季节性氮磷配施提升环湖寒生羊茅生产性能

doi:10.11686/cyxb2023069

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确秋收后施肥对翌年环湖寒生羊茅生产性能的影响，本研究于2018-2019年以5龄环湖寒生羊茅为试验材料，对比秋季施肥和春季施肥下环湖寒生羊茅的饲草和种子生产性能及肥料利用效率。试验设置0（N₀）和60（N₆₀） kg·hm^-2 2个施氮水平，0（P₀）、60（P₆₀）、75（P₇₅）和90（P₉₀） kg·hm^-2 4个施磷水平，共计8个处理组合。测定株高、茎粗、生殖枝数、地上生物量和种子产量等农艺性状。结果表明：1）秋季和春季施氮肥均可提高环湖寒生羊茅地上生物量和种子产量，增幅分别在62.79%和12.58%以上。但秋季施肥具有刺激生殖枝数进而保持种子生产的优势，春季施肥有促进饲草生产的优势。秋季施氮较春季提升种子产量的增幅为37.38%~73.99%。春季施氮较秋季提升地上生物量的增幅为6.47%~51.19%。2）氮肥是促进5龄环湖寒生羊茅生产性能的主要肥料。施氮对株高、生殖枝数、地上生物量和种子产量的提升幅度分别为20.24%、19.10%、133.94%和89.66%。单施磷肥可降低株高和生殖枝数，降幅分别为3.12%和3.79%。由于氮肥和磷肥对种子生产的协同作用，种子产量较大值出现在N₆₀P₇₅水平，在秋季施肥时高达233.19 kg·hm^-2。3）对地上生物量和种子产量的肥料利用效率分析发现，磷肥的偏生产力和农学效率不存在施肥季节差异（P>0.05）。氮肥的偏生产力和农学效率对种子产量的影响表现为秋季施肥分别是春季施肥的1.37和2.74倍以上。在施肥量方面发现无论春季还是秋季施肥，在仅施氮处理有最大的肥料偏生产力和农学效率。在同一施氮水平，随施磷量增加肥料利用效率呈下降趋势。4）生殖枝数与种子产量间相关性系数均保持在0.809（P<0.01）以上，通过线性方程能较好拟合生殖枝数与种子产量、种子产量与地上生物量和株高与地上生物量之间的关系。综合地上生物量和种子产量的生产性能及肥料利用效率的表现，应重视氮肥对于生长年限较长的环湖寒生羊茅的利用。

关键词: 施肥季节, 高寒地区, 农艺性状, 肥料利用效率

Abstract:

In order to clarify the effects of post-harvest fertilization on the herbage yield of Festuca kryloviana cv.Huanhu in the following year， this research investigated the forage and seed yields and fertilizer utilization efficiency of 5-year-old F. kryloviana cv. Huanhu under autumn and spring fertilization in 2018-2019. The experiment included eight treatment combinations with two nitrogen levels （0 and 60 kg·ha^-1， designated N₀ and N₆₀） and four phosphorus levels （0， 60， 75， 90 kg·ha^-1， designated P₀， P₆₀， P₇₅， and P₉₀， respectively）. Agronomic traits， including plant height， stem diameter， the number of reproductive shoot， aboveground biomass and seed yield were measured. It was found that： 1） Nitrogen fertilizer application in both autumn and spring increased the aboveground biomass and seed yield， with increases of over 62.79% and 12.58%， respectively. However， autumn fertilization tended to stimulate the reproductive shoot and maintain seed production， while spring fertilization tended to promote herbage accumulation. Nitrogen application in autumn increased the seed yield by 37.38%-73.99%， compared to spring application. Nitrogen application in spring compared to autumn increased the aboveground biomass by 6.47%-51.19%. 2） Nitrogen fertilizer promoted production of 5-year-old F. kryloviana cv. Huanhu more than P fertilizer. The increase in plant height， number of reproductive shoots， aboveground biomass， and seed yield due to nitrogen application was 20.24%， 19.10%， 133.94%， and 89.66%， respectively. Single phosphorus fertilizer application decreased plant height and number of reproductive shoots by 3.12% and 3.79%， respectively. Due to the synergistic effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on seed production， the highest seed yield （233.19 kg·ha^-1） occurred at the N₆₀P₇₅ treatment， under autumn fertilization. 3） Analysis of fertilizer utilization efficiency for aboveground biomass and seed yield showed that there was no seasonal difference in partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer （P>0.05）. The impact of nitrogen fertilizer partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency on seed yield was 1.37 and 2.74 times greater for autumn than spring fertilization. Regardless of whether nitrogen was applied in spring or autumn， the largest fertilizer partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency values were observed in the treatment with nitrogen only. With increasing phosphorus application， the fertilizer utilization efficiency showed a decreasing trend at the same nitrogen level. 4） The correlation coefficient between the number of reproductive shoots and seed yield remained above 0.809 （P<0.01）， and the linear equations fitted the relationships between the number of reproductive shoots and seed yield， seed yield and aboveground biomass， and plant height and aboveground biomass well. In summary， to maximize the aboveground biomass， fertilizer use efficiency and seed yield of the long-lived F. kryloviana cv. Huanhu， the use of nitrogen fertilizer was more important than the use of P fertilizer.

Key words: fertilization season, alpine region, phenotypic traits, fertilizer use efficiency

石正海, 刘文辉, 张永超, 秦燕, 米文博, 罗峰, 刘曼, 起惠芳. 季节性氮磷配施提升环湖寒生羊茅生产性能[J]. 草业学报, 2024, 33(1): 149-158.

Zheng-hai SHI, Wen-hui LIU, Yong-chao ZHANG, Yan QIN, Wen-bo MI, Feng LUO, Man LIU, Hui-fang QI. Seasonal nitrogen and phosphorus co-application enhances productivity of Festuca kryloviana cv. Huanhu[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2024, 33(1): 149-158.

图/表 8

图1 2018-2019年试验地月平均温度和降水分布

Fig.1 Distribution of monthly average temperature and precipitation at the experimental site from 2018 to 2019

表1 不同季节施肥对农艺性状影响的方差分析

Table 1 Analysis of variance on the effects of fertilizer application in different seasons on agronomic traits

因子 Factors	株高 Plant height	茎粗 Stem diameter	生殖枝数 Reproductive shoot	种子产量 Seed yield	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass
施肥季节S	50.423**	2.692ns	187.555**	181.939**	19.063**
氮肥N	343.196**	2.929ns	443.136**	688.804**	310.564**
磷肥P	16.583**	0.697ns	35.682**	9.166**	2.846ns
S×N	0.726ns	4.644ns	214.888**	177.010**	0.087ns
S×P	1.929ns	0.196ns	16.736**	2.620ns	4.461**
N×P	39.483**	2.153ns	23.332**	10.213**	0.375ns
S×N×P	6.006**	0.510ns	14.327**	2.482ns	4.926**

图2 不同季节施肥对寒生羊茅株高、茎粗和生殖枝数的影响A、C和E为春季施肥；B、D和F为秋季施肥。A， C and E were fertilized in spring； B， D and F were fertilized in autumn.

Fig.2 Effects of different seasonal fertilization on plant height， stem diameter and reproductive shoots in F. kryloviana cv.Huanhu

图3 不同季节施肥下的种子产量和地上生物量A和C为春季施肥；B和D为秋季施肥。不同小写字母表示各施肥处理组合间差异显著。下同。A and C were fertilized in spring； B and D were fertilized in autumn， respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among fertilization combinations. The same below.

Fig.3 Seed yield and aboveground biomass under fertilization in different seasons

表2 肥料利用效率的方差分析

Table 2 Analysis of variance for fertilizer use efficiency

因子 Factors	肥料偏生产力Partial productivity		农学效率Agronomic efficiency
因子 Factors	地上生物量Aboveground biomass	种子产量Seed yield	地上生物量Aboveground biomass	种子产量Seed yield
施肥季节S	6.522*	245.588**	6.522*	245.588**
氮肥N	4.057ns	31.680**	58.703**	685.955**
磷肥P	85.666**	780.266**	30.734**	59.526**
S×N	0.287ns	119.418**	0.287ns	119.418**
S×P	6.823*	10.784**	6.823*	10.784**
N×P	3.639*	14.995**	0.884ns	13.808**
S×N×P	2.967ns	0.605ns	2.967ns	0.605ns

图4 不同季节施肥的肥料利用效率A和C为地上生物量； B和D为种子产量。A and C were aboveground biomass； B and D were seed yield.

Fig.4 Fertilizer use efficiency of fertilization in different seasons

表3 春、秋季施肥时各性状间的相关性

Table 3 Correlation among traits at spring and autumn fertilization

施肥季节 Fertilization season	性状 Traits	种子产量 Seed yield	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	株高 Plant height	茎粗 Stem diameter
春季Spring	地上生物量Aboveground biomass	0.588**
	株高Plant height	0.736**	0.584**
	茎粗Stem diameter	-0.097	-0.465**	0.011
	生殖枝数Reproductive shoot	0.826**	0.427**	0.581**	0.052
秋季Autumn	地上生物量Aboveground biomass	0.868**
	株高Plant height	0.852**	0.782**
	茎粗Stem diameter	-0.052	-0.038	0.165
	生殖枝数Reproductive shoot	0.809**	0.701**	0.689**	0.027

图5 农艺性状间回归分析

Fig.5 Regression analysis among agronomic traits

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