草业学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9): 117-126.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020337
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
吴廷美(), 林慧龙(), 范迪, 籍常婷, 赵玉婷, 魏靖琼
收稿日期:
2020-07-15
修回日期:
2020-11-02
出版日期:
2021-08-30
发布日期:
2021-08-30
通讯作者:
林慧龙
作者简介:
Corresponding author. E-mail: linhuilong@lzu.edu.cn基金资助:
Ting-mei WU(), Hui-long LIN(), Di FAN, Chang-ting JI, Yu-ting ZHAO, Jing-qiong WEI
Received:
2020-07-15
Revised:
2020-11-02
Online:
2021-08-30
Published:
2021-08-30
Contact:
Hui-long LIN
摘要:
家畜养殖规模是草地载畜的重要组成部分,对其影响因素进行深度剖析,对于引导牧户合理放牧,遏制草地退化,确保我国生态安全意义重大。根据在青海省调查获取的牧户数据,本研究运用主成分分析法识别了冻原高山草地上相关因素对牧户家畜养殖量的贡献率,进一步采用分位数回归深入剖析了不同规模牧户家畜养殖量的影响因素及其影响规律,探索家畜养殖影响因素在牧户规模层面的异质性。结果表明:冻原高山草地牧户家畜养殖量的主导现实因素为自然因子,其余影响因素依次是政策因子、教育因子和非牧因子;中等以下规模牧户家畜养殖量受家庭劳动力和非牧就业收入占比的显著影响;中等及以上规模牧户家畜养殖量受人均经营草地面积和草原补奖政策的显著影响,补奖政策中禁牧比草畜平衡更能达到保护草地生态的目标。建议增加牧区非牧就业机会,积极引导中等以下规模牧户参与非牧就业,同时加大冻原高山草地禁牧范围,并在补偿标准上对中等及以上规模牧户适当倾斜。本研究发现了冻原高山草地上家畜养殖影响因素在牧户规模上的异质性,为政府针对不同规模牧户区分管理提供了一定的科学依据。
吴廷美, 林慧龙, 范迪, 籍常婷, 赵玉婷, 魏靖琼. 冻原高山草地牧户家畜养殖规模影响因素分析——以青海省为例[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(9): 117-126.
Ting-mei WU, Hui-long LIN, Di FAN, Chang-ting JI, Yu-ting ZHAO, Jing-qiong WEI. Factors influencing the scale of herdsmen’s livestock farming in tundra alpine grassland-A case study from Qinghai Province[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(9): 117-126.
影响因素 Influencing factors | 指标因子 Index factor | 因子含义 Factor meaning | 符号 Symbol |
---|---|---|---|
个人特征Personal characteristics | 户主年龄Age of head of household | 户主实际年龄Actual age of head of household | P1 |
户主受教育水平Education level of head of household (a) | 户主受教育年限Education level of head of household | P2 | |
家庭特征Family characteristics | 家庭整体劳动力Overall family labor | 家庭整体劳动力数量Number of overall family labor | H1 |
非牧就业收入占比Proportion of non-pastoral employment income (%) | 非牧就业收入占家庭总收入的比重Proportion of non-pastoral employment income | H2 | |
草地经营特征Grassland management characteristics | 人均经营草地面积Per capita operating grassland area (hm2·person-1) | 家庭经营草地面积除以家庭人口数Family-run grassland area divided by household population | G1 |
草原补奖金额Prairie supplement amount (×103 CNY) | 牧户所获草原补奖资金总额Total amount of grassland supplementary funds received by herdsmen | G2 | |
外部环境因素External environmental factors | 海拔Altitude (km) | 牧户所处位置海拔Altitude of the herdsman | E1 |
湿润度K Wetness K | 牧户最常使用草地的湿润度K值Herders most often use the wetness K value of grassland moisture | E2 | |
年降水Annual precipitation (mm) | 牧户最常使用草地的年均降水量The average annual precipitation of pastures most used by grassland | E3 | |
年积温Annual accumulated temperature (℃) | 牧户最常使用草地>0 ℃的年积温Herders most often use grassland with an annual accumulated temperature of >0 ℃ | E4 |
表1 影响因子含义和符号
Table 1 Impact factor meaning and symbols
影响因素 Influencing factors | 指标因子 Index factor | 因子含义 Factor meaning | 符号 Symbol |
---|---|---|---|
个人特征Personal characteristics | 户主年龄Age of head of household | 户主实际年龄Actual age of head of household | P1 |
户主受教育水平Education level of head of household (a) | 户主受教育年限Education level of head of household | P2 | |
家庭特征Family characteristics | 家庭整体劳动力Overall family labor | 家庭整体劳动力数量Number of overall family labor | H1 |
非牧就业收入占比Proportion of non-pastoral employment income (%) | 非牧就业收入占家庭总收入的比重Proportion of non-pastoral employment income | H2 | |
草地经营特征Grassland management characteristics | 人均经营草地面积Per capita operating grassland area (hm2·person-1) | 家庭经营草地面积除以家庭人口数Family-run grassland area divided by household population | G1 |
草原补奖金额Prairie supplement amount (×103 CNY) | 牧户所获草原补奖资金总额Total amount of grassland supplementary funds received by herdsmen | G2 | |
外部环境因素External environmental factors | 海拔Altitude (km) | 牧户所处位置海拔Altitude of the herdsman | E1 |
湿润度K Wetness K | 牧户最常使用草地的湿润度K值Herders most often use the wetness K value of grassland moisture | E2 | |
年降水Annual precipitation (mm) | 牧户最常使用草地的年均降水量The average annual precipitation of pastures most used by grassland | E3 | |
年积温Annual accumulated temperature (℃) | 牧户最常使用草地>0 ℃的年积温Herders most often use grassland with an annual accumulated temperature of >0 ℃ | E4 |
变量 Variable | 平均值 Mean | 标准差 Standard deviation | 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value |
---|---|---|---|---|
牧户家畜养殖量Livestock breeding volume of herdsmen (Y) | 221.47 | 161.91 | 0.00 | 781.60 |
户主年龄Age of head of household (P1, a) | 46.71 | 13.57 | 19.00 | 92.00 |
户主受教育水平Education level of head of household (P2, a) | 1.43 | 2.78 | 0.00 | 12.00 |
家庭整体劳动力Overall family labor (H1) | 2.46 | 1.17 | 0.00 | 7.00 |
非牧就业收入占比Proportion of non-pastoral employment income (H2, %) | 14.61 | 23.19 | 0.00 | 95.65 |
人均经营草地面积Per capita operating grassland area (G1, hm2) | 27.40 | 29.41 | 0.00 | 182.50 |
草原补奖金额Prairie supplement amount (G2, ×103 CNY) | 9.42 | 7.44 | 0.18 | 54.18 |
政策类型Type of policy (Bb) | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
表2 变量的描述性统计
Table 2 Descriptive statistics of variable
变量 Variable | 平均值 Mean | 标准差 Standard deviation | 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value |
---|---|---|---|---|
牧户家畜养殖量Livestock breeding volume of herdsmen (Y) | 221.47 | 161.91 | 0.00 | 781.60 |
户主年龄Age of head of household (P1, a) | 46.71 | 13.57 | 19.00 | 92.00 |
户主受教育水平Education level of head of household (P2, a) | 1.43 | 2.78 | 0.00 | 12.00 |
家庭整体劳动力Overall family labor (H1) | 2.46 | 1.17 | 0.00 | 7.00 |
非牧就业收入占比Proportion of non-pastoral employment income (H2, %) | 14.61 | 23.19 | 0.00 | 95.65 |
人均经营草地面积Per capita operating grassland area (G1, hm2) | 27.40 | 29.41 | 0.00 | 182.50 |
草原补奖金额Prairie supplement amount (G2, ×103 CNY) | 9.42 | 7.44 | 0.18 | 54.18 |
政策类型Type of policy (Bb) | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
图2 牧户家畜养殖特征养羊比容表示牧户草地经营面积与家畜养殖数量的比值[16]。The specific capacity of raising sheep is the ratio of the area of the herd’s grassland to the number of livestock raised [16].
Fig. 2 Livestock breeding characteristics of herdsmen
影响因子Impact factor | 主成分1 PCA1 | 主成分2 PCA2 | 主成分3 PCA3 | 主成分4 PCA4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
户主年龄Head of household (P1) | -0.0845 | 0.3948 | -0.5880 | 0.0262 |
户主受教育水平Education level of head of household (P2) | -0.0127 | 0.0414 | 0.8510 | 0.0685 |
家庭整体劳动力Overall family labor (H1) | -0.0912 | 0.5612 | -0.1380 | 0.4863 |
非牧就业收入占比Proportion of non-pastoral employment income (H2) | 0.0026 | -0.0545 | 0.0945 | 0.8537 |
人均经营草地面积Per capita operating grassland area (G1) | 0.2849 | 0.5912 | 0.2934 | -0.3767 |
草原补奖金额Prairie supplement amount (G2) | -0.1069 | 0.7392 | -0.1148 | -0.0285 |
海拔 Altitude (E1) | 0.9533 | 0.0051 | 0.0299 | -0.0464 |
湿润度K Wetness K (E2) | 0.9457 | 0.0629 | 0.0269 | -0.0488 |
年降水Annual precipitation (E3) | 0.8941 | -0.1797 | -0.0642 | 0.1624 |
年积温Annual accumulated temperature (E4) | -0.9371 | -0.0454 | -0.0689 | 0.1187 |
表3 主成分的载荷情况
Table 3 Principal component load
影响因子Impact factor | 主成分1 PCA1 | 主成分2 PCA2 | 主成分3 PCA3 | 主成分4 PCA4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
户主年龄Head of household (P1) | -0.0845 | 0.3948 | -0.5880 | 0.0262 |
户主受教育水平Education level of head of household (P2) | -0.0127 | 0.0414 | 0.8510 | 0.0685 |
家庭整体劳动力Overall family labor (H1) | -0.0912 | 0.5612 | -0.1380 | 0.4863 |
非牧就业收入占比Proportion of non-pastoral employment income (H2) | 0.0026 | -0.0545 | 0.0945 | 0.8537 |
人均经营草地面积Per capita operating grassland area (G1) | 0.2849 | 0.5912 | 0.2934 | -0.3767 |
草原补奖金额Prairie supplement amount (G2) | -0.1069 | 0.7392 | -0.1148 | -0.0285 |
海拔 Altitude (E1) | 0.9533 | 0.0051 | 0.0299 | -0.0464 |
湿润度K Wetness K (E2) | 0.9457 | 0.0629 | 0.0269 | -0.0488 |
年降水Annual precipitation (E3) | 0.8941 | -0.1797 | -0.0642 | 0.1624 |
年积温Annual accumulated temperature (E4) | -0.9371 | -0.0454 | -0.0689 | 0.1187 |
变量 Variable | OLS回归 OLS regression | QR回归QR regression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
QR_10 | QR_25 | QR_50 | QR_75 | ||
个人特征Personal characteristics | |||||
户主年龄 Age of head of household (P1) | -0.0018 | -0.0028 | 0.0044 | 0.0007 | 0.0010 |
(0.0060) | (0.0131) | (0.0065) | (0.0049) | (0.0044) | |
户主受教育水平Education level of head of household (P2) | -0.0636 | -0.3192* | 0.0080 | 0.0070 | 0.0309 |
(0.0468) | (0.1709) | (0.0833) | (0.0273) | (0.0245) | |
家庭特征Family characteristics | |||||
家庭整体劳动力Overall family labor (H1) | 0.1442* | 0.2047 | 0.1834** | 0.0680 | 0.0633 |
(0.0790) | (0.1420) | (0.0889) | (0.0547) | (0.0541) | |
非牧就业收入占比Proportion of non-pastoral employment income (H2) | -0.0133** | -0.0297* | -0.0092 | -0.0038 | -0.0027 |
(0.0059) | (0.0170) | (0.0085) | (0.0039) | (0.0037) | |
草地经营特征Grassland management characteristics | |||||
人均经营草地面积Per capita operating grassland area (G1) | 0.0083** | 0.0047 | 0.0032 | 0.0062** | 0.0066** |
(0.0033) | (0.0082) | (0.0050) | (0.0029) | (0.0026) | |
草原补奖金额Prairie supplement amount (G2) | 0.0388*** | 0.0469*** | 0.0373*** | 0.0369*** | 0.0250*** |
(0.0090) | (0.0139) | (0.0099) | (0.0087) | (0.0085) | |
禁牧补助Grazing ban (G1×Bb) | -0.0400*** | -0.0573 | -0.0237 | -0.0268*** | -0.0247** |
(0.0127) | (0.0460) | (0.0151) | (0.0097) | (0.0103) | |
外部环境因素External environmental factors | |||||
海拔Altitude (E1) | -0.0003 | -0.0005 | -0.0005** | 0.0004*** | 0.0003** |
(0.0002) | (0.0003) | (0.0002) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | |
常数项Constant term (β0) | 5.7760*** | 5.6583*** | 5.5783*** | 6.2415*** | 6.2934*** |
(0.8440) | (1.5203) | (0.8041) | (0.6949) | (0.6438) | |
决定系数Pseudo (R2) | 0.3121 | 0.2045 | 0.1648 | 0.2028 | 0.1648 |
观测值Observations | 203 |
表4 不同规模牧户家畜养殖量的分位数回归结果
Table 4 Quantile regression results of livestock breeding volume of herdsmen of different sizes
变量 Variable | OLS回归 OLS regression | QR回归QR regression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
QR_10 | QR_25 | QR_50 | QR_75 | ||
个人特征Personal characteristics | |||||
户主年龄 Age of head of household (P1) | -0.0018 | -0.0028 | 0.0044 | 0.0007 | 0.0010 |
(0.0060) | (0.0131) | (0.0065) | (0.0049) | (0.0044) | |
户主受教育水平Education level of head of household (P2) | -0.0636 | -0.3192* | 0.0080 | 0.0070 | 0.0309 |
(0.0468) | (0.1709) | (0.0833) | (0.0273) | (0.0245) | |
家庭特征Family characteristics | |||||
家庭整体劳动力Overall family labor (H1) | 0.1442* | 0.2047 | 0.1834** | 0.0680 | 0.0633 |
(0.0790) | (0.1420) | (0.0889) | (0.0547) | (0.0541) | |
非牧就业收入占比Proportion of non-pastoral employment income (H2) | -0.0133** | -0.0297* | -0.0092 | -0.0038 | -0.0027 |
(0.0059) | (0.0170) | (0.0085) | (0.0039) | (0.0037) | |
草地经营特征Grassland management characteristics | |||||
人均经营草地面积Per capita operating grassland area (G1) | 0.0083** | 0.0047 | 0.0032 | 0.0062** | 0.0066** |
(0.0033) | (0.0082) | (0.0050) | (0.0029) | (0.0026) | |
草原补奖金额Prairie supplement amount (G2) | 0.0388*** | 0.0469*** | 0.0373*** | 0.0369*** | 0.0250*** |
(0.0090) | (0.0139) | (0.0099) | (0.0087) | (0.0085) | |
禁牧补助Grazing ban (G1×Bb) | -0.0400*** | -0.0573 | -0.0237 | -0.0268*** | -0.0247** |
(0.0127) | (0.0460) | (0.0151) | (0.0097) | (0.0103) | |
外部环境因素External environmental factors | |||||
海拔Altitude (E1) | -0.0003 | -0.0005 | -0.0005** | 0.0004*** | 0.0003** |
(0.0002) | (0.0003) | (0.0002) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | |
常数项Constant term (β0) | 5.7760*** | 5.6583*** | 5.5783*** | 6.2415*** | 6.2934*** |
(0.8440) | (1.5203) | (0.8041) | (0.6949) | (0.6438) | |
决定系数Pseudo (R2) | 0.3121 | 0.2045 | 0.1648 | 0.2028 | 0.1648 |
观测值Observations | 203 |
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