河西走廊绿洲区灌溉和施氮肥下苜蓿生殖期叶片养分特性及其与种子产量的关联

doi:10.11686/cyxb2024098

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

灌溉和施肥是提高苜蓿种子生产力的重要管理措施，进一步阐明其影响种子产量形成的机制有助于水肥管理措施优化。苜蓿生殖期叶片养分特性与种子产量的关系尚不明确。研究不同灌溉［全生育期充分灌溉（W₁）、轻度亏水（W₂）和中度亏水（W₃），以及现蕾期和结荚期亏灌（W₄）、返青期和结荚期亏灌（W₅）、返青期和现蕾期亏灌（W₆）］和施氮肥（10和40 kg·hm^-2，分别以N₁和N₂表示）下，苜蓿生殖生长期叶片养分含量、重吸收效率及其与种子产量的关系。结果表明：1）随灌溉量减少和生育时期推进，生殖期绿叶N、P含量降低；亏缺灌溉下绿叶养分含量不低于W₃甚至W₂；现蕾期和结荚期N₂下绿叶养分含量显著高于N₁。生殖期枯叶N、P含量随灌溉量减少和生育时期推进呈升高趋势；亏缺灌溉下现蕾期枯叶N含量低于W₁~W₃，而结荚期和成熟期高于W₁甚至W₂；成熟期N₂下枯叶N含量高于N₁，而结荚期N₂下P含量较高。2）随灌溉量减少和生育时期推进，生殖期叶片养分重吸收效率降低；亏缺灌溉下现蕾期养分重吸收效率高于W₁~W₃，结荚期和成熟期不低于W₃；现蕾期N₂下N重吸收效率高于N₁，其他时期相反，而各时期N₂下P重吸收效率较高。3）W₃下种子产量低于W₁和W₂，特定时期亏缺灌溉下种子产量不低于W₁甚至W₂，W₆下最高；N₂下种子产量显著高于N₁。4）种子产量与结荚期绿叶N、P含量、养分重吸收效率极显著正相关，与枯叶养分含量显著负相关。因此，灌溉和施氮肥对苜蓿生殖期叶片养分含量有显著影响，并表现出生育时期特异性。结荚期养分重吸收能增强种子形成所需养分的供应能力。综合来看，全生育期轻度亏水或返青期和现蕾期亏灌而结荚期充分灌溉下施氮肥40 kg·hm^-2时可获得较高苜蓿种子产量。

关键词: 河西走廊, 苜蓿, 调亏灌溉, 种子生产, 养分重吸收

Abstract:

Irrigation and fertilization are important measures to improve alfalfa seed productivity. Understanding the mechanisms of seed yield formation will be helpful for optimizing water and fertilizer management. The relationships between leaf nutrient characteristics at the reproductive growth stage and the seed yield of alfalfa remain unclear. We investigated leaf nutrient contents and nutrient resorption efficiencies in alfalfa plants at the reproductive stage， and their relationships with seed yield， under different irrigation and nitrogen （N） fertilization conditions. Six irrigation treatments were set up comprising differing rates of irrigation at re-greening in spring， budding and podding growth stages. The irrigation treatments were： full irrigation （450， 150 mm at each irrigation， W₁）； mild water deficit （360， 120 mm at each irrigation， W₂） and moderate water deficit （270， 90 mm at each irrigation， W₃）； 300 mm irrigation allocated 150， 75 and 75 mm， respectively， at re-greening， budding and podding stages （W₄）； 300 mm irrigation allocated 75， 150 and 75 mm， respectively， at re-greening， budding and podding stages （W₅）； and 300 mm irrigation allocated 75， 75 and 150 mm， respectively， at re-greening， budding and podding stages （W₆）. The N fertilization treatments were 10 kg·ha^-1（N₁）^{or 40 kg·ha^-1 （N₂） applied at re-greening. N and P contents of green and senescent leaves were measured at budding， podding stages and at crop maturity to allow calculation of N and P resorption. It was found that： 1） With decreasing irrigation and advancing growth stages， there were decreases in the N and phosphorus （P） contents in green leaves at the reproductive growth stage. The nutrient contents of green leaves were not lower in W₄ and W₅ than in W₃ or even W₂. The nutrient contents in green leaves at the budding and podding stages were significantly higher in N₂ than in N₁. The N and P contents in senesced leaves at the reproductive growth stage increased as irrigation decreased and growth stages advanced. The N content of senesced leaves at the budding stage was lower in W₄ and W₅ than in W₁-W₃， but the N content of senesced leaves at the podding and maturity stages was higher in W₄ and W₅ than in W₁ and even W₂. The N content of senesced leaves at the maturity stage was higher in N₂ than in N₁， and the P content at the podding stage was higher. 2） The leaf nutrient resorption efficiency during the reproductive growth stage decreased with decreasing irrigation and advancing growth stages. Nutrient resorption efficiency at the budding stage was higher in W₄ and W₅ than in W₁-W₃， but that at the podding and maturity stages was similar in W₄， W₅， and W₃. The N resorption efficiency at the budding stage was higher in N₂ than in N₁， but higher in N₁ than in N₂ at the other stages. The P resorption efficiency was higher in N₂ than in N₁ during the whole reproductive growth period. 3） The seed yield was numerically highest in W₂and_{numerically lowest in W₃with_{other treatments intermediate. Hence W₂ separated statistically only from W₃ and W₄， while W₃ separated statistically only from W₁ and W₂. The seed yield under deficit irrigation was not lower than that in W₁ or even W₂. The seed yield was higher in N₂ than in N₁. 4） Seed yield was positively correlated with the N and P contents of green leaves and with nutrient resorption efficiencies at the podding stage， and negatively correlated with the nutrient contents of senesced leaves. Therefore， irrigation and N fertilization significantly affected the leaf nutrient contents during the reproductive growth stage of alfalfa， and their effects varied depending the growth stage. Nutrient resorption at the podding stage increased the supply of nutrients for seed formation. In conclusion， the highest alfalfa seed yield was obtained when N fertilizer was applied at 40 kg·ha^-1 under slight water deficit during the whole growth period， or under deficit irrigation at the re-greening and budding stages plus full irrigation at the podding stage.}}}

Key words: Hexi Corridor, alfalfa, regulated deficit irrigation, seed production, nutrient resorption

本转林, 金慧兴, 吴晓娟, 牟乐, 张娇娇, 韩云华, 杨惠敏. 河西走廊绿洲区灌溉和施氮肥下苜蓿生殖期叶片养分特性及其与种子产量的关联[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(1): 94-106.

Zhuan-lin BEN, Hui-xing JIN, Xiao-juan WU, Le MU, Jiao-jiao ZHANG, Yun-hua HAN, Hui-min YANG. Leaf nutritional traits of alfalfa at the reproductive stage and their correlations with seed yield under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilization levels in the oasis area of the Hexi Corridor[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(1): 94-106.

图/表 10

表1 试验样地土壤基本养分状况

Table 1 Basic soil nutrient status in test plots

土层深度 Soil depth （cm）	硝态氮 Nitrate N （mg·kg^-1）	铵态氮 Ammonium N （mg·kg^-1）	全氮 Total N （mg·kg^-1）	速效磷 Available P （mg·kg^-1）	全磷 Total P （g·kg^-1）	速效钾 Available K （mg·kg^-1）
0~10	1.196	0.532	332	1.517	0.731	116
10~20	0.510	0.522	200	0.955	0.735	71
20~30	0.542	0.430	116	0.664	0.596	86
30~60	0.723	0.507	12	0.604	0.561	94

表2 灌溉和施肥处理设计

Table 2 Experimental design for irrigation and fertilization treatments

处理 Treatment	灌水时间及灌溉量 Irrigation time and amount （mm）				施肥时间及施氮量Fertilization time and N application amount （kg·hm^-2）
处理 Treatment	返青期 Green-returning stage	现蕾期 Budding stage	结荚期 Podding stage	总灌水量 Total irrigation amount	返青期 Green-returning stage
W₁	150	150	150	450	10 （N₁）
W₂	120	120	120	360
W₃	90	90	90	270
W₄	150	75	75	300	40 （N₂）
W₅	75	150	75	300
W₆	75	75	150	300

表3 灌溉、施氮肥和生育时期对苜蓿叶片养分特性和种子产量的影响

Table 3 Effects of irrigation， N application and growth stage on leaf nutrient characteristics and seed yield of alfalfa

因素Factor	效应Effect	N_gr	P_gr	N_sen	P_sen	NRE	PRE	种子产量Seed yield
灌溉 Irrigation （W）	F	107.53	18.53	19.52	23.06	26.14	15.35	10.20
灌溉 Irrigation （W）	P	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
施氮肥 N application （N）	F	7.08	4.73	30.73	9.56	23.75	18.77	42.59
施氮肥 N application （N）	P	0.009	0.032	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
生育时期 Growth stage （T）	F	2377.20	562.93	1181.30	1989.60	1134.70	1179.90	-
生育时期 Growth stage （T）	P	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	-
W×N	F	7.49	4.10	18.23	6.71	19.50	15.22	4.06
W×N	P	<0.001	0.002	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.008
W×T	F	27.76	13.09	20.61	22.96	17.75	38.23	-
W×T	P	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	-
N×T	F	51.51	1.91	2.42	1.99	6.62	4.11	-
N×T	P	<0.001	0.133	0.096	0.140	0.002	0.020	-
W×N×T	F	13.12	4.06	9.01	3.84	8.17	7.09	-
W×N×T	P	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	-

图1 灌溉和施氮肥处理下不同生育时期苜蓿叶片全氮含量不同大写字母表示同一灌溉或施氮肥处理下不同生育时期间差异显著（P<0.05），不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同灌溉处理间差异显著（P<0.05）。Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different growth stages under the same irrigation or N application （P<0.05）. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation treatments at the same growth stage （P<0.05）. *： P<0.05； **： P<0.01； ***： P<0.001. ns：无显著差异No significant difference. Ngr： Total nitrogen content of green leaves； Nsen： Total nitrogen content of senesced leaves. 下同The same below.

Fig.1 Total N content in alfalfa leaves at different growth stages under irrigation and N application

图2 灌溉和施氮肥处理下不同生育时期苜蓿叶片全磷含量Pgr： Total phosphorus content of green leaves； Psen： Total phosphorus content of senesced leaves. 下同The same below.

Fig.2 Total P content in alfalfa leaves at different growth stages under irrigation and N application

图3 灌溉和施氮肥处理下不同生育时期叶片氮磷重吸收效率NRE： Nitrogen resorption efficiency； PRE： Phosphorus resorption efficiency. ****： P<0.0001.

Fig.3 Leaf N and P resorption efficiency at different growth stages under irrigation and N application

表4 苜蓿生殖期叶片氮、磷含量和重吸收效率间的相关性

Table 4 Correlations between N， P contents in alfalfa leaves and resorption efficiency during the reproductive growth

指标Index	N_gr	P_gr	N_sen	P_sen	NRE
P_gr	0.351**
N_sen	-0.366**	0.141
P_sen	-0.346**	0.243**	0.918**
NRE	0.650**	0.026	-0.943**	-0.866**
PRE	0.476**	0.074	-0.900**	-0.938**	0.905**

图4 灌溉和施氮肥处理下苜蓿种子产量不同小写字母表示不同灌溉处理间差异显著（P<0.05）。***表示不同施氮肥处理间在P<0.001水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation treatments （P<0.05）. *** indicates a significant difference at P<0.001 between different N application treatments.

Fig.4 Alfalfa seed yield under irrigation and N application

表5 苜蓿种子产量与生殖期叶片养分含量、重吸收效率的相关性

Table 5 Correlations between alfalfa seed yield and leaf nutrient content， resorption efficiency during the reproductive growth

叶片养分特性 Leaf nutrient characteristics	生育时期 Growth stage	种子产量Seed yield
叶片养分特性 Leaf nutrient characteristics	生育时期 Growth stage	相关系数Correlation coefficient	P
N_gr	现蕾期Budding stage	0.210	0.219
	结荚期Podding stage	0.629	<0.001
	成熟期Maturity stage	-0.050	0.773
P_gr	现蕾期Budding stage	-0.208	0.224
	结荚期Podding stage	0.513	0.001
	成熟期Maturity stage	0.070	0.685
N_sen	现蕾期Budding stage	0.094	0.587
	结荚期Podding stage	-0.327	0.051
	成熟期Maturity stage	-0.204	0.232
P_sen	现蕾期Budding stage	-0.079	0.647
	结荚期Podding stage	-0.353	0.035
	成熟期Maturity stage	0.213	0.213
NRE	现蕾期Budding stage	-0.004	0.982
	结荚期Podding stage	0.490	0.002
	成熟期Maturity stage	0.092	0.593
PRE	现蕾期Budding stage	0.027	0.874
	结荚期Podding stage	0.468	0.004
	成熟期Maturity stage	0.055	0.749

图5 苜蓿种子产量与结荚期叶片养分特性的相关关系

Fig.5 Correlation relationship between alfalfa seed yield and leaf nutrient characteristics at the podding stage

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