草业学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 106-120.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020244
聂秀美1(), 慕平2(), 赵桂琴1, 何海鹏1, 吴文斌1, 蔺豆豆1, 苏伟娟1, 张丽睿1
收稿日期:
2020-05-26
修回日期:
2020-08-19
出版日期:
2021-05-21
发布日期:
2021-05-21
通讯作者:
慕平
作者简介:
Corresponding author. E-mail: mup@gsau.edu.cn基金资助:
Xiu-mei NIE1(), Ping MU2(), Gui-qin ZHAO1, Hai-peng HE1, Wen-bin WU1, Dou-dou LIN1, Wei-juan SU1, Li-rui ZHANG1
Received:
2020-05-26
Revised:
2020-08-19
Online:
2021-05-21
Published:
2021-05-21
Contact:
Ping MU
摘要:
为明确贮藏年限对裸燕麦种带真菌和真菌毒素的影响,对同一产地收获后贮藏于相同环境下1、2、3和5年的3个裸燕麦品种分别进行了带菌情况和毒素含量检测。结果表明:随贮藏年限的延长,裸燕麦种子带菌量总体表现为降低趋势,孢子负荷量的变化范围为0.60~8.40 cfu;带菌率介于2.75%~28.50%。不同品种的带菌情况差异很大,同一品种的带菌种类和分离率随贮藏年限的变化也明显不同。从3个裸燕麦品种中共检出真菌17属33种,优势属为曲霉菌属、青霉菌属和链格孢菌属,优势种因贮藏时间和品种不同而异。裸燕麦种子的毒素含量随贮藏年限的延长则呈先升后降的趋势,3种真菌毒素中检出量最高的是细交链孢酮酸,为16.88~348.67 μg·kg-1;桔青霉素的含量最低,变化范围为0.01~1.04 μg·kg-1。综上,贮藏年限对裸燕麦种子的带菌情况和真菌毒素检出量影响显著。
聂秀美, 慕平, 赵桂琴, 何海鹏, 吴文斌, 蔺豆豆, 苏伟娟, 张丽睿. 贮藏年限对裸燕麦种带真菌和真菌毒素的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(6): 106-120.
Xiu-mei NIE, Ping MU, Gui-qin ZHAO, Hai-peng HE, Wen-bin WU, Dou-dou LIN, Wei-juan SU, Li-rui ZHANG. Effects of storage time on fungal and mycotoxin contamination of naked oat seeds[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(6): 106-120.
品种 Varieties | 贮藏年限 Storage years | 孢子负荷量 Amount of spores (cfu) | 带菌率 Infection rates (%) |
---|---|---|---|
白燕2号 Baiyan No.2 | 1 | 1.13±0.09b | 6.00±0.91a |
2 | 1.43±0.12a | 3.75±0.25bc | |
3 | 0.60±0.06c | 4.00±0.57b | |
5 | 1.57±0.09a | 3.50±0.29c | |
坝莜9号 Bayou No.9 | 1 | 2.23±0.09c | 16.50±0.65b |
2 | 1.73±0.03d | 28.50±0.65a | |
3 | 4.17±0.17a | 8.50±0.50c | |
5 | 2.73±0.13b | 4.50±0.65d | |
坝莜14号 Bayou No.14 | 1 | 8.40±0.12a | 20.25±0.85a |
2 | 1.33±0.12c | 10.75±0.48b | |
3 | 0.93±0.09d | 7.00±0.41c | |
5 | 6.00±0.12b | 2.75±0.25d |
表1 不同贮藏年限裸燕麦种子的带菌量
Table 1 The amount of fungi in naked oat seeds with different storage years
品种 Varieties | 贮藏年限 Storage years | 孢子负荷量 Amount of spores (cfu) | 带菌率 Infection rates (%) |
---|---|---|---|
白燕2号 Baiyan No.2 | 1 | 1.13±0.09b | 6.00±0.91a |
2 | 1.43±0.12a | 3.75±0.25bc | |
3 | 0.60±0.06c | 4.00±0.57b | |
5 | 1.57±0.09a | 3.50±0.29c | |
坝莜9号 Bayou No.9 | 1 | 2.23±0.09c | 16.50±0.65b |
2 | 1.73±0.03d | 28.50±0.65a | |
3 | 4.17±0.17a | 8.50±0.50c | |
5 | 2.73±0.13b | 4.50±0.65d | |
坝莜14号 Bayou No.14 | 1 | 8.40±0.12a | 20.25±0.85a |
2 | 1.33±0.12c | 10.75±0.48b | |
3 | 0.93±0.09d | 7.00±0.41c | |
5 | 6.00±0.12b | 2.75±0.25d |
带菌种类 Fungal species | 分离率Isolation rates | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B2-1 | B2-2 | B2-3 | B2-5 | B9-1 | B9-2 | B9-3 | B9-5 | B14-1 | B14-2 | B14-3 | B14-5 | |
雅致放射毛霉A. elegans | 19.92 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
细交链孢A. alternata | - | 26.11 | 15.74 | 64.51 | 52.58 | 3.70 | 93.89 | 36.57 | 22.66 | 14.46 | 35.06 | 4.29 |
芸薹链格孢A. brassicae | - | - | 13.33 | - | 2.98 | - | - | - | 13.84 | 13.04 | 3.70 | - |
藜生链格孢A. chenopodiicola | - | - | - | - | 19.16 | - | - | - | - | 4.60 | 4.17 | - |
葱链格孢A. porri | - | 6.94 | 3.70 | - | 12.01 | - | - | - | 15.83 | 4.60 | - | - |
节菱孢属菌A. rasikravindrae | - | - | - | 1.85 | - | - | - | - | 1.63 | - | 6.06 | 1.03 |
阿姆斯特丹曲霉A. amstelodami | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.90 | - | 1.62 | - | - | 3.33 |
谢瓦氏曲霉A. chevalieri | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.69 | 0.93 | - | - | 26.64 | 32.98 |
黄曲霉A. flavus | - | 4.17 | 6.67 | - | 10.30 | 21.18 | - | 4.76 | 5.52 | - | 3.03 | 6.09 |
烟曲霉A. fumigatu | - | 4.86 | - | - | - | - | 4.51 | - | 1.18 | - | 6.06 | 21.11 |
黑曲霉A. niger | - | - | 12.04 | - | - | - | - | 2.08 | - | - | 7.41 | - |
寄生曲霉A. parasiticus | - | - | - | - | - | 3.44 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
红曲霉A. ruber | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.32 |
塔宾曲霉A. tubingensis | - | 7.22 | 15.74 | 12.14 | 1.59 | 35.04 | - | - | - | 5.25 | - | - |
枝状枝孢菌C. cladosporioides | 57.93 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
枝细枝孢C. ramotenellum | - | - | - | - | - | 3.70 | - | - | 14.32 | - | - | 1.05 |
楸子茎点霉D. pomorum | - | - | - | - | 1.39 | - | - | - | - | 5.25 | - | 21.90 |
黑附球菌E. nigrum | - | 4.31 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.22 | - | - |
木贼镰刀菌F. equiseti | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.62 | 15.43 | - | - |
拟孢镰孢菌F. sporotrichioides | - | 30.00 | 3.70 | - | - | - | - | 6.61 | 1.20 | - | - | - |
疣孢漆斑菌M. verrucaria | 11.64 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
产黄青霉P. chrysogenum | - | - | 7.41 | 1.85 | - | 21.18 | - | - | - | 2.38 | 4.17 | - |
肉桂紫青霉P. cinnamopurpureum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.08 | |
波兰青霉Penicillium polonicum | - | - | - | - | - | 11.74 | - | 48.00 | - | - | - | - |
鲜绿青霉P. verrucosum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20.58 | - | - | - |
苜蓿茎点霉Phoma medicaginis | 10.51 | - | 6.67 | 3.85 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
德氏霉菌P. chaetomioides | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 32.76 | - | - |
米根霉R. oryzae | - | 16.39 | 15.00 | 16.27 | - | - | - | 1.04 | - | - | - | 2.82 |
裂褶菌S. commune | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.70 | - |
样品带菌种类数Number of species | 4 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 |
表2 裸燕麦种子表面的带菌种类和分离率
Table 2 Fungal species and isolation rates of naked oat seeds surface (%)
带菌种类 Fungal species | 分离率Isolation rates | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B2-1 | B2-2 | B2-3 | B2-5 | B9-1 | B9-2 | B9-3 | B9-5 | B14-1 | B14-2 | B14-3 | B14-5 | |
雅致放射毛霉A. elegans | 19.92 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
细交链孢A. alternata | - | 26.11 | 15.74 | 64.51 | 52.58 | 3.70 | 93.89 | 36.57 | 22.66 | 14.46 | 35.06 | 4.29 |
芸薹链格孢A. brassicae | - | - | 13.33 | - | 2.98 | - | - | - | 13.84 | 13.04 | 3.70 | - |
藜生链格孢A. chenopodiicola | - | - | - | - | 19.16 | - | - | - | - | 4.60 | 4.17 | - |
葱链格孢A. porri | - | 6.94 | 3.70 | - | 12.01 | - | - | - | 15.83 | 4.60 | - | - |
节菱孢属菌A. rasikravindrae | - | - | - | 1.85 | - | - | - | - | 1.63 | - | 6.06 | 1.03 |
阿姆斯特丹曲霉A. amstelodami | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.90 | - | 1.62 | - | - | 3.33 |
谢瓦氏曲霉A. chevalieri | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.69 | 0.93 | - | - | 26.64 | 32.98 |
黄曲霉A. flavus | - | 4.17 | 6.67 | - | 10.30 | 21.18 | - | 4.76 | 5.52 | - | 3.03 | 6.09 |
烟曲霉A. fumigatu | - | 4.86 | - | - | - | - | 4.51 | - | 1.18 | - | 6.06 | 21.11 |
黑曲霉A. niger | - | - | 12.04 | - | - | - | - | 2.08 | - | - | 7.41 | - |
寄生曲霉A. parasiticus | - | - | - | - | - | 3.44 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
红曲霉A. ruber | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.32 |
塔宾曲霉A. tubingensis | - | 7.22 | 15.74 | 12.14 | 1.59 | 35.04 | - | - | - | 5.25 | - | - |
枝状枝孢菌C. cladosporioides | 57.93 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
枝细枝孢C. ramotenellum | - | - | - | - | - | 3.70 | - | - | 14.32 | - | - | 1.05 |
楸子茎点霉D. pomorum | - | - | - | - | 1.39 | - | - | - | - | 5.25 | - | 21.90 |
黑附球菌E. nigrum | - | 4.31 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.22 | - | - |
木贼镰刀菌F. equiseti | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.62 | 15.43 | - | - |
拟孢镰孢菌F. sporotrichioides | - | 30.00 | 3.70 | - | - | - | - | 6.61 | 1.20 | - | - | - |
疣孢漆斑菌M. verrucaria | 11.64 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
产黄青霉P. chrysogenum | - | - | 7.41 | 1.85 | - | 21.18 | - | - | - | 2.38 | 4.17 | - |
肉桂紫青霉P. cinnamopurpureum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.08 | |
波兰青霉Penicillium polonicum | - | - | - | - | - | 11.74 | - | 48.00 | - | - | - | - |
鲜绿青霉P. verrucosum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20.58 | - | - | - |
苜蓿茎点霉Phoma medicaginis | 10.51 | - | 6.67 | 3.85 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
德氏霉菌P. chaetomioides | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 32.76 | - | - |
米根霉R. oryzae | - | 16.39 | 15.00 | 16.27 | - | - | - | 1.04 | - | - | - | 2.82 |
裂褶菌S. commune | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.70 | - |
样品带菌种类数Number of species | 4 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 |
带菌种类 Fungal species | 分离率Isolation rates | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B2-1 | B2-2 | B2-3 | B2-5 | B9-1 | B9-2 | B9-3 | B9-5 | B14-1 | B14-2 | B14-3 | B14-5 | |
细交链孢A. alternate | 39.02 | 39.58 | 31.67 | 35.42 | 18.59 | 57.14 | 27.84 | 28.75 | 34.50 | 37.39 | 39.73 | 27.08 |
芸薹链格孢A. brassicae | - | - | 5.00 | - | - | 12.45 | 6.25 | 13.33 | 2.33 | 4.17 | 9.82 | 6.25 |
藜生链格孢A. chenopodiicola | 11.70 | - | - | - | - | - | 3.13 | 10.42 | - | 4.77 | 7.14 | - |
葱链格孢A. porri | 6.70 | - | - | - | - | - | 7.67 | - | - | 21.67 | - | - |
阿姆斯特丹曲霉A. amstelodami | - | - | - | - | 37.66 | - | - | 6.25 | - | - | 9.82 | - |
谢瓦氏曲霉A. chevalieri | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14.58 |
黄曲霉A. flavus | 12.95 | 8.33 | 16.67 | 12.50 | 3.13 | 0.74 | - | 10.42 | - | - | 3.13 | - |
烟曲霉A. fumigatu | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14.77 | - | - | - | - | - |
黑曲霉A. niger | - | 6.25 | 18.33 | 16.67 | - | - | - | 5.00 | - | - | - | - |
塔宾曲霉A. tubingensis | - | 12.50 | 23.33 | 20.83 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
玉米平脐蠕孢B. zeae | - | - | - | 8.33 | - | 20.77 | - | - | 14.76 | - | 3.57 | - |
枝状枝孢菌C. cladosporioides | 21.07 | 27.08 | - | - | - | - | - | 8.33 | - | - | - | - |
枝细枝孢C. ramotenellum | - | - | - | - | - | - | 13.92 | - | 8.23 | 9.55 | - | - |
楸子茎点霉D. pomorum | - | - | - | - | 11.27 | - | - | - | 5.64 | 6.44 | 6.25 | 52.08 |
黑附球菌E. nigrum | - | - | - | 6.25 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
木贼镰刀菌F. equiseti | - | - | - | - | 5.51 | 6.59 | - | - | 4.71 | 6.86 | 6.70 | - |
拟枝孢镰孢菌F. sporotrichioides | 8.57 | - | - | - | 13.90 | - | - | - | 1.19 | - | - | - |
丝枝蜡蚧菌L. aphanocladii | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.41 | - | - | - |
稻黑孢菌N. oryzae | - | - | - | - | 1.56 | - | - | - | 3.57 | - | - | - |
短密青霉P. brevicompactum | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.27 | - | - | - | - | - |
产黄青霉P. chrysogenum | - | 6.25 | 5.00 | - | - | - | 11.65 | 5.00 | - | - | - | - |
德氏霉菌P. chaetomioides | - | - | - | - | 7.07 | 2.33 | 12.50 | 12.50 | 21.67 | 9.17 | 13.84 | - |
裂褶菌S. commune | - | - | - | - | 1.32 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
样品带菌种类数Number of species | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 4 |
表3 裸燕麦种子内部的带菌种类和分离率
Table 3 Internal fungal species and isolation rates of naked oat seeds (%)
带菌种类 Fungal species | 分离率Isolation rates | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B2-1 | B2-2 | B2-3 | B2-5 | B9-1 | B9-2 | B9-3 | B9-5 | B14-1 | B14-2 | B14-3 | B14-5 | |
细交链孢A. alternate | 39.02 | 39.58 | 31.67 | 35.42 | 18.59 | 57.14 | 27.84 | 28.75 | 34.50 | 37.39 | 39.73 | 27.08 |
芸薹链格孢A. brassicae | - | - | 5.00 | - | - | 12.45 | 6.25 | 13.33 | 2.33 | 4.17 | 9.82 | 6.25 |
藜生链格孢A. chenopodiicola | 11.70 | - | - | - | - | - | 3.13 | 10.42 | - | 4.77 | 7.14 | - |
葱链格孢A. porri | 6.70 | - | - | - | - | - | 7.67 | - | - | 21.67 | - | - |
阿姆斯特丹曲霉A. amstelodami | - | - | - | - | 37.66 | - | - | 6.25 | - | - | 9.82 | - |
谢瓦氏曲霉A. chevalieri | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14.58 |
黄曲霉A. flavus | 12.95 | 8.33 | 16.67 | 12.50 | 3.13 | 0.74 | - | 10.42 | - | - | 3.13 | - |
烟曲霉A. fumigatu | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14.77 | - | - | - | - | - |
黑曲霉A. niger | - | 6.25 | 18.33 | 16.67 | - | - | - | 5.00 | - | - | - | - |
塔宾曲霉A. tubingensis | - | 12.50 | 23.33 | 20.83 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
玉米平脐蠕孢B. zeae | - | - | - | 8.33 | - | 20.77 | - | - | 14.76 | - | 3.57 | - |
枝状枝孢菌C. cladosporioides | 21.07 | 27.08 | - | - | - | - | - | 8.33 | - | - | - | - |
枝细枝孢C. ramotenellum | - | - | - | - | - | - | 13.92 | - | 8.23 | 9.55 | - | - |
楸子茎点霉D. pomorum | - | - | - | - | 11.27 | - | - | - | 5.64 | 6.44 | 6.25 | 52.08 |
黑附球菌E. nigrum | - | - | - | 6.25 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
木贼镰刀菌F. equiseti | - | - | - | - | 5.51 | 6.59 | - | - | 4.71 | 6.86 | 6.70 | - |
拟枝孢镰孢菌F. sporotrichioides | 8.57 | - | - | - | 13.90 | - | - | - | 1.19 | - | - | - |
丝枝蜡蚧菌L. aphanocladii | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.41 | - | - | - |
稻黑孢菌N. oryzae | - | - | - | - | 1.56 | - | - | - | 3.57 | - | - | - |
短密青霉P. brevicompactum | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.27 | - | - | - | - | - |
产黄青霉P. chrysogenum | - | 6.25 | 5.00 | - | - | - | 11.65 | 5.00 | - | - | - | - |
德氏霉菌P. chaetomioides | - | - | - | - | 7.07 | 2.33 | 12.50 | 12.50 | 21.67 | 9.17 | 13.84 | - |
裂褶菌S. commune | - | - | - | - | 1.32 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
样品带菌种类数Number of species | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 4 |
图8 裸燕麦种带真菌的系统发育树系统发育树内容从左到右依次为真菌编号、Genbank登录号、真菌名和真菌拉丁名,左下角0.20表示系统发育树遗传距离的比例尺。Phylogenetic tree contents are the fungal number, Genbank accession number, fungal name and fungal latin name from left to right, the 0.20 in the left conner indicates the size of the genetic distance of the phylogenetic tree.
Fig.8 Phylogenetic tree of seed borne fungi of naked oat seeds
化合物 Compound | 分子式 Formula | 线性方程 Linear equations | 线性范围 Linear range (ng·mL-1) | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|
TeA | C10H15NO3 | y=6.68x+60.32 | 0.4~500 | R2=0.9999 |
AFB1 | C17H12O6 | y=45.71x+108.69 | 0.4~500 | R2=0.9998 |
CIT | C13H14O5 | y=78.40x+374.72 | 0.4~500 | R2=0.9995 |
表4 真菌毒素的线性方程、线性范围和相关系数
Table 4 Linear equations, linear range and correlation coefficient of mycotoxin
化合物 Compound | 分子式 Formula | 线性方程 Linear equations | 线性范围 Linear range (ng·mL-1) | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|
TeA | C10H15NO3 | y=6.68x+60.32 | 0.4~500 | R2=0.9999 |
AFB1 | C17H12O6 | y=45.71x+108.69 | 0.4~500 | R2=0.9998 |
CIT | C13H14O5 | y=78.40x+374.72 | 0.4~500 | R2=0.9995 |
品种Varieties | 贮藏年限Storage years | TeA | AFB1 | CIT |
---|---|---|---|---|
白燕2号 Baiyan No.2 | 1 | 16.88±0.07d | 1.04±0.05a | 2.06±0.13b |
2 | 116.06±4.36a | 0.08±0.01c | 3.34±0.11a | |
3 | 56.34±2.48b | 0.26±0.04b | 0.56±0.12c | |
5 | 44.10±0.10c | 0.02±0.01d | 0.08±0.04d | |
坝莜9号 Bayou No.9 | 1 | 64.64±2.50d | 0.04±0.01b | 0.37±0.07b |
2 | 174.81±0.51c | 0.68±0.02a | 1.36±0.09a | |
3 | 348.67±2.18a | 0.01±0.00c | 0.11±0.02d | |
5 | 278.71±4.15b | 0.01±0.00c | 0.15±0.05c | |
坝莜14号 Bayou No.14 | 1 | 109.26±2.22b | 0.62±0.05a | 0.48±0.02b |
2 | 123.52±1.41a | 0.01±0.00b | 1.25±0.10a | |
3 | 95.94±0.00c | 0.01±0.00b | 0.15±0.08c | |
5 | 57.26±0.80d | 0.01±0.00b | 0.16±0.02c |
表5 贮藏年限对裸燕麦种子真菌毒素含量的影响
Table 5 Effect of storage years on mycotoxin content of naked oat seeds (μg·kg-1)
品种Varieties | 贮藏年限Storage years | TeA | AFB1 | CIT |
---|---|---|---|---|
白燕2号 Baiyan No.2 | 1 | 16.88±0.07d | 1.04±0.05a | 2.06±0.13b |
2 | 116.06±4.36a | 0.08±0.01c | 3.34±0.11a | |
3 | 56.34±2.48b | 0.26±0.04b | 0.56±0.12c | |
5 | 44.10±0.10c | 0.02±0.01d | 0.08±0.04d | |
坝莜9号 Bayou No.9 | 1 | 64.64±2.50d | 0.04±0.01b | 0.37±0.07b |
2 | 174.81±0.51c | 0.68±0.02a | 1.36±0.09a | |
3 | 348.67±2.18a | 0.01±0.00c | 0.11±0.02d | |
5 | 278.71±4.15b | 0.01±0.00c | 0.15±0.05c | |
坝莜14号 Bayou No.14 | 1 | 109.26±2.22b | 0.62±0.05a | 0.48±0.02b |
2 | 123.52±1.41a | 0.01±0.00b | 1.25±0.10a | |
3 | 95.94±0.00c | 0.01±0.00b | 0.15±0.08c | |
5 | 57.26±0.80d | 0.01±0.00b | 0.16±0.02c |
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