1, Xue-ping CAO1, An ZHAO1, Yan-li ZHAO1, Jing-yi SU1
Received:
2021-10-09
Revised:
2021-10-29
Online:
2022-05-20
Published:
2022-03-30
Contact:
Xiao-lei ZHOU
摘要:
采用野外调查与植物群落相似性分析,研究了青藏高原东北边缘云杉-冷杉林火烧迹地不同坡向植物群落组成和物种多样性特点,结果表明:经过火后15年恢复,云杉-冷杉火烧迹地有草本植物22科40属46种,其中优势科有菊科,种类数最多(11种),其次为毛茛科6种,伞形科4种,蓼科3种,茜草科、龙胆科、蔷薇科和忍冬科各2种;在草地北坡、西北坡、东北坡和东坡分别分布着高山冷蕨+密生薹草+总状橐吾群落、密生薹草+高山冷蕨+野草莓群落、密生薹草+野草莓+箭竹群落和密生薹草+野草莓+总状橐吾群落;北坡的Margarlef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,东坡的Simpson优势度指数最高,而4个坡向草地的Pielou均匀度指数差异不显著;不同坡向植物群落存在一定的梯度格局,但是彼此分布之间存在一定的差异。通过研究分析可以得出:随着坡向由阴坡(北坡)到半阳坡(东坡)的变化,植被盖度逐渐减小;北坡的Margarlef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均最大,其次是西北坡和东北坡,而东坡的最小;不同坡向植被类型分异现象较弱,植物群落存在相似性。
周晓雷, 闫月娥, 张婧, 周旭姣, 闫永琴, 杨富强, 曹雪萍, 赵安, 赵艳丽, 苏静怡. 青藏高原东北边缘云杉-冷杉林火烧迹地不同坡向植物群落结构与多样性研究[J]. 草业学报, 2022, 31(5): 144-155.
Xiao-lei ZHOU, Yue-e YAN, Jing ZHANG, Xu-jiao ZHOU, Yong-qin YAN, Fu-qiang YANG, Xue-ping CAO, An ZHAO, Yan-li ZHAO, Jing-yi SU. Vegetation community structure and diversity in a burned area of Picea asperata-Abies fabri forest on different aspects on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2022, 31(5): 144-155.
样地编号Sample number | 海拔Altitude (m) | 坡度Declivity | 坡向Slope | 纬度Latitude | 经度Longitude |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NW1 | 2975 | 22° | 西北 294° Northwest 294° | 34°10′40.66″ | 103°12′54.46″ |
NW2 | 3045 | 38° | 西北 308° Northwest 308° | 34°10′43.38″ | 103°12′54.47″ |
NW3 | 3187 | 52° | 西北 332° Northwest 332° | 34°10′45.33″ | 103°12′54.46″ |
NW4 | 3285 | 43° | 西北 326° Northwest 326° | 34°10′46.26″ | 103°12′57.46″ |
NW5 | 3390 | 28° | 西北 314° Northwest 314° | 34°10′47.30″ | 103°12′54.47″ |
N1 | 2981 | 27° | 北351° North 351° | 34°10′40.66″ | 102°37′51.35″ |
N2 | 3075 | 41° | 北339° North 339° | 34°10′43.38″ | 103°37′52.38″ |
N3 | 3147 | 47° | 北 12° North 12° | 34°10′45.33″ | 103°37′51.36″ |
N4 | 3286 | 32° | 北 8° North 8° | 34°10′46.26″ | 103°37′51.28″ |
NE1 | 3045 | 30° | 东北62° Northeast 62° | 34°10′47.30″ | 103°37′52.62″ |
NE2 | 3125 | 24° | 东北 48° Northeast 48° | 34°10′40.66″ | 102°12′56.38″ |
NE3 | 3381 | 35° | 东北 65° Northeast 65° | 34°10′43.38″ | 102°12′57.43″ |
E1 | 2895 | 60° | 东 81° East 81° | 34°10′45.33″ | 102°12′57.36″ |
E2 | 3145 | 43° | 东 68° East 68° | 34°10′46.26″ | 102°12′57.44″ |
E3 | 3298 | 28° | 东 107° East 107° | 34°10′47.30″ | 102°12′57.37″ |
表1 样地自然概况
Table 1 Natural conditions of the sites
样地编号Sample number | 海拔Altitude (m) | 坡度Declivity | 坡向Slope | 纬度Latitude | 经度Longitude |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NW1 | 2975 | 22° | 西北 294° Northwest 294° | 34°10′40.66″ | 103°12′54.46″ |
NW2 | 3045 | 38° | 西北 308° Northwest 308° | 34°10′43.38″ | 103°12′54.47″ |
NW3 | 3187 | 52° | 西北 332° Northwest 332° | 34°10′45.33″ | 103°12′54.46″ |
NW4 | 3285 | 43° | 西北 326° Northwest 326° | 34°10′46.26″ | 103°12′57.46″ |
NW5 | 3390 | 28° | 西北 314° Northwest 314° | 34°10′47.30″ | 103°12′54.47″ |
N1 | 2981 | 27° | 北351° North 351° | 34°10′40.66″ | 102°37′51.35″ |
N2 | 3075 | 41° | 北339° North 339° | 34°10′43.38″ | 103°37′52.38″ |
N3 | 3147 | 47° | 北 12° North 12° | 34°10′45.33″ | 103°37′51.36″ |
N4 | 3286 | 32° | 北 8° North 8° | 34°10′46.26″ | 103°37′51.28″ |
NE1 | 3045 | 30° | 东北62° Northeast 62° | 34°10′47.30″ | 103°37′52.62″ |
NE2 | 3125 | 24° | 东北 48° Northeast 48° | 34°10′40.66″ | 102°12′56.38″ |
NE3 | 3381 | 35° | 东北 65° Northeast 65° | 34°10′43.38″ | 102°12′57.43″ |
E1 | 2895 | 60° | 东 81° East 81° | 34°10′45.33″ | 102°12′57.36″ |
E2 | 3145 | 43° | 东 68° East 68° | 34°10′46.26″ | 102°12′57.44″ |
E3 | 3298 | 28° | 东 107° East 107° | 34°10′47.30″ | 102°12′57.37″ |
科 Family | 属 Genus | 物种 Species | 生活型 Life form | 重要值Important value (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
北坡N | 西北坡NW | 东北坡NE | 东坡E | ||||
菊科Compositae | 蒿属Artemisia | 艾Artemisia argyi | P | 2.94±1.05 | 3.73±0.34 | 3.47±3.47 | 4.39±0.06 |
青蒿Artemisia carvifolia | A | - | 2.38±0.02 | 1.97±0.14 | - | ||
风毛菊属Saussurea | 大耳叶风毛菊Saussurea macrota | P | 2.31±2.16 | - | 2.64±0.75 | - | |
毛连菜属Picris | 毛连菜Picris hieracioides | P | 0.37±0.24 | 1.14±0.07 | 0.39±0.13 | - | |
紫菀属Aster | 三脉紫菀Aster ageratoides | P | - | 0.41±0.38 | 0.87±0.87 | 1.23±1.00 | |
香青属Anaphalis | 香青Anaphalis sinica | P | - | 0.70±0.22 | 0.91±0.74 | 0.84±0.17 | |
天名精属Carpesium | 烟管头草Carpesium cernuum | P | 0.67±0.65 | - | - | - | |
蟹甲草属Parasenecio | 蟹甲草Parasenecio forrestii | P | 0.69±0.29 | 0.29±0.14 | - | - | |
蛛毛蟹甲草Parasenecio roborowskii | P | - | - | 2.92±2.92 | 3.10±0.32 | ||
橐吾属Ligularia | 掌叶橐吾Ligularia przewalskii | P | 1.21±0.73 | - | - | - | |
总状橐吾L. botryodes | P | 8.00±7.26 | 7.60±0.29 | 7.24±4.09 | 7.38±3.55 | ||
伞形科Apiaceae | 变豆菜属Sanicula | 变豆菜Sanicula chinensis | P | 0.51±0.41 | - | - | - |
窃衣属Torilis | 小窃衣Torilis japonica | A | 0.32±0.25 | 0.28±0.28 | 0.17±0.14 | 0.10±0.10 | |
独活属Heracleum | 短毛独活Heracleum moellendorffii | P | 5.89±2.02 | 2.44±0.59 | - | - | |
羌活属Notopterygium | 宽叶羌活Notopterygium franchetii | P | - | - | 0.85±0.43 | - | |
大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 大戟属Euphorbia | 大戟Euphorbia pekinensis | P | 1.11±0.55 | 2.43±0.07 | - | 2.52±1.49 |
唇形科Labiatae | 鼠尾草属Salvia | 丹参Salvia miltiorrhiza | P | 0.94±0.18 | 0.45±0.23 | 0.38±0.38 | 0.19±0.16 |
灯心草科Juncaceae | 灯心草属Juncus | 灯心草Juncus effusus | P | - | 0.17±0.04 | - | - |
冷蕨科 Cystopteridaceae | 冷蕨属Cystopteris | 高山冷蕨C. montana | A | 13.96±6.67 | 10.93±8.44 | 7.45±6.60 | 6.13±6.13 |
毛茛科Ranunculaceae | 毛茛属Ranunculus | 高原毛茛Ranunculus tanguticus | P | - | 1.88±0.97 | - | 2.69±0.57 |
唐松草属Thalictrum | 美花唐松草Thalictrum callianthum | P | 1.02±0.50 | - | - | - | |
铁线莲属Clematis | 铁线莲Clematis florida | V | 2.30±1.47 | 2.18±0.47 | 1.54±1.54 | 0.86±0.52 | |
银莲花属Anemone | 小银莲花Anemone exigua | P | 0.52±0.30 | 0.63±0.41 | 0.77±0.30 | 0.82±0.30 | |
唐松草属Thalictrum | 亚欧唐松草Thalictrum minus | P | 1.67±0.73 | - | - | - | |
升麻属Cimicifuga | 单穗升麻Cimicifuga simplex | P | - | 0.64±0.35 | 0.59±0.04 | 0.52±0.44 | |
禾本科Gramineae | 箭竹属Fargesia | 箭竹F. spathacea | P | - | - | 8.32±6.03 | 5.84±1.30 |
忍冬科Caprifoliaceae | 接骨木属Sambucus | 接骨草Sambucus chinensis | P | 0.79±0.79 | 0.65±0.14 | 0.51±0.27 | - |
血满草Sambucus adnata | P | 2.01±1.99 | 3.25±0.71 | - | 3.22±0.20 | ||
牻牛儿苗科Geraniaceae | 老鹳草属Geranium | 老鹳草Geranium wilfordii | P | 0.79±1.03 | 0.74±0.06 | 0.56±0.56 | - |
蔷薇科Rosaceae | 路边青属Geum | 路边青Geum aleppicum | P | - | - | 3.29±0.23 | 3.06±1.25 |
草莓属Fragaria | 野草莓F. vesca | P | 5.67±2.98 | 8.04±3.62 | 14.87±1.73 | 16.83±11.25 | |
莎草科Cyperaceae | 薹草属Carex | 密生薹草C. crebra | P | 13.34±10.72 | 26.21±5.51 | 30.57±7.07 | 33.27±2.73 |
蓼科Polygonaceae | 蓼属Polygonum | 尼泊尔蓼Polygonum nepalense | A | 0.08±0.06 | 0.96±0.24 | 0.67±0.67 | 2.55±0.74 |
腺点柔毛蓼Polygonum sparsipilosum | P | 0.59±0.59 | - | - | - | ||
珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum | P | - | - | 0.69±0.08 | - | ||
车前科Plantaginaceae | 车前属Plantago | 平车前Plantago depressa | A | 1.41±0.25 | 0.85±0.24 | 0.80±0.75 | 1.90±0.80 |
茜草科Rubiaceae | 茜草属Rubia | 茜草Rubia cordifolia | V | 0.40±0.13 | - | - | 0.43±0.43 |
拉拉藤属Galium | 猪殃殃Galium spurium | A | 2.36±1.77 | 1.51±0.26 | 1.38±1.27 | 1.11±0.12 | |
龙胆科Gentianaceae | 龙胆属Gentiana | 秦艽Gentiana macrophylla | P | - | 0.25±0.02 | - | 0.26±0.06 |
花锚属Halenia | 椭圆叶花锚Halenia elliptica | A | 1.21±1.07 | - | 1.70±1.31 | - | |
玄参科Scrophulariaceae | 婆婆纳属Veronica | 唐古拉婆婆纳Veronica vandellioides | A | 1.24±1.24 | 1.15±0.47 | 1.95±1.46 | 1.35±1.12 |
景天科Crassulaceae | 八宝属Hylotelephium | 狭穗八宝Hylotelephium angustum | P | 1.96±0.22 | - | - | - |
柳叶菜科 Onagraceae | 柳叶菜属Epilobium | 长籽柳叶菜Epilobium pyrricholophum | P | - | - | - | 2.59±1.59 |
花荵科Polemoniaceae | 花荵属Polemonium | 中华花荵Polemonium chinense | P | - | - | 0.33±0.14 | 0.86±0.53 |
五加科Araliaceae | 人参属Panax | 珠子参Panax japonicus var. major | P | - | - | 0.51±0.21 | 0.78±0.39 |
酢浆草科 Oxalidaceae | 酢浆草属Oxalis | 酢浆草Oxalis corniculata | P | 0.32±0.25 | 0.26±0.17 | - | - |
植物种数Number of plant species | 46 | 31 | 27 | 30 | 27 |
表2 不同样地草原植物群落物种组成及重要值
Table 2 Species compositions and important values of different plots
科 Family | 属 Genus | 物种 Species | 生活型 Life form | 重要值Important value (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
北坡N | 西北坡NW | 东北坡NE | 东坡E | ||||
菊科Compositae | 蒿属Artemisia | 艾Artemisia argyi | P | 2.94±1.05 | 3.73±0.34 | 3.47±3.47 | 4.39±0.06 |
青蒿Artemisia carvifolia | A | - | 2.38±0.02 | 1.97±0.14 | - | ||
风毛菊属Saussurea | 大耳叶风毛菊Saussurea macrota | P | 2.31±2.16 | - | 2.64±0.75 | - | |
毛连菜属Picris | 毛连菜Picris hieracioides | P | 0.37±0.24 | 1.14±0.07 | 0.39±0.13 | - | |
紫菀属Aster | 三脉紫菀Aster ageratoides | P | - | 0.41±0.38 | 0.87±0.87 | 1.23±1.00 | |
香青属Anaphalis | 香青Anaphalis sinica | P | - | 0.70±0.22 | 0.91±0.74 | 0.84±0.17 | |
天名精属Carpesium | 烟管头草Carpesium cernuum | P | 0.67±0.65 | - | - | - | |
蟹甲草属Parasenecio | 蟹甲草Parasenecio forrestii | P | 0.69±0.29 | 0.29±0.14 | - | - | |
蛛毛蟹甲草Parasenecio roborowskii | P | - | - | 2.92±2.92 | 3.10±0.32 | ||
橐吾属Ligularia | 掌叶橐吾Ligularia przewalskii | P | 1.21±0.73 | - | - | - | |
总状橐吾L. botryodes | P | 8.00±7.26 | 7.60±0.29 | 7.24±4.09 | 7.38±3.55 | ||
伞形科Apiaceae | 变豆菜属Sanicula | 变豆菜Sanicula chinensis | P | 0.51±0.41 | - | - | - |
窃衣属Torilis | 小窃衣Torilis japonica | A | 0.32±0.25 | 0.28±0.28 | 0.17±0.14 | 0.10±0.10 | |
独活属Heracleum | 短毛独活Heracleum moellendorffii | P | 5.89±2.02 | 2.44±0.59 | - | - | |
羌活属Notopterygium | 宽叶羌活Notopterygium franchetii | P | - | - | 0.85±0.43 | - | |
大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 大戟属Euphorbia | 大戟Euphorbia pekinensis | P | 1.11±0.55 | 2.43±0.07 | - | 2.52±1.49 |
唇形科Labiatae | 鼠尾草属Salvia | 丹参Salvia miltiorrhiza | P | 0.94±0.18 | 0.45±0.23 | 0.38±0.38 | 0.19±0.16 |
灯心草科Juncaceae | 灯心草属Juncus | 灯心草Juncus effusus | P | - | 0.17±0.04 | - | - |
冷蕨科 Cystopteridaceae | 冷蕨属Cystopteris | 高山冷蕨C. montana | A | 13.96±6.67 | 10.93±8.44 | 7.45±6.60 | 6.13±6.13 |
毛茛科Ranunculaceae | 毛茛属Ranunculus | 高原毛茛Ranunculus tanguticus | P | - | 1.88±0.97 | - | 2.69±0.57 |
唐松草属Thalictrum | 美花唐松草Thalictrum callianthum | P | 1.02±0.50 | - | - | - | |
铁线莲属Clematis | 铁线莲Clematis florida | V | 2.30±1.47 | 2.18±0.47 | 1.54±1.54 | 0.86±0.52 | |
银莲花属Anemone | 小银莲花Anemone exigua | P | 0.52±0.30 | 0.63±0.41 | 0.77±0.30 | 0.82±0.30 | |
唐松草属Thalictrum | 亚欧唐松草Thalictrum minus | P | 1.67±0.73 | - | - | - | |
升麻属Cimicifuga | 单穗升麻Cimicifuga simplex | P | - | 0.64±0.35 | 0.59±0.04 | 0.52±0.44 | |
禾本科Gramineae | 箭竹属Fargesia | 箭竹F. spathacea | P | - | - | 8.32±6.03 | 5.84±1.30 |
忍冬科Caprifoliaceae | 接骨木属Sambucus | 接骨草Sambucus chinensis | P | 0.79±0.79 | 0.65±0.14 | 0.51±0.27 | - |
血满草Sambucus adnata | P | 2.01±1.99 | 3.25±0.71 | - | 3.22±0.20 | ||
牻牛儿苗科Geraniaceae | 老鹳草属Geranium | 老鹳草Geranium wilfordii | P | 0.79±1.03 | 0.74±0.06 | 0.56±0.56 | - |
蔷薇科Rosaceae | 路边青属Geum | 路边青Geum aleppicum | P | - | - | 3.29±0.23 | 3.06±1.25 |
草莓属Fragaria | 野草莓F. vesca | P | 5.67±2.98 | 8.04±3.62 | 14.87±1.73 | 16.83±11.25 | |
莎草科Cyperaceae | 薹草属Carex | 密生薹草C. crebra | P | 13.34±10.72 | 26.21±5.51 | 30.57±7.07 | 33.27±2.73 |
蓼科Polygonaceae | 蓼属Polygonum | 尼泊尔蓼Polygonum nepalense | A | 0.08±0.06 | 0.96±0.24 | 0.67±0.67 | 2.55±0.74 |
腺点柔毛蓼Polygonum sparsipilosum | P | 0.59±0.59 | - | - | - | ||
珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum | P | - | - | 0.69±0.08 | - | ||
车前科Plantaginaceae | 车前属Plantago | 平车前Plantago depressa | A | 1.41±0.25 | 0.85±0.24 | 0.80±0.75 | 1.90±0.80 |
茜草科Rubiaceae | 茜草属Rubia | 茜草Rubia cordifolia | V | 0.40±0.13 | - | - | 0.43±0.43 |
拉拉藤属Galium | 猪殃殃Galium spurium | A | 2.36±1.77 | 1.51±0.26 | 1.38±1.27 | 1.11±0.12 | |
龙胆科Gentianaceae | 龙胆属Gentiana | 秦艽Gentiana macrophylla | P | - | 0.25±0.02 | - | 0.26±0.06 |
花锚属Halenia | 椭圆叶花锚Halenia elliptica | A | 1.21±1.07 | - | 1.70±1.31 | - | |
玄参科Scrophulariaceae | 婆婆纳属Veronica | 唐古拉婆婆纳Veronica vandellioides | A | 1.24±1.24 | 1.15±0.47 | 1.95±1.46 | 1.35±1.12 |
景天科Crassulaceae | 八宝属Hylotelephium | 狭穗八宝Hylotelephium angustum | P | 1.96±0.22 | - | - | - |
柳叶菜科 Onagraceae | 柳叶菜属Epilobium | 长籽柳叶菜Epilobium pyrricholophum | P | - | - | - | 2.59±1.59 |
花荵科Polemoniaceae | 花荵属Polemonium | 中华花荵Polemonium chinense | P | - | - | 0.33±0.14 | 0.86±0.53 |
五加科Araliaceae | 人参属Panax | 珠子参Panax japonicus var. major | P | - | - | 0.51±0.21 | 0.78±0.39 |
酢浆草科 Oxalidaceae | 酢浆草属Oxalis | 酢浆草Oxalis corniculata | P | 0.32±0.25 | 0.26±0.17 | - | - |
植物种数Number of plant species | 46 | 31 | 27 | 30 | 27 |
群落优势种 Community dominant species | 盖度 Coverage (%) | 平均高度 Mean height (cm) |
---|---|---|
高山冷蕨C. montana | 100 | 15.67 |
密生薹草C. crebra | 29.36 | |
总状橐吾L. botryodes | 7.33 | |
密生薹草C. crebra | 92 | 24.67 |
高山冷蕨C. montana | 14.82 | |
野草莓F. vesca | 7.41 | |
密生薹草C. crebra | 90 | 18.15 |
野草莓F. vesca | 7.38 | |
箭竹F. spathacea | 75.38 | |
密生薹草C. crebra | 87 | 22.52 |
野草莓F. vesca | 7.45 | |
总状橐吾L. botryodes | 8.26 |
表 3 群落类型及优势种
Table 3 Coenotype and dominant species
群落优势种 Community dominant species | 盖度 Coverage (%) | 平均高度 Mean height (cm) |
---|---|---|
高山冷蕨C. montana | 100 | 15.67 |
密生薹草C. crebra | 29.36 | |
总状橐吾L. botryodes | 7.33 | |
密生薹草C. crebra | 92 | 24.67 |
高山冷蕨C. montana | 14.82 | |
野草莓F. vesca | 7.41 | |
密生薹草C. crebra | 90 | 18.15 |
野草莓F. vesca | 7.38 | |
箭竹F. spathacea | 75.38 | |
密生薹草C. crebra | 87 | 22.52 |
野草莓F. vesca | 7.45 | |
总状橐吾L. botryodes | 8.26 |
图2 不同坡向高山草甸植物群落多样性指数变化不同小写字母表示相同指数分析下差异显著Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences under the same exponential analysis.
Fig.2 Diversity index of alpine meadow plant community on different aspect
图3 基于植物重要性Bray-Curtis相异矩阵数据的NMDS双序图E: 东坡East, NE: 东北坡Northeast, N: 北坡North, NW: 西北坡Northwest.
Fig.3 2-D NMDS ordination biplot based on the data of plant important value Bray-Curtis matrix
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