草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (3): 26-42.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025107
刘娜1(
), 吴明玥1, 纪旭1, 胡舒萍1, 张芙宁1, 贾昕1,2,3(
)
收稿日期:2025-03-26
修回日期:2025-06-09
出版日期:2026-03-20
发布日期:2026-01-19
通讯作者:
贾昕
作者简介:Corresponding author. E-mail: xinjia@bjfu.edu.cn基金资助:
Na LIU1(
), Ming-yue WU1, Xu JI1, Shu-ping HU1, Fu-ning ZHANG1, Xin JIA1,2,3(
)
Received:2025-03-26
Revised:2025-06-09
Online:2026-03-20
Published:2026-01-19
Contact:
Xin JIA
摘要:
以塔里木河流域的牧草植物为研究对象,旨在掌握该流域牧草植物资源的分布格局及其影响因子,为牧草资源的科、属、种层次开发利用提供理论支撑,同时基于将营养成分相似性的牧草划分整理,为塔里木河流域潜在高营养价值牧草品种的筛选与替代提供了理论依据。通过整合历史文献、野外调查及在线平台数据,更新了塔里木河流域牧草植物名录并分析了其科属种的组成及分布格局;利用冗余分析(RDA)探讨了人为、气候和土壤因子对不同牧草类群和生活型植物分布的影响;基于主成分分析(PCA)对营养价值相似的牧草植物进行了聚类分析。结果表明:1)塔里木河流域牧草植物共计41科153属269种,呈沿塔里木盆地边缘分布的特点,主要集中于北部和静县、西部乌恰县、西南部叶城县、和田县、东部若羌县及中部阿克苏市;2)年均温(MAT)与地方生产总值(GDP)是影响牧草类群区域分布的主要因子,贡献率达66.8%,年均温是影响牧草植物不同生活型区域分布差异的主要因子,其贡献率达62.2%,pH、速效钾(AK)为次要因子,贡献率分别为13.1%和10.8%,土壤有机质(SOM)仅对牧草类群植物分布有影响;3)牧草植物间的养分相似性独立于其系统发育关系及牧草等级划分。
刘娜, 吴明玥, 纪旭, 胡舒萍, 张芙宁, 贾昕. 塔里木河流域牧草植物分布格局与养分分析[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(3): 26-42.
Na LIU, Ming-yue WU, Xu JI, Shu-ping HU, Fu-ning ZHANG, Xin JIA. Analysis of the distribution pattern and nutrition profiles of forage plants in the Tarim River Basin[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(3): 26-42.
图1 塔里木河流域县域行政区划概况1: 阿克苏市Aksu City; 2: 阿合奇县Akqi County; 3: 阿克陶县Akto County; 4: 阿拉尔市Alar City; 5: 阿图什市Artux City; 6: 阿瓦提县Awat County; 7: 巴楚县Bachu County; 8:拜城县Bai County; 9: 博湖县Bohu County; 10: 策勒县Qira County; 11: 伽师县Jiashi County; 12: 和静县Hejing County; 13: 和硕县Hoxud County; 14: 和田市Hotan City; 15: 柯坪县Keping County; 16: 库车市Kucha City; 17: 库尔勒市Korla City; 18: 轮台县Luntai County; 19: 洛浦县Lop County; 20: 麦盖提县Makit County; 21: 民丰县Minfeng County; 22: 皮山县Pishan County; 23: 且末县Qiemo County; 24: 若羌县Ruoqiang County; 25: 沙雅县Shaya County; 26: 莎车县Yarkant County; 27: 疏附县Shufu County; 28: 塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County; 29: 图木舒克市Tumushuke City; 30: 尉犁县Yuli County; 31: 温宿县Wensu County; 32: 乌恰县Wuqia County; 33: 乌什县Uqturpan County; 34: 新和县Xinhe County; 35: 焉耆回族自治县Yanqi Hui Autonomous County; 36: 叶城县Yecheng County; 37: 英吉沙县Yingjisha County; 38: 于田县Yutian County; 39: 岳普湖县Yopurga County; 40: 泽普县Zepu County; 41: 墨玉县Moyu County; 42: 喀什市Kashgar City; 43: 疏勒县Shule County; 44: 和田县Hotan County. 下同The same below. 基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站GS(2023)2762号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改。Based on the standard map service website GS (2023) 2762 of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the boundary of the base map is not modified.
Fig.1 Overview of county-level administrative divisions in the Tarim River Basin
科名(科内物种数) Family name (Number of species in the family) | 属名(属内物种数) Genus name (Number of species in the genus) | |
|---|---|---|
| 刺柏属Juniperus (1) | ||
| 麻黄属Ephedra (1) | ||
| 杨属Populus (3) | ||
| 榆属Ulmus (1) | ||
| 荨麻属Urtica (1) | ||
| 木蓼属Atraphaxis (3);沙拐枣属Calligonum (8);蓼属Persicaria (3);拳参属Bistorta (1);酸模属Rumex (1) | ||
| 裸果木属Gymnocarpos (1) | ||
| 沙蓬属Agriophyllum (1);假木贼属Anabasis (2);滨藜属Atriplex (4);樟味藜属Camphorosma (1);角果藜属Ceratocarpus (1);藜属Chenopodium (2);红叶藜属Oxybasis (1);虫实属Corispermum (1);盐节木属Halocnemum (1);盐生草属Halogeton (2);盐穗木属Halostachys (1);梭梭属Haloxylon (2);戈壁藜属Iliamna (1);盐爪爪属Kalidium (5);驼绒藜属Krascheninnikovia (3);盐角草属Salicornia (2);山猪毛菜属Oreosalsola (2);碱猪毛菜属Soda (4);猪毛菜属Salsola (2);合头藜属Sympegma (1);苋属Amaranthus (1);腺毛藜属Dysphania (1);麻叶藜属Chenopodium (1);沙冰藜属Bassia (1);雾冰藜属Grubovia (1) | ||
| 铁线莲属Clematis (4) | ||
| 山柑属Capparis (1) | ||
| 独行菜属Lepidium (2);涩芥属Strigosella (1);念珠芥属Neotorularia (1);四齿芥属Tetracme (1) | ||
| 委陵菜属Potentilla (4);毛莓草属Sibbaldia (2);金露梅属Dasiphora (1);蕨麻属Argentina (1);蔷薇属Rosa (1);悬钩子属Rubus (1);地榆属Sanguisorba (1);羽衣草属Alchemilla (1) | ||
| 骆驼刺属Alhagi (1);紫穗槐属Amorpha (1);黄芪属Astragalus (3);锦鸡儿属Caragana (5);甘草属Glycyrrhiza (4);百脉根属Lotus (1);苜蓿属Medicago (3);草木樨属Melilotus (2);棘豆属Oxytropis (1);车轴草属Trifolium (4);刺槐属Robinia (1);野豌豆属Vicia (2) | ||
| 牻牛儿苗属Erodium (1);老鹳草属Geranium (1) | ||
| 白刺属Nitraria (4);骆驼蓬属Peganum (3);驼蹄瓣属Zygophyllum (2) | ||
| 远志属Polygala (1) | ||
| 木槿属Hibiscus (1);锦葵属Malva (1) | ||
| 胡颓子属Elaeagnus (1);沙棘属Hippophae (1) | ||
| 红砂属Reaumuria (2);柽柳属Tamarix (5);水柏枝属Myricaria (1) | ||
| 柳兰属Chamerion (1) | ||
| 锁阳属Cynomorium (1) | ||
| 珍珠菜属Lysimachia (1) | ||
| 补血草属Limonium (1) | ||
| 旋花属Convolvulus (2) | ||
| 青兰属Dracocephalum (1) | ||
| 车前属Plantago (1) | ||
| 亚菊属Ajania (1);蒿属Artemisia (11);紫菀木属Asterothamnus (1);蓝刺头属Echinops (1);旋覆花属Inula (1);花花柴属Karelinia (1);栉叶蒿属Neopallasia (1);鸦葱属Takhtajaniantha (2);苦苣菜属Sonchus (2);苦荬菜属Ixeris (1);绢蒿属Seriphidium (2);莴苣属Lactuca (2);蓟属Cirsium (1);紫菀属Aster (2);紫菀木属Asterothamnus (1)火绒草属Leontopodium (1);漏芦属Rhaponticum (1);飞蓬属Erigeron (1) | ||
| 水麦冬属Triglochin (1) | ||
| 芨芨草属Neotrinia (2);獐毛属Aeluropus (2);冰草属Agropyron (1);三芒草属Aristida (1);雀麦属Bromus (1);拂子茅属Calamagrostis (3);隐子草属Cleistogenes (1);披碱草属Elymus (6);九顶草属Enneapogon (1);旱麦草属Eremopyrum (1);洽草属Koeleria (1);狼尾草属Pennisetum (1);芦苇属Phragmites (1);狗尾草属Setaria (1);针茅属Stipa (7);稗属Echinochloa (1);甘蔗属Saccharum (1);狗牙根属Cynodon (1);虎尾草属Chloris (1);黄花茅属Anthoxanthum (1);剪股颖属Agrostis (1);碱茅属Puccinellia (1);孔颖草属Bothriochloa (1);赖草属Leymus (2);马唐属Digitaria (1);新麦草属Psathyrostachys (1);鸭茅属Dactylis (1);偃麦草属Elytrigia (1);燕麦属Avena (1);虉草属Phalaris (1);早熟禾属Poa (2);大麦属Hordeum (1);羊茅属Festuca (8);棒头草属Polypogon (1);画眉草属Eragrostis (1);荩草属Arthraxon (1);细柄茅属Ptilagrostis (1);异燕麦属Helictotrichon (1) | ||
| 榕属Ficus (1) | ||
| 扁穗草属Blysmus (2);薹草属Carex (7) | ||
| 泽泻属Alisma (1) | ||
| 葱属Allium (2) | ||
| 卫矛属Euonymus (1) | ||
| 香蒲属Typha (2) | ||
| 拉拉藤属Galium (1) | ||
| 牛舌草属Anchusa (1) | ||
| 灯芯草属Juncus (2) | ||
| 马齿苋属Portulaca (1) | ||
表1 塔里木河流域牧草植物科属物种数
Table 1 List of the number of species in each family and genus
科名(科内物种数) Family name (Number of species in the family) | 属名(属内物种数) Genus name (Number of species in the genus) | |
|---|---|---|
| 刺柏属Juniperus (1) | ||
| 麻黄属Ephedra (1) | ||
| 杨属Populus (3) | ||
| 榆属Ulmus (1) | ||
| 荨麻属Urtica (1) | ||
| 木蓼属Atraphaxis (3);沙拐枣属Calligonum (8);蓼属Persicaria (3);拳参属Bistorta (1);酸模属Rumex (1) | ||
| 裸果木属Gymnocarpos (1) | ||
| 沙蓬属Agriophyllum (1);假木贼属Anabasis (2);滨藜属Atriplex (4);樟味藜属Camphorosma (1);角果藜属Ceratocarpus (1);藜属Chenopodium (2);红叶藜属Oxybasis (1);虫实属Corispermum (1);盐节木属Halocnemum (1);盐生草属Halogeton (2);盐穗木属Halostachys (1);梭梭属Haloxylon (2);戈壁藜属Iliamna (1);盐爪爪属Kalidium (5);驼绒藜属Krascheninnikovia (3);盐角草属Salicornia (2);山猪毛菜属Oreosalsola (2);碱猪毛菜属Soda (4);猪毛菜属Salsola (2);合头藜属Sympegma (1);苋属Amaranthus (1);腺毛藜属Dysphania (1);麻叶藜属Chenopodium (1);沙冰藜属Bassia (1);雾冰藜属Grubovia (1) | ||
| 铁线莲属Clematis (4) | ||
| 山柑属Capparis (1) | ||
| 独行菜属Lepidium (2);涩芥属Strigosella (1);念珠芥属Neotorularia (1);四齿芥属Tetracme (1) | ||
| 委陵菜属Potentilla (4);毛莓草属Sibbaldia (2);金露梅属Dasiphora (1);蕨麻属Argentina (1);蔷薇属Rosa (1);悬钩子属Rubus (1);地榆属Sanguisorba (1);羽衣草属Alchemilla (1) | ||
| 骆驼刺属Alhagi (1);紫穗槐属Amorpha (1);黄芪属Astragalus (3);锦鸡儿属Caragana (5);甘草属Glycyrrhiza (4);百脉根属Lotus (1);苜蓿属Medicago (3);草木樨属Melilotus (2);棘豆属Oxytropis (1);车轴草属Trifolium (4);刺槐属Robinia (1);野豌豆属Vicia (2) | ||
| 牻牛儿苗属Erodium (1);老鹳草属Geranium (1) | ||
| 白刺属Nitraria (4);骆驼蓬属Peganum (3);驼蹄瓣属Zygophyllum (2) | ||
| 远志属Polygala (1) | ||
| 木槿属Hibiscus (1);锦葵属Malva (1) | ||
| 胡颓子属Elaeagnus (1);沙棘属Hippophae (1) | ||
| 红砂属Reaumuria (2);柽柳属Tamarix (5);水柏枝属Myricaria (1) | ||
| 柳兰属Chamerion (1) | ||
| 锁阳属Cynomorium (1) | ||
| 珍珠菜属Lysimachia (1) | ||
| 补血草属Limonium (1) | ||
| 旋花属Convolvulus (2) | ||
| 青兰属Dracocephalum (1) | ||
| 车前属Plantago (1) | ||
| 亚菊属Ajania (1);蒿属Artemisia (11);紫菀木属Asterothamnus (1);蓝刺头属Echinops (1);旋覆花属Inula (1);花花柴属Karelinia (1);栉叶蒿属Neopallasia (1);鸦葱属Takhtajaniantha (2);苦苣菜属Sonchus (2);苦荬菜属Ixeris (1);绢蒿属Seriphidium (2);莴苣属Lactuca (2);蓟属Cirsium (1);紫菀属Aster (2);紫菀木属Asterothamnus (1)火绒草属Leontopodium (1);漏芦属Rhaponticum (1);飞蓬属Erigeron (1) | ||
| 水麦冬属Triglochin (1) | ||
| 芨芨草属Neotrinia (2);獐毛属Aeluropus (2);冰草属Agropyron (1);三芒草属Aristida (1);雀麦属Bromus (1);拂子茅属Calamagrostis (3);隐子草属Cleistogenes (1);披碱草属Elymus (6);九顶草属Enneapogon (1);旱麦草属Eremopyrum (1);洽草属Koeleria (1);狼尾草属Pennisetum (1);芦苇属Phragmites (1);狗尾草属Setaria (1);针茅属Stipa (7);稗属Echinochloa (1);甘蔗属Saccharum (1);狗牙根属Cynodon (1);虎尾草属Chloris (1);黄花茅属Anthoxanthum (1);剪股颖属Agrostis (1);碱茅属Puccinellia (1);孔颖草属Bothriochloa (1);赖草属Leymus (2);马唐属Digitaria (1);新麦草属Psathyrostachys (1);鸭茅属Dactylis (1);偃麦草属Elytrigia (1);燕麦属Avena (1);虉草属Phalaris (1);早熟禾属Poa (2);大麦属Hordeum (1);羊茅属Festuca (8);棒头草属Polypogon (1);画眉草属Eragrostis (1);荩草属Arthraxon (1);细柄茅属Ptilagrostis (1);异燕麦属Helictotrichon (1) | ||
| 榕属Ficus (1) | ||
| 扁穗草属Blysmus (2);薹草属Carex (7) | ||
| 泽泻属Alisma (1) | ||
| 葱属Allium (2) | ||
| 卫矛属Euonymus (1) | ||
| 香蒲属Typha (2) | ||
| 拉拉藤属Galium (1) | ||
| 牛舌草属Anchusa (1) | ||
| 灯芯草属Juncus (2) | ||
| 马齿苋属Portulaca (1) | ||
科类别 Categories of families | 科Family | 属Genus | 种Species | 属类别 Categories of genera | 属Genus | 种Species | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
数量 Number (No.) | 占比 Percentage (%) | 数量 Number(No.) | 占比 Percentage (%) | 数量 Number (No.) | 占比 Percentage (%) | 数量 Number (No.) | 占比 Percentage (%) | 数量Number (No.) | 占比Percentage (%) | ||
| 大型科Large family (≥10) | 6 | 15 | 196 | 73 | 107 | 70 | 大型属Large genus (≥10) | 1 | 1 | 11 | 4 |
| 中型科Medium-sized family (5~9) | 4 | 10 | 31 | 12 | 13 | 8 | 中型属Medium-sized genus (5~9) | 8 | 5 | 51 | 18 |
| 小型科Small family (2~4) | 8 | 20 | 19 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 小型属Small genus (2~4) | 42 | 27 | 105 | 39 |
| 单种科Monotypic family (1) | 23 | 55 | 23 | 8 | 23 | 15 | 单种属Monotypic genus (1) | 102 | 67 | 102 | 39 |
表2 塔里木河流域牧草植物科属分析
Table 2 Analysis of family and genus of forage plants in Tarim River Basin
科类别 Categories of families | 科Family | 属Genus | 种Species | 属类别 Categories of genera | 属Genus | 种Species | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
数量 Number (No.) | 占比 Percentage (%) | 数量 Number(No.) | 占比 Percentage (%) | 数量 Number (No.) | 占比 Percentage (%) | 数量 Number (No.) | 占比 Percentage (%) | 数量Number (No.) | 占比Percentage (%) | ||
| 大型科Large family (≥10) | 6 | 15 | 196 | 73 | 107 | 70 | 大型属Large genus (≥10) | 1 | 1 | 11 | 4 |
| 中型科Medium-sized family (5~9) | 4 | 10 | 31 | 12 | 13 | 8 | 中型属Medium-sized genus (5~9) | 8 | 5 | 51 | 18 |
| 小型科Small family (2~4) | 8 | 20 | 19 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 小型属Small genus (2~4) | 42 | 27 | 105 | 39 |
| 单种科Monotypic family (1) | 23 | 55 | 23 | 8 | 23 | 15 | 单种属Monotypic genus (1) | 102 | 67 | 102 | 39 |
图2 塔里木河流域牧草植物类群分布a, b, c, d, e分别为禾本科、豆科、莎草科、其他科及灌木植物分布。a, b, c, d, e were the distribution of Poaceae forage plants, Leguminous forage plants, Cyperaceae forage plants, forage plants from other families and shrub plants. 基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站GS(2023)2762号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改。Based on the standard map service website GS (2023) 2762 of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the boundary of the base map is not modified.
Fig.2 Distribution of forage plant communities in the Tarim River Basin
图3 塔里木河流域牧草植物生活型分布a、b、c分别代表一年生、两年生及多年生牧草植物分布。a, b, c were the distribution of annual forage plants, biennial forage plants and perennial forage plants. 基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站GS(2023)2762号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改。Based on the standard map service website GS (2023) 2762 of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the boundary of the base map is not modified.
Fig.3 Life-form distribution of forage plants in the Tarim River Basin
图4 不同生活型物种数(a)和牧草类群物种数(b)与13个影响因子的相关性热图*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001.
Fig.4 Heatmap of correlation between 13 influencing factors and the number of species in different life forms (a) and the number of species of forage taxa (b)
生活型 Life forms | 年均温Mean annual temperature (MAT) | 年均降水Annual precipitation (AP) | pH | 全磷Total phosphorus (TP) | 碱解氮Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) | 速效钾Available potassium (AK) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一年生Annual | -0.386* | / | -0.393** | 0.320* | 0.351* | -0.377* |
| 两年生Biennial | -0.526** | 0.525** | -0.460** | 0.413** | 0.497** | -0.384* |
| 多年生Perennial | -0.541*** | / | -0.423** | / | 0.336* | -0.374* |
表 3 对塔里木河流域不同生活型牧草植物分布具有显著影响的因子
Table 3 Factors that have significant impacts on the distribution of forage plants with different life forms in the Tarim River Basin
生活型 Life forms | 年均温Mean annual temperature (MAT) | 年均降水Annual precipitation (AP) | pH | 全磷Total phosphorus (TP) | 碱解氮Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) | 速效钾Available potassium (AK) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一年生Annual | -0.386* | / | -0.393** | 0.320* | 0.351* | -0.377* |
| 两年生Biennial | -0.526** | 0.525** | -0.460** | 0.413** | 0.497** | -0.384* |
| 多年生Perennial | -0.541*** | / | -0.423** | / | 0.336* | -0.374* |
牧草类群 Forage plant groups | 年均温Mean annual temperature (MAT) | 年均降水Annual precipitation (AP) | 地方生产总值Gross domestic product (GDP) | pH | 土壤有机质Soil organic matter | 全磷Total phosphorus (TP) | 碱解氮Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) | 速效钾Available potassium (AK) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 禾本科Poaceae | -0.582** | 0.473** | / | -0.602** | / | 0.414** | 0.555** | -0.457** |
| 豆科Fabaceae | -0.325* | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 莎草科Cyperaceae | -0.582** | 0.380* | / | -0.515** | 0.332* | 0.424** | 0.411** | -0.536** |
| 其他科Other family | -0.597** | / | / | -0.471** | / | 0.340* | 0.340* | -0.458** |
| 灌木Shrub | -0.321* | / | 0.334* | / | / | / | / | / |
表4 对塔里木河流域不同牧草类群牧草植物分布具有显著影响的因子
Table 4 Factors significantly influencing the distribution of pasture plants of different forage taxa in the Tarim River Basin
牧草类群 Forage plant groups | 年均温Mean annual temperature (MAT) | 年均降水Annual precipitation (AP) | 地方生产总值Gross domestic product (GDP) | pH | 土壤有机质Soil organic matter | 全磷Total phosphorus (TP) | 碱解氮Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) | 速效钾Available potassium (AK) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 禾本科Poaceae | -0.582** | 0.473** | / | -0.602** | / | 0.414** | 0.555** | -0.457** |
| 豆科Fabaceae | -0.325* | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 莎草科Cyperaceae | -0.582** | 0.380* | / | -0.515** | 0.332* | 0.424** | 0.411** | -0.536** |
| 其他科Other family | -0.597** | / | / | -0.471** | / | 0.340* | 0.340* | -0.458** |
| 灌木Shrub | -0.321* | / | 0.334* | / | / | / | / | / |
图5 牧草类群、生活型与环境因子冗余分析及影响其分布的环境因子贡献百分比a、b分别为牧草类群及生活型对环境因子的冗余分析,c、d分别为影响草本类群与生活型物种数的环境因子贡献百分比。a, b were redundancy analysis (RDA) showing the relationship between life forms and environmental factors; c, d were the percentage contribution of environmental factors with affecting the distribution of forage taxa and influencing the distribution of life forms.
Fig.5 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of forage groups, life forms, and environmental factors, along with the percentage contribution of environmental factors influencing
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