草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (2): 1-15.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024148
• 研究论文 •
龚昕1,3,4(), 霍新茹1,3,4, 李雯1,3,4, 杨彦东1,3,4, 刘超2, 秦伟春2, 沈艳1,3,4, 王国会1,3,4, 马红彬1,3,4()
收稿日期:
2024-04-29
修回日期:
2024-07-01
出版日期:
2025-02-20
发布日期:
2024-11-27
通讯作者:
马红彬
作者简介:
E-mail: ma_hb@nxu.edu.cn基金资助:
Xin GONG1,3,4(), Xin-ru HUO1,3,4, Wen LI1,3,4, Yan-dong YANG1,3,4, Chao LIU2, Wei-chun QIN2, Yan SHEN1,3,4, Guo-hui WANG1,3,4, Hong-bin MA1,3,4()
Received:
2024-04-29
Revised:
2024-07-01
Online:
2025-02-20
Published:
2024-11-27
Contact:
Hong-bin MA
摘要:
宁夏罗山国家级自然保护区是宁夏中部干旱带上唯一的水源涵养林区和区域绿色生态保护屏障,对该地区生物多样性保护、防治土壤侵蚀、维护生态安全具有重要作用,但目前对罗山草地植物群落特征鲜有报道,其草原植被群落特征及其与环境因子的关系还不清晰。本研究以罗山自然保护区草原为对象,研究了不同海拔和不同类型草地植物群落组成、多样性特征的空间分异规律及植被群落特征与环境因子的关系。结果表明:1) 罗山自然保护区草地植物群落由一、二年生草本、多年生草本和灌木、半灌木组成,其中多年生草本占比最大;荒漠草原与典型草原植物群落以禾本科和杂类草为主,草甸草原以杂类草为主;随着海拔的升高,除群落地上生物量外,所调查植被数量特征符合“中间高度膨胀”理论,在海拔1600~2100 m时均达到峰值。2) 草地植物Margarlef丰富度指数与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数随着海拔的升高,在2000~2100 m的草原样地达到最高,呈现先增加后减小的“单峰型”变化趋势(P<0.05);Simpson优势度指数与Pielou均匀度指数随海拔升高变化不显著(P>0.05);保护区草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原3种草原类型间物种多样性差异不明显。3) 年降水量、海拔、土壤全氮含量、土壤全磷含量、日均气温是影响研究区草地植被特征的重要环境因子,其中年降水量、海拔是主要环境因子,土壤全氮含量、土壤全磷含量以及日均气温是次要环境因子。研究为进一步了解罗山自然保护区草地植被分布特征提供了基础。
龚昕, 霍新茹, 李雯, 杨彦东, 刘超, 秦伟春, 沈艳, 王国会, 马红彬. 宁夏罗山山地草原植被群落特征及其空间分异[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(2): 1-15.
Xin GONG, Xin-ru HUO, Wen LI, Yan-dong YANG, Chao LIU, Wei-chun QIN, Yan SHEN, Guo-hui WANG, Hong-bin MA. Vegetation community characteristics and spatial differentiation in mountain grassland in Luoshan, Ningxia[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(2): 1-15.
草原类型 Grassland type | 分布区域 Distribution location | 土壤有机质含量 Soil organic matter content (g·kg-1) | 土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content (g·kg-1) | 土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content (g·kg-1) | 土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm-3) | 土壤黏粒含量 Soil clay content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
荒漠草原 Desert steppe | 主要分布于大、小罗山东麓和同红公路两侧海拔1500~1800 m。It is mainly distributed in the east foot of Daluo Mountain and Xiaoluo Mountain, and the altitude of 1500-1800 m on both sides of Tonghong Highway. | 6.13 | 0.36 | 0.46 | 1.33 | 1.46 |
典型草原 Typical steppe | 主要分布于海拔1900 m左右小罗山最南边和大罗山西侧及1800~2000 m大罗山主峰西边阳坡、半阳坡和山脚下。It is mainly distributed in the southernmost part of Xiaoluo Mountain and the west side of Daluo Mountain at an altitude of about 1900 m, and in the west side of the main peak of Daluo Mountain at an altitude of 1800-2000 m. | 7.34 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 1.24 | 1.49 |
草甸草原 Meadow steppe | 主要分布于好汉峰林下区域 2368~2558 m。It is mainly distributed in the under forest area of Haohan Peak at an altitude of 2368-2558 m. | 21.86 | 0.85 | 0.74 | 1.11 | 3.56 |
表1 保护区草原类型分布及土壤主要性状
Table 1 Grassland type distribution and main soil properties in the protected area
草原类型 Grassland type | 分布区域 Distribution location | 土壤有机质含量 Soil organic matter content (g·kg-1) | 土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content (g·kg-1) | 土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content (g·kg-1) | 土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm-3) | 土壤黏粒含量 Soil clay content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
荒漠草原 Desert steppe | 主要分布于大、小罗山东麓和同红公路两侧海拔1500~1800 m。It is mainly distributed in the east foot of Daluo Mountain and Xiaoluo Mountain, and the altitude of 1500-1800 m on both sides of Tonghong Highway. | 6.13 | 0.36 | 0.46 | 1.33 | 1.46 |
典型草原 Typical steppe | 主要分布于海拔1900 m左右小罗山最南边和大罗山西侧及1800~2000 m大罗山主峰西边阳坡、半阳坡和山脚下。It is mainly distributed in the southernmost part of Xiaoluo Mountain and the west side of Daluo Mountain at an altitude of about 1900 m, and in the west side of the main peak of Daluo Mountain at an altitude of 1800-2000 m. | 7.34 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 1.24 | 1.49 |
草甸草原 Meadow steppe | 主要分布于好汉峰林下区域 2368~2558 m。It is mainly distributed in the under forest area of Haohan Peak at an altitude of 2368-2558 m. | 21.86 | 0.85 | 0.74 | 1.11 | 3.56 |
图1 样地基础信息基于宁夏回族自治区标准地图在线服务网站下载的审图号为宁S(2022)第001号的标准地图制作,底图无修改。Based on the standard map downloaded from the online service website of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region with the map number of Ning S (2022) No.001, the standard map was created without any modifications to the base map.
Fig.1 Basic information of sample plots
草原类型 Grassland type | 重要值排名前10的物种The top ten species in terms of importance value | 重要值 Importance value (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
生活型Life style | 物种名Species name | ||
荒漠草原 Desert steppe | 多年生草本 Perennial herb | 短花针茅 Stipa breviflora | 28.72 |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 银灰旋花 Convolvulus ammannii | 5.40 | |
半灌木 Subshrub | 蓍状亚菊 Ajania achilleoides | 4.85 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 隐子草 Cleistogenes serotina | 4.45 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 阿尔泰狗娃花 Aster altaicus | 4.31 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 冷蒿 Artemisia frigida | 4.11 | |
灌木 Shrub | 胡枝子 Lespedeza bicolor | 3.49 | |
半灌木 Subshrub | 牛枝子 Lespedeza potaninii | 3.31 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 长芒草 Stipa bungeana | 3.13 | |
半灌木 Subshrub | 二裂委陵菜 Sibbaldianthe bifurca | 2.06 | |
典型草原 Typical steppe | 多年生草本 Perennial herb | 大针茅 Stipa grandis | 21.82 |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 长芒草 S. bungeana | 9.92 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 冷蒿 A. frigida | 6.14 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 短花针茅 S. breviflora | 6.09 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 短翼岩黄芪 Hedysarum brachypterum | 5.88 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 阿尔泰狗娃花 A. altaicus | 3.95 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 草原石头花 Gypsophila davurica | 3.55 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 星毛委陵菜 Potentilla acaulis | 2.56 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 隐子草 C. serotina | 2.22 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 针枝芸香 Haplophyllum tragacanthoides | 2.06 | |
草甸草原 Meadow steppe | 多年生草本 Perennial herb | 干生薹草 Carex aridula | 25.92 |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 冷蒿 A. frigida | 8.95 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 黑柴胡 Bupleurum smithii | 8.08 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 花苜蓿 Medicago ruthenica | 7.13 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 串铃草 Phlomoides mongolica | 4.99 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 多序岩黄芪 Hedysarum polybotrys | 4.29 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 双花堇菜 Viola biflora | 3.21 | |
多年生草本Perennial herb | 洽草 Koeleria macrantha | 3.00 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 草原石头花 G. davurica | 2.92 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 黄花棘豆 Oxytropis ochrocephala | 2.89 |
表2 不同草原类型植物生活型和重要值
Table 2 Life style and importance value of species in different grassland types
草原类型 Grassland type | 重要值排名前10的物种The top ten species in terms of importance value | 重要值 Importance value (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
生活型Life style | 物种名Species name | ||
荒漠草原 Desert steppe | 多年生草本 Perennial herb | 短花针茅 Stipa breviflora | 28.72 |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 银灰旋花 Convolvulus ammannii | 5.40 | |
半灌木 Subshrub | 蓍状亚菊 Ajania achilleoides | 4.85 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 隐子草 Cleistogenes serotina | 4.45 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 阿尔泰狗娃花 Aster altaicus | 4.31 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 冷蒿 Artemisia frigida | 4.11 | |
灌木 Shrub | 胡枝子 Lespedeza bicolor | 3.49 | |
半灌木 Subshrub | 牛枝子 Lespedeza potaninii | 3.31 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 长芒草 Stipa bungeana | 3.13 | |
半灌木 Subshrub | 二裂委陵菜 Sibbaldianthe bifurca | 2.06 | |
典型草原 Typical steppe | 多年生草本 Perennial herb | 大针茅 Stipa grandis | 21.82 |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 长芒草 S. bungeana | 9.92 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 冷蒿 A. frigida | 6.14 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 短花针茅 S. breviflora | 6.09 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 短翼岩黄芪 Hedysarum brachypterum | 5.88 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 阿尔泰狗娃花 A. altaicus | 3.95 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 草原石头花 Gypsophila davurica | 3.55 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 星毛委陵菜 Potentilla acaulis | 2.56 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 隐子草 C. serotina | 2.22 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 针枝芸香 Haplophyllum tragacanthoides | 2.06 | |
草甸草原 Meadow steppe | 多年生草本 Perennial herb | 干生薹草 Carex aridula | 25.92 |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 冷蒿 A. frigida | 8.95 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 黑柴胡 Bupleurum smithii | 8.08 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 花苜蓿 Medicago ruthenica | 7.13 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 串铃草 Phlomoides mongolica | 4.99 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 多序岩黄芪 Hedysarum polybotrys | 4.29 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 双花堇菜 Viola biflora | 3.21 | |
多年生草本Perennial herb | 洽草 Koeleria macrantha | 3.00 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 草原石头花 G. davurica | 2.92 | |
多年生草本 Perennial herb | 黄花棘豆 Oxytropis ochrocephala | 2.89 |
植物功能群 Plant functional group | 荒漠草原Desert steppe | 典型草原Typical steppe | 草甸草原Meadow steppe | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
物种数 Number of species | 物种比例 Species ratio (%) | 重要值 Importance value (%) | 物种数 Number of species | 物种比例 Species ratio (%) | 重要值 Importance value (%) | 物种数 Number of species | 物种比例 Species ratio (%) | 重要值 Importance value (%) | |
灌木、半灌木Shrub,subshrub | 11 | 12.64 | 18.22 | 12 | 18.75 | 11.75 | 1 | 3.33 | 2.28 |
多年生草本Perennial herb | 64 | 73.56 | 76.80 | 51 | 79.69 | 66.43 | 27 | 90.00 | 96.97 |
一、二年生草本Annual,biennial herb | 12 | 13.80 | 4.98 | 1 | 1.56 | 21.82 | 2 | 6.67 | 0.75 |
禾本科Poaceae | 17 | 19.54 | 42.62 | 10 | 15.63 | 45.44 | 3 | 10.00 | 4.78 |
豆科Leguminosae | 20 | 22.99 | 13.19 | 11 | 17.19 | 10.55 | 4 | 13.33 | 16.14 |
菊科Compositae | 14 | 16.09 | 19.06 | 13 | 20.31 | 16.57 | 5 | 16.67 | 15.52 |
杂类草Forb | 36 | 41.38 | 25.13 | 30 | 46.88 | 27.44 | 18 | 60.00 | 63.56 |
表3 不同草地类型植物功能群物种数和重要值的变化
Table 3 Changes of species number and importance value of plant functional groups in different grassland types
植物功能群 Plant functional group | 荒漠草原Desert steppe | 典型草原Typical steppe | 草甸草原Meadow steppe | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
物种数 Number of species | 物种比例 Species ratio (%) | 重要值 Importance value (%) | 物种数 Number of species | 物种比例 Species ratio (%) | 重要值 Importance value (%) | 物种数 Number of species | 物种比例 Species ratio (%) | 重要值 Importance value (%) | |
灌木、半灌木Shrub,subshrub | 11 | 12.64 | 18.22 | 12 | 18.75 | 11.75 | 1 | 3.33 | 2.28 |
多年生草本Perennial herb | 64 | 73.56 | 76.80 | 51 | 79.69 | 66.43 | 27 | 90.00 | 96.97 |
一、二年生草本Annual,biennial herb | 12 | 13.80 | 4.98 | 1 | 1.56 | 21.82 | 2 | 6.67 | 0.75 |
禾本科Poaceae | 17 | 19.54 | 42.62 | 10 | 15.63 | 45.44 | 3 | 10.00 | 4.78 |
豆科Leguminosae | 20 | 22.99 | 13.19 | 11 | 17.19 | 10.55 | 4 | 13.33 | 16.14 |
菊科Compositae | 14 | 16.09 | 19.06 | 13 | 20.31 | 16.57 | 5 | 16.67 | 15.52 |
杂类草Forb | 36 | 41.38 | 25.13 | 30 | 46.88 | 27.44 | 18 | 60.00 | 63.56 |
图2 不同海拔植被特征变化图中阴影部分表示不同海拔植被数量特征值的分布范围;不同小写字母表示不同海拔梯度间植被特征存在显著差异(P<0.05)。The shaded part in the figure represents the distribution range of vegetation quantity characteristic values at different altitudes. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in vegetation characteristics among different altitude gradients (P<0.05).
Fig.2 Changes of vegetation characteristics at different altitudes
图3 不同海拔、草原类型物种多样性指数变化图内部大写字母表示:A:不同海拔;B:荒漠草原;C:典型草原;D:不同草地类型;DS:荒漠草原;TS:典型草原:MS:草甸草原。图中横轴大写字母表示:S:Margarlef丰富度指数;D:Simpson优势度指数;H:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数;J:Pielou均匀度指数。图中不同小写字母表示不同海拔或草地类型物种多样性指数差异显著(P<0.05)。The capital letters inside the figure indicate: A: Different altitude; B: Desert steppe; C: Typical steppe; D: Different grassland types; DS: Desert steppe; TS: Typical steppe; MS: Meadow steppe. The horizontal capital letters in the figure indicate: S: Margarlef richness index; D: Simpson dominance degree index; H: Shannon-Wiener diversity index; J: Pielou uniformity index. Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate that the species diversity index of different altitudes or grassland types is significantly different (P<0.05).
Fig.3 Species diversity index changes at different altitudes and grassland types
图4 植被特征、物种多样性指数与环境因子的Pearson相关性分析*表示在0.05水平相关性显著。**表示在0.01水平相关性显著。CC:群落盖度;CD:群落密度;CH:群落平均高度;CB:群落地上生物量;S:Margarlef丰富度指数;D:Simpson优势度指数;H:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数;J:Pielou均匀度指数;Alti:海拔;Prec:年降水量;ADT:日均温;TC:土壤有机质含量;TN:土壤全氮含量;TP:土壤全磷含量;SBD:土壤容重;SC:土壤黏粒含量。下同。* indicates a significant correlation at the 0.05 level. ** indicates a significant correlation at the 0.01 level. CC: Community coverage; CD: Community density; CH: Community average height; CB: Community above-ground biomass; S: Margarlef richness index; D: Simpson dominance degree index; H: Shannon-Wiener diversity index; J: Pielou uniformity index; Alti: Altitude; Prec: Annual precipitation; ADT: Average daily temperature; TC: Soil organic matter content; TN: Soil total nitrogen content; TP: Soil total phosphorus content; SBD: Soil bulk density; SC: Soil clay content. The same below.
Fig.4 Pearson correlation analysis of vegetation characteristics, species diversity index and environmental factors
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