草业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5): 1-15.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023217
• 研究论文 •
收稿日期:
2023-06-27
修回日期:
2023-07-21
出版日期:
2024-05-20
发布日期:
2024-02-03
通讯作者:
丁彦芬
作者简介:
E-mail: yfding@njfu.com.cn基金资助:
Qian LIU(), Yan-fen DING(), Shan-shan SONG, Wen-jie XU, Wei YANG
Received:
2023-06-27
Revised:
2023-07-21
Online:
2024-05-20
Published:
2024-02-03
Contact:
Yan-fen DING
摘要:
探索南京明城墙绿带草本层自生植物群落类型及其分布情况,确定影响其群落分布的主要环境因子,旨在为构建南京明城墙沿线绿色生态廊道及加强对于明城墙的保护提供理论依据。以南京明城墙绿带内30个样点为研究对象,基于南京明城墙绿带的野外调查数据,以物种重要值为指标,运用α多样性指数分析草本层自生植物的物种多样性特征,采用平均聚合聚类(UPGMA)和典范对应分析(CCA)进行数量分类与排序,研究南京明城墙绿带草本层自生植物群落组成、分布及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:1)南京明城墙绿带草本层自生植物的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高,且物种分布较为均匀;2)UPGMA聚类将明城墙绿带草本层自生植物分为棕榈-常春藤婆婆纳+中华薹草+黄鹌菜群落、繁缕+紫堇+诸葛菜+阿拉伯婆婆纳群落、常春藤婆婆纳+野芝麻+繁缕+紫堇群落、鹅观草+野芝麻+诸葛菜+紫堇群落、络石-鹅观草+常春藤婆婆纳+加拿大一枝黄花群落、天葵+繁缕+野芝麻+猪殃殃群落、络石-野芝麻+诸葛菜+南赤瓟群落、蓬蘽+络石-渐尖毛蕨+鹅观草群落、野芝麻+鹅观草+求米草+青绿薹草群落、络石-野芝麻+常春藤婆婆纳+诸葛菜群落、野蔷薇+络石+厚萼凌霄-茜草群落11组类型;3)CCA排序结果显示,影响南京明城墙绿带草本层自生植物群落分布的主要环境因子是郁闭度、枯落物厚度、墙体高度及墙面朝向。
刘倩, 丁彦芬, 宋杉杉, 许文婕, 杨威. 南京明城墙绿带草本层自生植物群落数量分类与排序分析[J]. 草业学报, 2024, 33(5): 1-15.
Qian LIU, Yan-fen DING, Shan-shan SONG, Wen-jie XU, Wei YANG. Quantitative classification and ordination analysis of spontaneous vegetation communities in herb layer along the green belt of Nanjing Ming City Wall[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2024, 33(5): 1-15.
等级 Level | 郁闭度 Canopy density | 人为干扰 Human disturbance |
---|---|---|
1 | <0.20 | 罕见人为踩踏Rare human disturbance |
2 | 0.20~0.39 | 极少人为踩踏Few human disturbance |
3 | 0.40~0.59 | 有人为踩踏Some human disturbance |
4 | 0.60~0.79 | 较多人为踩踏More human disturbance |
5 | >0.80 | 经常人为踩踏Frequent human disturbance |
表1 郁闭度和人为干扰等级划分
Table 1 Classification of canopy density and human disturbance
等级 Level | 郁闭度 Canopy density | 人为干扰 Human disturbance |
---|---|---|
1 | <0.20 | 罕见人为踩踏Rare human disturbance |
2 | 0.20~0.39 | 极少人为踩踏Few human disturbance |
3 | 0.40~0.59 | 有人为踩踏Some human disturbance |
4 | 0.60~0.79 | 较多人为踩踏More human disturbance |
5 | >0.80 | 经常人为踩踏Frequent human disturbance |
样点号 Sampling site | 墙体高度 Wall height (m) | 墙面朝向 Wall orientation | 坡度 Slope (°) | 坡向 Aspect | 郁闭度 Canopy density | 人为干扰 Human disturbance | 枯落物厚度 Litter thickness (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 14 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0.01 |
2 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0.02 |
3 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0.02 |
4 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0.01 |
5 | 14 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.02 |
6 | 14 | 3 | 25 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.05 |
7 | 14 | 3 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.07 |
8 | 15 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0.05 |
9 | 15 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0.10 |
10 | 13 | 2 | 45 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0.03 |
11 | 16 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0.01 |
12 | 19 | 6 | 28 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0.10 |
13 | 19 | 6 | 15 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0.08 |
14 | 19 | 6 | 15 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0.08 |
15 | 17 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0.05 |
16 | 17 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 0.06 |
17 | 18 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0.05 |
18 | 24 | 1 | 25 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0.05 |
19 | 14 | 3 | 32 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 0.01 |
20 | 19 | 8 | 15 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 0.03 |
21 | 19 | 4 | 22 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 0.02 |
22 | 20 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0.01 |
23 | 20 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.01 |
24 | 20 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0.02 |
25 | 20 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0.01 |
26 | 13 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 0.01 |
27 | 14 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0.01 |
28 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0.03 |
29 | 7 | 5 | 22 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0.04 |
30 | 7 | 5 | 24 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 0.02 |
表2 样点环境因子
Table 2 Environmental factors of sampling sites
样点号 Sampling site | 墙体高度 Wall height (m) | 墙面朝向 Wall orientation | 坡度 Slope (°) | 坡向 Aspect | 郁闭度 Canopy density | 人为干扰 Human disturbance | 枯落物厚度 Litter thickness (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 14 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0.01 |
2 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0.02 |
3 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0.02 |
4 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0.01 |
5 | 14 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.02 |
6 | 14 | 3 | 25 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.05 |
7 | 14 | 3 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.07 |
8 | 15 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0.05 |
9 | 15 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0.10 |
10 | 13 | 2 | 45 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0.03 |
11 | 16 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0.01 |
12 | 19 | 6 | 28 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0.10 |
13 | 19 | 6 | 15 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0.08 |
14 | 19 | 6 | 15 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0.08 |
15 | 17 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0.05 |
16 | 17 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 0.06 |
17 | 18 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0.05 |
18 | 24 | 1 | 25 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0.05 |
19 | 14 | 3 | 32 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 0.01 |
20 | 19 | 8 | 15 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 0.03 |
21 | 19 | 4 | 22 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 0.02 |
22 | 20 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0.01 |
23 | 20 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.01 |
24 | 20 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0.02 |
25 | 20 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0.01 |
26 | 13 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 0.01 |
27 | 14 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0.01 |
28 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0.03 |
29 | 7 | 5 | 22 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0.04 |
30 | 7 | 5 | 24 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 0.02 |
群落编号 Community number | 物种 Species | 总重要值 Importance value (%) | 群落编号 Community number | 物种 Species | 总重要值 Importance value (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 棕榈T. fortunei | 4.90 | Ⅶ | 络石T. jasminoides | 24.24 |
常春藤婆婆纳V. hederifolia | 5.90 | 野芝麻L. barbatum | 36.01 | ||
中华薹草Carex chinensis | 5.86 | 诸葛菜O. violaceus | 20.22 | ||
黄鹌菜Youngia japonica | 4.37 | 南赤瓟Thladiantha nudiflora | 18.01 | ||
Ⅱ | 繁缕S. media | 29.11 | Ⅷ | 蓬蘽Rubus hirsutus | 6.70 |
紫堇Corydalisedulis | 27.86 | 络石T. jasminoides | 8.10 | ||
诸葛菜Orychophragmus violaceus | 21.86 | 渐尖毛蕨Cyclosorus acuminatus | 7.60 | ||
阿拉伯婆婆纳Veronica persica | 21.19 | 鹅观草E. kamoji | 5.86 | ||
Ⅲ | 常春藤婆婆纳V. hederifolia | 17.07 | Ⅸ | 野芝麻L. barbatum | 14.09 |
野芝麻L. barbatum | 14.89 | 鹅观草E. kamoji | 9.25 | ||
繁缕S. media | 12.21 | 求米草Oplismenus undulatifolius | 7.32 | ||
紫堇C. edulis | 9.73 | 青绿薹草Carexbreviculmis | 7.22 | ||
Ⅳ | 鹅观草Elymus kamoji | 12.46 | Ⅹ | 络石T. jasminoides | 13.19 |
野芝麻L. barbatum | 11.04 | 野芝麻L. barbatum | 17.64 | ||
诸葛菜O. violaceus | 9.97 | 常春藤婆婆纳V. hederifolia | 14.77 | ||
紫堇C. edulis | 8.94 | 诸葛菜O. violaceus | 13.29 | ||
Ⅴ | 络石T. jasminoides | 12.43 | Ⅺ | 野蔷薇Rosa multiflora | 4.74 |
鹅观草E. kamoji | 18.91 | 络石T. jasminoides | 5.74 | ||
常春藤婆婆纳V. hederifolia | 18.76 | 厚萼凌霄Campsisradicans | 5.05 | ||
加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis | 10.63 | 茜草Rubia cordifolia | 5.20 | ||
Ⅵ | 天葵S. adoxoides | 21.69 | |||
繁缕S. media | 15.24 | ||||
野芝麻L. barbatum | 13.37 | ||||
猪殃殃Galium spurium | 12.15 |
表3 南京明城墙绿带草本层自生植物群落主要植物的总重要值
Table 3 Total importance value of the main spontaneous vegetation in the herb layer along the green belt of the Nanjing Ming City Wall
群落编号 Community number | 物种 Species | 总重要值 Importance value (%) | 群落编号 Community number | 物种 Species | 总重要值 Importance value (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 棕榈T. fortunei | 4.90 | Ⅶ | 络石T. jasminoides | 24.24 |
常春藤婆婆纳V. hederifolia | 5.90 | 野芝麻L. barbatum | 36.01 | ||
中华薹草Carex chinensis | 5.86 | 诸葛菜O. violaceus | 20.22 | ||
黄鹌菜Youngia japonica | 4.37 | 南赤瓟Thladiantha nudiflora | 18.01 | ||
Ⅱ | 繁缕S. media | 29.11 | Ⅷ | 蓬蘽Rubus hirsutus | 6.70 |
紫堇Corydalisedulis | 27.86 | 络石T. jasminoides | 8.10 | ||
诸葛菜Orychophragmus violaceus | 21.86 | 渐尖毛蕨Cyclosorus acuminatus | 7.60 | ||
阿拉伯婆婆纳Veronica persica | 21.19 | 鹅观草E. kamoji | 5.86 | ||
Ⅲ | 常春藤婆婆纳V. hederifolia | 17.07 | Ⅸ | 野芝麻L. barbatum | 14.09 |
野芝麻L. barbatum | 14.89 | 鹅观草E. kamoji | 9.25 | ||
繁缕S. media | 12.21 | 求米草Oplismenus undulatifolius | 7.32 | ||
紫堇C. edulis | 9.73 | 青绿薹草Carexbreviculmis | 7.22 | ||
Ⅳ | 鹅观草Elymus kamoji | 12.46 | Ⅹ | 络石T. jasminoides | 13.19 |
野芝麻L. barbatum | 11.04 | 野芝麻L. barbatum | 17.64 | ||
诸葛菜O. violaceus | 9.97 | 常春藤婆婆纳V. hederifolia | 14.77 | ||
紫堇C. edulis | 8.94 | 诸葛菜O. violaceus | 13.29 | ||
Ⅴ | 络石T. jasminoides | 12.43 | Ⅺ | 野蔷薇Rosa multiflora | 4.74 |
鹅观草E. kamoji | 18.91 | 络石T. jasminoides | 5.74 | ||
常春藤婆婆纳V. hederifolia | 18.76 | 厚萼凌霄Campsisradicans | 5.05 | ||
加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis | 10.63 | 茜草Rubia cordifolia | 5.20 | ||
Ⅵ | 天葵S. adoxoides | 21.69 | |||
繁缕S. media | 15.24 | ||||
野芝麻L. barbatum | 13.37 | ||||
猪殃殃Galium spurium | 12.15 |
项目Item | 排序轴1 Axis 1 | 排序轴2 Axis 2 | 排序轴3 Axis 3 | 排序轴4 Axis 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
特征值Eigenvalues | 0.3443 | 0.2359 | 0.1651 | 0.1332 |
物种-环境相关性Species-environment correlations | 0.8213 | 0.7998 | 0.6890 | 0.8045 |
物种数据累计方差比Cumulative variance percentage of species data (%) | 10.78 | 18.16 | 23.33 | 27.50 |
梯度长度Gradient length | 3.11 | 2.20 | 1.88 | 1.70 |
表4 DCA各排序轴的特征值
Table 4 Eigenvalues of the ordination axis of DCA
项目Item | 排序轴1 Axis 1 | 排序轴2 Axis 2 | 排序轴3 Axis 3 | 排序轴4 Axis 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
特征值Eigenvalues | 0.3443 | 0.2359 | 0.1651 | 0.1332 |
物种-环境相关性Species-environment correlations | 0.8213 | 0.7998 | 0.6890 | 0.8045 |
物种数据累计方差比Cumulative variance percentage of species data (%) | 10.78 | 18.16 | 23.33 | 27.50 |
梯度长度Gradient length | 3.11 | 2.20 | 1.88 | 1.70 |
项目Item | 排序轴1 Axis 1 | 排序轴2 Axis 2 | 排序轴3 Axis 3 | 排序轴4 Axis 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
特征值Eigenvalues | 0.2625 | 0.2030 | 0.1720 | 0.1470 |
物种-环境相关性Species-environment correlations | 0.9192 | 0.9076 | 0.9365 | 0.9323 |
物种数据累计方差比Cumulative variance percentage of species data (%) | 8.22 | 14.57 | 19.95 | 24.56 |
物种-环境关系累计方差贡献率Cumulative percentage variance of species-environment relation (%) | 23.77 | 42.15 | 57.73 | 71.04 |
表5 CCA各排序轴的特征值
Table 5 Eigenvalues of the ordination axis of CCA
项目Item | 排序轴1 Axis 1 | 排序轴2 Axis 2 | 排序轴3 Axis 3 | 排序轴4 Axis 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
特征值Eigenvalues | 0.2625 | 0.2030 | 0.1720 | 0.1470 |
物种-环境相关性Species-environment correlations | 0.9192 | 0.9076 | 0.9365 | 0.9323 |
物种数据累计方差比Cumulative variance percentage of species data (%) | 8.22 | 14.57 | 19.95 | 24.56 |
物种-环境关系累计方差贡献率Cumulative percentage variance of species-environment relation (%) | 23.77 | 42.15 | 57.73 | 71.04 |
图8 南京明城墙绿带样点CCA排序HEI: 墙体高度Wall height; ORI: 墙面朝向Wall orientation; SLO: 坡度Slope; ASP: 坡向Aspect; DEN: 郁闭度Canopy density; HUMDIS: 人为干扰Human disturbance; LIT: 枯落物厚度Litter thickness.
Fig.8 CCA ordination of plots along the green belt of the Nanjing Ming City Wall
环境因子Environmental factors | 排序轴1 Axis 1 | 排序轴2 Axis 2 | 排序轴3 Axis 3 | 排序轴4 Axis 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
墙体高度Wall height | -0.1225 | -0.4962 | 0.4992 | 0.3292 |
墙面朝向Wall orientation | -0.1750 | -0.3815 | -0.0638 | -0.8125 |
坡度Slope | -0.3327 | 0.0562 | 0.2783 | 0.4019 |
坡向Aspect | -0.1739 | -0.3744 | -0.0654 | -0.8012 |
郁闭度Canopy density | -0.8012 | -0.1507 | -0.3921 | -0.0960 |
人为干扰Human disturbance | 0.3751 | -0.1677 | -0.3951 | 0.0910 |
枯落物厚度Litter thickness | -0.5358 | 0.2832 | 0.6777 | -0.1541 |
表6 CCA排序轴与环境因子的相关系数
Table 6 Correlation coefficient between CCA ordination axis and environmental factors
环境因子Environmental factors | 排序轴1 Axis 1 | 排序轴2 Axis 2 | 排序轴3 Axis 3 | 排序轴4 Axis 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
墙体高度Wall height | -0.1225 | -0.4962 | 0.4992 | 0.3292 |
墙面朝向Wall orientation | -0.1750 | -0.3815 | -0.0638 | -0.8125 |
坡度Slope | -0.3327 | 0.0562 | 0.2783 | 0.4019 |
坡向Aspect | -0.1739 | -0.3744 | -0.0654 | -0.8012 |
郁闭度Canopy density | -0.8012 | -0.1507 | -0.3921 | -0.0960 |
人为干扰Human disturbance | 0.3751 | -0.1677 | -0.3951 | 0.0910 |
枯落物厚度Litter thickness | -0.5358 | 0.2832 | 0.6777 | -0.1541 |
图9 南京明城墙绿带物种CCA排序1: 野芝麻L. barbatum; 2: 常春藤婆婆纳V. hederifolia; 3: 鹅观草E. kamoji; 4: 络石T. jasminoides; 5: 天葵S. adoxoides; 6: 繁缕S. media; 7: 诸葛菜O. violaceus; 8: 猪殃殃G. spurium; 9: 紫堇C. edulis; 10: 千里光Senecio scandens; 11: 何首乌P. multiflorus; 12: 蓬蘽R. hirsutus; 13: 草地早熟禾Poa pratensis; 14: 蛇莓D. indica; 15: 麦冬O. japonicus; 16: 夏天无C. decumbens; 17: 接骨草S. chinensis; 18: 渐尖毛蕨C. acuminatus; 19: 华东唐松草T. fortunei; 20: 茜草R. cordifolia; 21: 老鸦瓣A. edulis; 22: 假活血草Scutellaria tuberifera; 23: 贯众C. fortunei; 24: 棕榈T. fortunei; 25: 野蔷薇R. multiflora; 26: 吉祥草Reineckea carnea; 27: 乌蔹莓Causonis japonica; 28: 阿拉伯婆婆纳V. persica; 29: 常春藤Hedera nepalensis; 30: 木通A. quinata; 31: 高粱藨R. lambertianus; 32: 南赤瓟T. nudiflora; 33: 无芒稗Echinochloa crus-galli; 34: 黄鹌菜Y. japonica; 35: 青绿薹草C. breviculmis; 36: 三基脉紫菀A. trinervius; 37: 厚萼凌霄C. radicans; 38: 井栏边草P. multifida; 39: 活血丹Glechoma longituba; 40: 盾果草Thyrocarpus sampsonii; 41: 地锦P. tricuspidata; 42: 中华薹草C. chinensis; 43: 蝙蝠葛M. dauricum; 44: 朴树Celtis sinensis; 45: 救荒野豌豆Vicia sativa; 46: 求米草O. undulatifolius; 47: 酢浆草Oxalis corniculata; 48: 加拿大一枝黄花S. canadensis; 49: 还亮草Delphinium anthriscifolium; 50: 白英Solanum lyratum; 51: 榔榆Ulmus parvifolia; 52: 早熟禾P. annua; 53: 艾Artemisia argyi; 54: 苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus; 55: 白车轴草Trifolium repens; 56: 白茅Imperata cylindrica; 57: 薜荔F. pumila; 58: 窃衣T. scabra; 59: 构Broussonetia papyrifera; 60: 关节酢浆草Vincetoxicum xinpingense; 61: 三角槭A. buergerianum; 62: 马兰Aster indicus; 63: 臭椿A. altissima; 64: 牛筋草E. indica; 65: 心叶堇菜Viola yunnanfuensis; 66: 扁穗雀麦Bromus catharticus; 67: 木樨O. fragrans; 68: 短莛山麦冬Liriope muscari; 69: 葎草H. scandens; 70: 枸杞Lycium chinense; 71: 毛梾Cornus walteri; 72: 八角枫Alangium chinense; 73: 鹅肠菜Stellaria aquatica; 74: 女贞L. lucidum; 75: 虎掌Pinellia pedatisecta; 76: 桑Morus alba; 77: 婆婆纳Veronica polita; 78: 苎麻Boehmeria nivea; 79: 绞股蓝Gynostemma pentaphyllum; 80: 栾Koelreuteria paniculata; 81: 扶芳藤E. fortunei; 82: 鸡屎藤Paederia foetida; 83: 尖裂假还阳参Crepidiastrum sonchifolium; 84: 球序卷耳C. glomeratum; 85: 刻叶紫堇Corydalis incisa; 86: 薤白A. macrostemon; 87: 稻槎菜Lapsanastrum apogonoides; 88: 寻骨风I. mollissimum.
Fig.9 CCA ordination of species along the green belt of the Nanjing Ming City Wall
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