Allelopathic effects of extracts of Sonchus asper on seed germination and seedling growth of three herbaceous flower species

doi:10.11686/cyxb2021371

Abstract

Abstract:

This study explored the allelopathic mechanisms at play in competition between Sonchus asper and common herbaceous flowers. In this experiment， a petri dish bioassay was used to study the effects of different concentrations of extracts from aboveground and underground parts of S. asper on seed germination， seedling growth activities of related enzymes and malondialdehyde （MDA） content of the three herbaceous flower species Orychophragmus violaceus， Dianthus chinensis and Brassica juncea. It was anticipated the results might lay a foundation for development of biological control methods for weeds. It was found that the extracts of S. asper typically had a promotional effect at low concentration and an inhibitory effect at high concentration on the seedling growth of the three tested flower species. At a concentration of 5 g·L^-1， the promotional effect of the two extracts was greatest for O. violaceus， followed by D. chinensis，and the inhibitory effect reached a maximum at a concentration of 100 g·L^-1. The two S. asper extracts increased the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD） in seedlings of the three tested flower seedlings. For O. violaceus and B. juncea this effect peaked at 50 g·L^-1， and for D. chinensis the effect peaked at 25 g·L^-1， and SOD activity remained higher than control at 100 g·L^-1. The activities of peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT） in the tested flower species were increased at low concentrations of S. asper extract and then decreased at higher concentration， while the content of MDA increased with successive increases in the concentration of the extract. There was a very significant positive correlation between POD activity and seed germination rate of D. chinensis， and a highly significant positive correlation between POD activity and stem length and root length in B. juncea. The root length of O. violaceus wassignificantly positively correlated with the activities of POD and CAT， and stem length and the germination rate of O. violaceus wassignificantly positively correlated with the activity of CAT. A calculated index of the overall degree of allelopathic activity of the S. asper extracts on seed germination and growth ranked the effects on the tested flower species B. juncea>D. chinensis>O. violaceus. In summary， the extract causes a degree of damage to cell membranes of the three tested flower seedlings， so it would be advisable to avoid the flower planting in land seriously infested with S. asper.

Key words: seed germination, extract, allelopathy, Sonchus asper, enzyme activity

Ying-zi GUO, Wen-qing JIA, Song-lin HE, Zheng WANG. Allelopathic effects of extracts of Sonchus asper on seed germination and seedling growth of three herbaceous flower species[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2022, 31(9): 96-106.

Figures/Tables 5

References 35

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受体植物 Test plants	浓度 Concentration （g·L^-1）	发芽势 Germination potential （%）	化感效应指数RI	发芽率 Germination rate （%）	化感效应指数RI	发芽抑制率The rate of germination inhibition （%）
二月兰 O. violaceus	CK	34.00±2.00a		36.67±3.03a
	DS₅	26.67±1.15b	-0.22	38.67±3.05ab	0.05	-5.50
	DS₂₅	17.33±1.15c	-0.49	30.67±3.05b	-0.16	16.36
	DS₅₀	14.67±1.98c	-0.56	27.30±1.15bc	-0.26	25.47
	DS₁₀₀	8.67±1.05d	-0.75	22.00±1.13c	-0.40	40.01
	DX₅	25.33±0.67b	-0.26	42.66±3.03a	0.14	-16.33
	DX₂₅	17.33±1.34c	-0.49	26.00±1.66bc	-0.29	29.09
	DX₅₀	12.00±2.01d	-0.65	22.00±3.12c	-0.40	40.01
	DX₁₀₀	11.33±1.89d	-0.67	13.33±1.14c	-0.66	65.53
石竹 D. chinensis	CK	37.33±3.01a		48.67±3.46a
	DS₅	36.00±2.41a	-0.03	50.00±2.89a	0.03	-2.73
	DS₂₅	27.33±2.16ab	-0.27	41.33±2.08ab	-0.15	15.08
	DS₅₀	27.33±1.03ab	-0.27	29.33±1.46bc	-0.40	39.73
	DS₁₀₀	19.33±1.65c	-0.48	20.66±1.02c	-0.58	57.55
	DX₅	32.33±1.08ab	-0.13	49.00±2.44a	0.01	-0.67
	DX₂₅	24.67±2.40bc	-0.34	37.33±1.76b	-0.23	23.29
	DX₅₀	23.33±2.13bc	-0.38	23.33±2.45c	-0.52	52.06
	DX₁₀₀	15.33±1.15c	-0.59	17.33±1.15d	-0.64	64.39
观赏油菜 B. juncea	CK	42.00±2.00a		73.33±2.29a
	DS₅	35.33±1.12ab	-0.16	69.00±1.03b	-0.06	5.90
	DS₂₅	28.66±1.42bc	-0.32	42.67±2.03c	-0.42	41.80
	DS₅₀	24.00±2.29c	-0.43	38.67±1.03cd	-0.47	47.26
	DS₁₀₀	20.00±2.00c	-0.52	28.00±0.00d	-0.62	61.81
	DX₅	37.33±1.15a	-0.11	68.67±2.90b	-0.06	6.35
	DX₂₅	26.67±2.49bc	-0.37	46.67±1.03c	-0.36	41.81
	DX₅₀	20.67±1.15c	-0.51	34.00±2.24d	-0.54	53.63
	DX₁₀₀	13.33±3.04d	-0.68	29.33±1.15d	-0.60	60.00

受体植物 Test plants	浓度 Concentration （g·L^-1）	发芽势 Germination potential （%）	化感效应指数RI	发芽率 Germination rate （%）	化感效应指数RI	发芽抑制率The rate of germination inhibition （%）
二月兰 O. violaceus	CK	34.00±2.00a		36.67±3.03a
	DS₅	26.67±1.15b	-0.22	38.67±3.05ab	0.05	-5.50
	DS₂₅	17.33±1.15c	-0.49	30.67±3.05b	-0.16	16.36
	DS₅₀	14.67±1.98c	-0.56	27.30±1.15bc	-0.26	25.47
	DS₁₀₀	8.67±1.05d	-0.75	22.00±1.13c	-0.40	40.01
	DX₅	25.33±0.67b	-0.26	42.66±3.03a	0.14	-16.33
	DX₂₅	17.33±1.34c	-0.49	26.00±1.66bc	-0.29	29.09
	DX₅₀	12.00±2.01d	-0.65	22.00±3.12c	-0.40	40.01
	DX₁₀₀	11.33±1.89d	-0.67	13.33±1.14c	-0.66	65.53
石竹 D. chinensis	CK	37.33±3.01a		48.67±3.46a
	DS₅	36.00±2.41a	-0.03	50.00±2.89a	0.03	-2.73
	DS₂₅	27.33±2.16ab	-0.27	41.33±2.08ab	-0.15	15.08
	DS₅₀	27.33±1.03ab	-0.27	29.33±1.46bc	-0.40	39.73
	DS₁₀₀	19.33±1.65c	-0.48	20.66±1.02c	-0.58	57.55
	DX₅	32.33±1.08ab	-0.13	49.00±2.44a	0.01	-0.67
	DX₂₅	24.67±2.40bc	-0.34	37.33±1.76b	-0.23	23.29
	DX₅₀	23.33±2.13bc	-0.38	23.33±2.45c	-0.52	52.06
	DX₁₀₀	15.33±1.15c	-0.59	17.33±1.15d	-0.64	64.39
观赏油菜 B. juncea	CK	42.00±2.00a		73.33±2.29a
	DS₅	35.33±1.12ab	-0.16	69.00±1.03b	-0.06	5.90
	DS₂₅	28.66±1.42bc	-0.32	42.67±2.03c	-0.42	41.80
	DS₅₀	24.00±2.29c	-0.43	38.67±1.03cd	-0.47	47.26
	DS₁₀₀	20.00±2.00c	-0.52	28.00±0.00d	-0.62	61.81
	DX₅	37.33±1.15a	-0.11	68.67±2.90b	-0.06	6.35
	DX₂₅	26.67±2.49bc	-0.37	46.67±1.03c	-0.36	41.81
	DX₅₀	20.67±1.15c	-0.51	34.00±2.24d	-0.54	53.63
	DX₁₀₀	13.33±3.04d	-0.68	29.33±1.15d	-0.60	60.00

受体植物 Test plants	浓度 Concentration （g·L^-1）	根长 Root length （mm）	化感效应指数 RI	茎长 Stem length （mm）	化感效应指数 RI
二月兰 O.violaceus	CK	25.77±5.93bc		35.72±1.73a
	DS₅	30.16±3.12b	0.15	27.41±1.72bc	-0.23
	DS₂₅	23.21±2.69bc	-0.10	30.57±0.46b	-0.14
	DS₅₀	17.72±0.76c	-0.31	29.30±2.33b	-0.18
	DS₁₀₀	18.09±4.92c	-0.30	24.20±2.75c	-0.32
	DX₅	28.68±2.31b	0.10	36.50±5.41a	0.02
	DX₂₅	42.55±8.56a	0.40	40.55±5.58a	0.12
	DX₅₀	26.51±4.41bc	0.03	24.50±1.62c	-0.31
	DX₁₀₀	23.89±3.84bc	-0.07	18.57±4.40d	-0.48
石竹 D. chinensis	CK	25.75±7.94a		28.07±3.57a
	DS₅	16.85±2.30b	-0.35	25.07±3.93ab	-0.10
	DS₂₅	19.11±5.18ab	-0.26	29.97±8.12a	0.06
	DS₅₀	16.87±3.82b	-0.35	25.21±5.53ab	-0.10
	DS₁₀₀	16.73±0.34b	-0.35	24.32±6.80b	-0.13
	DX₅	14.87±2.01b	-0.42	20.54±1.96c	-0.27
	DX₂₅	13.91±3.28b	-0.46	25.65±3.01ab	-0.09
	DX₅₀	13.37±3.69b	-0.48	25.87±0.25ab	-0.08
	DX₁₀₀	11.78±1.40b	-0.54	24.16±1.54b	-0.14
观赏油菜 B. juncea	CK	60.88±4.33bc		80.54±5.82b
	DS₅	84.20±6.75a	0.28	93.93±10.11a	0.14
	DS₂₅	60.81±16.29bc	0.00	78.42±7.43bc	-0.03
	DS₅₀	76.81±17.04ab	0.20	73.85±4.65bc	-0.08
	DS₁₀₀	47.38±28.28c	-0.22	55.23±3.19de	-0.31
	DX₅	70.14±6.45ab	0.13	87.16±5.08ab	0.08
	DX₂₅	56.51±18.21bc	-0.07	75.41±3.09bc	-0.06
	DX₅₀	49.89±10.90bc	-0.18	67.18±3.96cd	-0.17
	DX₁₀₀	43.48±16.90c	-0.29	46.00±16.43de	-0.43

受体植物 Test plants	浓度 Concentration （g·L^-1）	根长 Root length （mm）	化感效应指数 RI	茎长 Stem length （mm）	化感效应指数 RI
二月兰 O.violaceus	CK	25.77±5.93bc		35.72±1.73a
	DS₅	30.16±3.12b	0.15	27.41±1.72bc	-0.23
	DS₂₅	23.21±2.69bc	-0.10	30.57±0.46b	-0.14
	DS₅₀	17.72±0.76c	-0.31	29.30±2.33b	-0.18
	DS₁₀₀	18.09±4.92c	-0.30	24.20±2.75c	-0.32
	DX₅	28.68±2.31b	0.10	36.50±5.41a	0.02
	DX₂₅	42.55±8.56a	0.40	40.55±5.58a	0.12
	DX₅₀	26.51±4.41bc	0.03	24.50±1.62c	-0.31
	DX₁₀₀	23.89±3.84bc	-0.07	18.57±4.40d	-0.48
石竹 D. chinensis	CK	25.75±7.94a		28.07±3.57a
	DS₅	16.85±2.30b	-0.35	25.07±3.93ab	-0.10
	DS₂₅	19.11±5.18ab	-0.26	29.97±8.12a	0.06
	DS₅₀	16.87±3.82b	-0.35	25.21±5.53ab	-0.10
	DS₁₀₀	16.73±0.34b	-0.35	24.32±6.80b	-0.13
	DX₅	14.87±2.01b	-0.42	20.54±1.96c	-0.27
	DX₂₅	13.91±3.28b	-0.46	25.65±3.01ab	-0.09
	DX₅₀	13.37±3.69b	-0.48	25.87±0.25ab	-0.08
	DX₁₀₀	11.78±1.40b	-0.54	24.16±1.54b	-0.14
观赏油菜 B. juncea	CK	60.88±4.33bc		80.54±5.82b
	DS₅	84.20±6.75a	0.28	93.93±10.11a	0.14
	DS₂₅	60.81±16.29bc	0.00	78.42±7.43bc	-0.03
	DS₅₀	76.81±17.04ab	0.20	73.85±4.65bc	-0.08
	DS₁₀₀	47.38±28.28c	-0.22	55.23±3.19de	-0.31
	DX₅	70.14±6.45ab	0.13	87.16±5.08ab	0.08
	DX₂₅	56.51±18.21bc	-0.07	75.41±3.09bc	-0.06
	DX₅₀	49.89±10.90bc	-0.18	67.18±3.96cd	-0.17
	DX₁₀₀	43.48±16.90c	-0.29	46.00±16.43de	-0.43

受体植物Test plants	项目Item	茎长Stem length	根长Root length	发芽率Germination rate
二月兰 O. violaceus	超氧化物歧化酶SOD	0.113	0.012	-0.308
	过氧化物酶POD	0.270	0.703**	0.207
	过氧化氢酶CAT	0.590**	0.642**	0.577**
石竹 D. chinensis	超氧化物歧化酶SOD	-0.099	-0.399	0.026
	过氧化物酶POD	0.246	0.256	0.746**
	过氧化氢酶CAT	-0.007	-0.149	-0.394
观赏油菜 B. juncea	超氧化物歧化酶SOD	-0.335	-0.192	-0.441
	过氧化物酶POD	0.670**	0.534**	0.249
	过氧化氢酶CAT	-0.082	0.040	-0.112