农田氧化亚氮减排技术及其与绿肥协同应用分析

doi:10.11686/cyxb2024111

草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (2): 196-210.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024111

• 综合评述 • 上一篇

农田氧化亚氮减排技术及其与绿肥协同应用分析

刘蕊¹(), 常单娜², 周国朋³, 高嵩涓⁴, 柴强¹(), 曹卫东²()

^1.甘肃农业大学农学院，干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730070
^2.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所，北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室，北京 100081
^3.安徽农业大学资源与环境学院，农田生态保育与污染防控安徽省重点实验室，安徽合肥 230036
^4.南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院，江苏南京 210095

收稿日期:2024-04-09 修回日期:2024-06-17 出版日期:2025-02-20 发布日期:2024-11-27
通讯作者: 柴强,曹卫东
作者简介:caoweidong@caas.cn
E-mail： chaiq@gsau.edu.cn
刘蕊（1995-），女，黑龙江鸡西人，在读博士。E-mail： 13159862521@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1700200);国家绿肥产业技术体系项目(CARS-22);中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目资助

Techniques of N₂O emission reduction in farmland and their synergistic application with green manure

Rui LIU¹(), Dan-na CHANG², Guo-peng ZHOU³, Song-juan GAO⁴, Qiang CHAI¹(), Wei-dong CAO²()

^1.State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science，College of Agronomy，Gansu Agricultural University，Lanzhou 730070，China
^2.State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China，Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Beijing 100081，China
^3.Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention，College of Resources and Environment，Anhui Agricultural University，Hefei 230036，China
^4.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences，Nanjing Agricultural University，Nanjing 210095，China

Received:2024-04-09 Revised:2024-06-17 Online:2025-02-20 Published:2024-11-27
Contact: Qiang CHAI,Wei-dong CAO

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氧化亚氮（N₂O）是导致全球气候变暖的主要温室气体之一，农业活动是N₂O的重要排放源。土壤N₂O排放主要源于硝化和反硝化过程，受土壤pH值、氧气浓度、二氧化碳浓度、水分、质地、温度和外源碳氮投入等因素的影响。近年来，中国在利用绿肥实现化肥减施、驱动土壤健康方面取得了明显成效。但关于绿肥参与N₂O排放的研究尚处在起步阶段。种植利用绿肥对N₂O排放的影响受绿肥种类、土壤理化性状等多方面因素共同作用，绿肥主要通过调控土壤无机氮含量影响N₂O排放，绿肥生长期间能够吸收土壤盈余的无机氮，翻压后能够替代部分氮肥，通过减少硝化和反硝化底物减少农田土壤N₂O排放，但同时存在由于绿肥腐解引发的有机氮矿化导致的N₂O排放风险。可根据绿肥种植制度、作物种类、气候条件和土壤类型等，采用适宜的N₂O减排技术。南方水稻与绿肥轮作区，可减施氮肥40%，添加生物炭等碱性调理剂；华北地区主作物与绿肥轮作区，可减施氮肥15%~20%，添加化学抑制剂、结合氮肥机械化深施；东北和西北地区的主作物复种、间作绿肥制度中，可减施氮肥13%~48%，结合添加硝化抑制剂、结合水肥一体化和免耕；西南地区主作物与绿肥轮作制度中，可减施氮肥15%~20%，配合缓控释肥一次性施肥和添加化学抑制剂等。重点探讨了N₂O减排技术在绿肥制度中应用的可行性，以期为更好发挥绿肥作用，进一步减缓N₂O排放提供参考。

关键词: 绿肥, 氧化亚氮, 影响因素, 减排技术

Abstract:

Nitrous oxide （N₂O） is one of four the main gases linked to global warming， and agricultural production is the largest anthropogenic source of N₂O emissions. N₂O mainly originates from nitrification and denitrification processes in soil and is predominantly influenced by soil pH value， O₂ concentration， CO₂ concentration， moisture， texture， temperature， and exogenous carbon （C） and nitrogen （N） input. In recent years， China has achieved remarkable results in using green manure to reduce chemical N fertilizer application and drive soil health. However， study of the role of green manure in N₂O emission is still in the early stages. The impact of planting and incorporating green manure on soil N₂O emission depends on factors such as the varieties of green manure and the physicochemical properties of the soil. Among them， the influence on soil mineral N is the greatest factor. Generally， green manure can efficiently absorb soil mineral N in the fallow period， and its incorporation into the soil can reduce chemical N fertilizer application， thus decreasing N₂O emission. However， green manure releases large amounts of N during its decomposition， which may increase soil N₂O emissions. Combined with appropriate N₂O emission reduction approaches， N₂O emission in green manure-based systems can be reduced according to planting systems， crop varieties， climate conditions and soil types. In southern China’s rice-green manure rotation area， chemical N could be reduced by 40%， when adding alkaline amendments such as biochar. In northern China’s main crop-green manure rotation area， chemical N could be reduced by 15%-20%， through adding chemical inhibitors and combining mechanical deep application of chemical N fertilizers. For main crops rotated or intercropped with green manure systems in Northeast and Northwest China， chemical N could be reduced by 13%-48%， by adding nitrification inhibitors， with integrated water-fertilizer management practices and no-tillage. In main crops rotated with green manure systems of Southwest China， chemical N could be reduced by 15%-20%， through techniques such as slow-release fertilization， use of chemical inhibitors， and others. In this study we have focused on the feasibility of N₂O emission reduction by combining green manure practices and exogenous reduction approaches to N₂O emission， to provide practical guidance for reducing N₂O emission in green manure-based systems.

Key words: green manure, nitrous oxide, influencing factors, emission reduction technology

刘蕊, 常单娜, 周国朋, 高嵩涓, 柴强, 曹卫东. 农田氧化亚氮减排技术及其与绿肥协同应用分析[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(2): 196-210.

Rui LIU, Dan-na CHANG, Guo-peng ZHOU, Song-juan GAO, Qiang CHAI, Wei-dong CAO. Techniques of N₂O emission reduction in farmland and their synergistic application with green manure[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(2): 196-210.

图/表 3

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影响因素 Influencing factor	N₂O排放适宜条件 Suitable conditions for N₂O emission	作用机理 Functional mechanism	参考文献 Reference
pH值 pH value	中性/微碱性Neutral/slightly alkaline	控制N₂OR结构表达Control the expression of N₂OR structure	［23-24］
氧气浓度 O₂ concentration	厌氧环境Anaerobic environment	反硝化作用主导N₂O排放Denitrification dominated N₂O emission	［25］
二氧化碳浓度 CO₂concentration	高浓度High concentration	增加土壤含水量；植物生长量和根系分泌物增加，进而影响微生物活性Increase soil moisture content； Plant growth and root exudates increase， which affects microbial activity	［1， 26］
水分含量 Moisture content	>70%	厌氧环境促进反硝化作用Anaerobic environment promotes denitrification	［27］
土壤质地 Soil texture	粘土Clay	保持土壤含水量，影响氧气含量Maintain soil moisture content and affect O₂ content	［28］
土壤温度 Soil temperature	35~40 ℃	改变微生物活性；保持土壤含水量、氧气含量Change microbial activity； Maintain soil moisture and O₂ content	［29］
氮投入 N input	添加尿素、有机肥等Add urea， organic fertilizer， etc.	提高硝化势和N₂O/N₂ Improve nitrification potential and N₂O/N₂	［30-31］
碳投入 C input	有机肥投入、根系分泌物等Organic fertilizer input， root exudates， etc.	增加了土壤异养微生物的呼吸，有机物料中有效性碳为反硝化微生物提供了电子供体，促进了反硝化作用Increase soil heterotrophic microbial respiration， and the available C in organic materials provide electron donors for denitrifier which promoted denitrification	［32］

影响因素 Influencing factor	N₂O排放适宜条件 Suitable conditions for N₂O emission	作用机理 Functional mechanism	参考文献 Reference
pH值 pH value	中性/微碱性Neutral/slightly alkaline	控制N₂OR结构表达Control the expression of N₂OR structure	［23-24］
氧气浓度 O₂ concentration	厌氧环境Anaerobic environment	反硝化作用主导N₂O排放Denitrification dominated N₂O emission	［25］
二氧化碳浓度 CO₂concentration	高浓度High concentration	增加土壤含水量；植物生长量和根系分泌物增加，进而影响微生物活性Increase soil moisture content； Plant growth and root exudates increase， which affects microbial activity	［1， 26］
水分含量 Moisture content	>70%	厌氧环境促进反硝化作用Anaerobic environment promotes denitrification	［27］
土壤质地 Soil texture	粘土Clay	保持土壤含水量，影响氧气含量Maintain soil moisture content and affect O₂ content	［28］
土壤温度 Soil temperature	35~40 ℃	改变微生物活性；保持土壤含水量、氧气含量Change microbial activity； Maintain soil moisture and O₂ content	［29］
氮投入 N input	添加尿素、有机肥等Add urea， organic fertilizer， etc.	提高硝化势和N₂O/N₂ Improve nitrification potential and N₂O/N₂	［30-31］
碳投入 C input	有机肥投入、根系分泌物等Organic fertilizer input， root exudates， etc.	增加了土壤异养微生物的呼吸，有机物料中有效性碳为反硝化微生物提供了电子供体，促进了反硝化作用Increase soil heterotrophic microbial respiration， and the available C in organic materials provide electron donors for denitrifier which promoted denitrification	［32］

种植制度 Planting system	试验地点 Experimental site	施氮量 Chemical N application rate （kg·hm^-2）	绿肥替代氮肥比例Proportion of green manure instead of chemical N	N₂O排放变化 N₂O emission change	参考文献 Reference
玉米前期间套作Intercropping with maize during the pre-growth period	中国北京市Beijing， China	300~360	0	-25.5%~-48.8%	［67］
	中国河南省新乡市Xinxiang City， Henan Province， China	120	0	-31.98%	［68］
	中国甘肃省武威市Wuwei City， Gansu Province， China	360	0	-17.7%	［69］
	埃塞俄比亚南方各族州Ethnic states of southern Ethiopia	32	0	-15.0%~+5.0%	［70］
麦后复种绿肥Rotated with wheat	中国甘肃省平凉市Pingliang City， Gansu Province， China	0~270	0	+6.2%~+52.3%	［71］
旱地冬绿肥Winter green manure in dry land	中国河南省安阳市Anyang City， Henan Province， China	225	25%~50%	-13%~-58%	［58，72］
旱地冬绿肥Winter green manure in dry land	西班牙马德里Madrid， Spain	190	26%	-25.6%	［50］
稻田冬绿肥Winter green manure in paddy soil	中国江西省丰城市Fengcheng City， Jiangxi Province， China	356.9	0	-45.2%~-73.4%	［73］
	中国江苏省苏州市Suzhou City， Jiangsu Province， China	300	0	-2.1%~+53.1%	［74］
	中国湖南省祁阳市Qiyang City， Hunan Province， China	153	0	-26.9%~-48.8%	［75］
经济林园绿肥Green manure covers the economic forest	中国湖北省当阳市Dangyang City， Hubei Province， China	260~371	15%~30%	-16.1%~-32.2%	［76］
经济林园绿肥Green manure covers the economic forest	美国佛罗里达州Florida， US	260	0	-17.0%~+12.6%	［77］

种植制度 Planting system	试验地点 Experimental site	施氮量 Chemical N application rate （kg·hm^-2）	绿肥替代氮肥比例Proportion of green manure instead of chemical N	N₂O排放变化 N₂O emission change	参考文献 Reference
玉米前期间套作Intercropping with maize during the pre-growth period	中国北京市Beijing， China	300~360	0	-25.5%~-48.8%	［67］
	中国河南省新乡市Xinxiang City， Henan Province， China	120	0	-31.98%	［68］
	中国甘肃省武威市Wuwei City， Gansu Province， China	360	0	-17.7%	［69］
	埃塞俄比亚南方各族州Ethnic states of southern Ethiopia	32	0	-15.0%~+5.0%	［70］
麦后复种绿肥Rotated with wheat	中国甘肃省平凉市Pingliang City， Gansu Province， China	0~270	0	+6.2%~+52.3%	［71］
旱地冬绿肥Winter green manure in dry land	中国河南省安阳市Anyang City， Henan Province， China	225	25%~50%	-13%~-58%	［58，72］
旱地冬绿肥Winter green manure in dry land	西班牙马德里Madrid， Spain	190	26%	-25.6%	［50］
稻田冬绿肥Winter green manure in paddy soil	中国江西省丰城市Fengcheng City， Jiangxi Province， China	356.9	0	-45.2%~-73.4%	［73］
	中国江苏省苏州市Suzhou City， Jiangsu Province， China	300	0	-2.1%~+53.1%	［74］
	中国湖南省祁阳市Qiyang City， Hunan Province， China	153	0	-26.9%~-48.8%	［75］
经济林园绿肥Green manure covers the economic forest	中国湖北省当阳市Dangyang City， Hubei Province， China	260~371	15%~30%	-16.1%~-32.2%	［76］
经济林园绿肥Green manure covers the economic forest	美国佛罗里达州Florida， US	260	0	-17.0%~+12.6%	［77］

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农田氧化亚氮减排技术及其与绿肥协同应用分析

Techniques of N₂O emission reduction in farmland and their synergistic application with green manure

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农田氧化亚氮减排技术及其与绿肥协同应用分析

Techniques of N2O emission reduction in farmland and their synergistic application with green manure

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Techniques of N₂O emission reduction in farmland and their synergistic application with green manure